昆虫种群发育数量动态的模拟模型及其应用

在评述国内外近十几年来昆虫种群发育模拟模型研究的基础上,充分考虑了不同昆虫的种群发育特点,建立了以种群发育温度为驱动变量,以昆虫种群生命表资料为基础数据的具有发育阶段和年龄结构的通用发育模型。模型可用于模拟具有不同虫态数及各虫态没年龄烽的种群发育进程。在与天气耦联的情况下,可用于昆虫种群发生动态的预测和不同防治策略的风险分析,对玉变螟生命表资料的模拟结果表明,模型具有良好的模拟性能。     

确定昆虫病毒田间衰减和施用剂量的定量方程

昆虫病毒在田间随时间的衰减过程为单调下降型，可用指数方程描述这种衰减。灵敏度分析显示，若日光强度大，则其照射时间是决定衰减量的主要因子；反之，日光强度是病毒衰减的主要因子。基于该方程以及昆虫的死亡－剂量反应关系，导出了昆虫病毒田间施用量的计算方程，其中包含日光强度、作物允许受害水平、病毒毒力和对日光的抵抗力、昆虫为害力、种群数量、亩株数、单株叶面积等因子。参数分析证明了该方程的合理性，同时，对斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒的田间施用量进行计算分析，结果与大田表现一致，为利用昆虫病毒防治害虫提供了一种新型的定量标准。     

ICTV报告Ⅷ以来昆虫病毒分类上的变化

昆虫病毒是生物防治的重要资源之一.国际病毒分类委员会ICTV负责病毒的分类和命名.ICTV最近一次报告是2005年的第Ⅷ报告.本文介绍了第Ⅷ报告以来昆虫病毒分类上的一些变化.昆虫杆状病毒科Bacluoviridae被重新分为a杆状病毒属Alphabaculovirus、β杆状病毒属Betabaculovirus、δ杆状病毒属Deltabaculovirus和γ杆状病毒属Gammabaculovirus 4个属.传染性软腐病病毒属Iflavirus中又增加了3个新种,其中2个是昆虫病原病毒,包括正茶尺蠖病毒Ectropis obliqua virus和羽翼畸形病毒Deformed wing virus,并以该属为代表属建立了新科--传染性软腐病病毒科Iflaviridae.蟋蟀麻痹病毒属Cripavirus中新增加了1个新种,即琉璃叶蝉病毒1 Homalodisca coagulata virus-1.ω四体病毒属Omegatetravirus也增加了新种马尾松毛虫病毒Dendrolimus punctatus virus.     

一株棉小造桥虫颗粒体病毒的研究

1988年夏末,在山西省太谷县棉田从棉小造桥虫Anomis flava幼虫体内发现一株病毒“An03”,病毒颗粒体为卵圆形,大小约为295～355×250～305nm,平均为325×277。5nm,病毒粒子杆状,两端钝圆不弯曲,大小约为200～250×185～195nm,平均为225×190nm。该病毒对棉小造桥虫幼虫致病力较强。温度为24～26℃,相对湿度为73～78％条件下,对三、六日龄幼虫感病4～5天死亡率分别达100％和98％。八、九日龄幼虫第8～9天死亡率为94％和88％。棉小造桥虫病毒“An-03”毒株,属杆状病毒科Baculoririolae,杆状病毒属Baculouirus“B”亚组,起名为棉小造桥虫颗粒体病毒Anomisflava granulosis virus,简称An-03Gv。田间病毒An-03Gv防治该虫效果为75～80％左右,高可达85％。兹将对该病毒的研究结果整理报道如下:     

小菜蛾布伦克虫疠霉研究初探

侵染小菜蛾的布伦克虫疠霉Pandora blunckii在广东省首次发现,该菌可引起西洋菜田中小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群的流行病,侵染率为20.7%,主要侵染小菜蛾三、四龄幼虫;该菌不能侵染四龄菜青虫。本文还对该菌侵染小菜蛾引起的症状及其形态特征进行了描述。     

我国植物病毒病介体昆虫研究的进展

自1939年我国开始报道蚜虫传播蚕豆病毒病以来,至今已知虫传植物病毒和类菌原体有68个,引起100多种病害,其中属禾本科作物的近30种;十字花科、葫芦科、豆科和茄科等果菜类作物的病害60多种;果树及木本植物等病害20种。经接种证实的介体昆虫有52种,其中蚜虫22种,飞虱、叶蝉20种,其它10种。 近年来有关植物病毒介体昆虫的文献报道数量显著增加,从全国省级以上农业及生物科技刊物上发表的,与植物病毒和介体昆虫两者均有关的论文,在四十年代以前仅4篇,五十年代为17篇,六十年代74篇,七十年代42篇,1980—1984年增到130多篇。有     

水稻矮缩病毒对黑尾叶蝉卵巢发育与产卵量的影响

虫传植物病毒须依靠媒介昆虫进行传播和扩散,而植物病毒在媒介昆虫体内的复制和转运会对昆虫产生直接或间接影响.Sinisterra等[1]报道称媒介昆虫携带病毒后寿命缩短、产卵量下降.     

改造病毒基因组增强病毒杀虫剂杀虫效率研究进展

由于基因工程技术的发展和安全性研究的深入,以重组杆状病毒为主的重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的应用正面临着突破。文章综述了通过修饰或删除昆虫病毒某些基因、插入控制宿主发育、代谢激素或酶的基因、删除、修饰昆虫病毒基因组中特定的基因以扩大宿主域、应用RNA干扰技术提高昆虫病毒杀虫效率等构建重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的技术路线,展望重组病毒杀虫剂的发展趋势。     

选择与使用杀菌剂应注意的问题

对于作物病害 ,无论是系统侵染型还是局部侵染型的病害 ,在选择与使用杀菌剂时首先应注意 ,在病菌入侵前或进入植物体的初期做好重点防治 ,阻止其危害日益严重。第二 ,依据病菌侵染规律 ,采取相应的防治对策。作物病原菌传播的途径 ,按其病原来源及传播载体的不同可分为 :空气传播、种子或秧苗带菌传播、土壤或土杂肥带菌传播、有害昆虫和螨类传播等几大类。如蚜虫、飞虱等传播病毒造成的病害 (主要是病毒病 ) ,则应在带毒害虫危害作物前治虫 ,若带毒昆虫已吸食寄主汁液 ,再治虫已不能防病。种子带菌传播的病害 ,如禾本科作物的黑穗病、蔬菜…     

褐飞虱短翅型雌虫延迟交配对其繁殖的影响

延迟交配往往影响昆虫的繁殖和寿命。本文研究了褐飞虱短翅型雌虫延迟交配对其寿命、产卵量及累计产卵率的影响。结果表明雌虫寿命在不同日龄交配雌虫之间存在明显差异。羽化后2、4、6、81、0 d交配的雌虫,随着交配日龄的增加,寿命延长。4日龄后随着交配日龄的增加,雌虫产卵量逐渐降低。其中4日龄交配雌虫的产卵量最高,约337粒;10日龄产卵量最低,约168粒。不同日龄交配雌虫的累计产卵率差异不明显。     

Potential consequences of field releasing virus infected endoparasitoids

The principal intent of rearing and field releasing of endoparasitoids is to control targeted insect pests. The key objectives of this paper are to demonstrate a need for producing disease free endoparasitoids for field releases, and to show that field releases of a virus infected endoparasitoid such as Microplitis croceipes, may actually harm its field population by infecting it with a virulent virus. The nonoccluded baculovirus of M. croceipes shortens the life span of its hosts, reduces their reproductive capacity, reduces parasitization potential, and thus reduces the value of the endoparasitoid as a biological control agent     

小菜蛾中肠氨肽酶N2在昆虫细胞中的表达

利用昆虫细胞-杆状病毒表达系统(Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system)表达获得小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella(L.)中肠氨肽酶N2(aminopeptidase N,APN2)蛋白,成功建立了该蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达体系。将对Cry1Ac毒素敏感和已产生抗性的小菜蛾中肠APN2基因插入表达载体pFAST Bac HTB中,并在草地夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda 细胞系(Sf9)中进行了重组表达。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及蛋白免疫印迹技术(Western-blotting)结果显示,在107 kDa处有1条特异性蛋白条带。研究表明,小菜蛾中肠APN2基因可在Sf9细胞中成功表达,这为继续研究其功能及抗性的关系奠定了基础。     

Baculoviruses as vectors for foreign gene expression in insect cells

Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the expression of a large number of eukaryotic genes in vitro. There has been growing interest in recent years in the development of baculovirus expression vectors as an easily manipulated gene expression system. Both virus and insect cell culture are relatively easy to handle, and biologically active proteins have been produced abundantly from a variety of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral genes. This review describes the molecular biology of baculoviruses and some of the current applications of the baculovirus expression system in insect cells. Specific emphasis is placed on those features relevant to the use of this system in pesticide research.     

大袋蛾杆状病毒病的流行及其应用试验

本试验用大袋蛾杆状病毒病制剂单独或与苏云金杆菌制剂混用,防治大袋蛾幼虫,兼治刺蛾幼虫。其效果相当于化学杀虫剂,有应用前途。     

杆状病毒新的分类地位和书写方式

2020年10月ICTV更新了主要病毒名录，该文件新增了纳尔达病毒纲Naldaviricetes和勒乏病毒目Lefavirales。勒乏病毒目含中有包括杆状病毒科Baculoviridae在内的3个科，而杆状病毒科分为4个属：甲型杆状病毒属Alphabaculovirus、乙型杆状病毒属Betabaculovirus、丙型杆状病毒属Deltabaculovirus和丁型杆状病毒属Gammabaculovirus，该名录中杆状病毒科有85个主要种。根据ICTV网站病毒名称和种名的书写规范，杆状病毒的种名由其宿主昆虫的种名和病毒特性词（如nucleopolyhedrovirus和granulovirus）组成，其中宿主昆虫的属名首字母大写，其余字母均小写。病毒的种名（在用于系统分类时）书写全部用斜体，但其他情形时病毒名称（包括其宿主的属和种名）均采用正体书写。杆状病毒名称的缩写一般采用宿主属名和种名的前两位双字母＋病毒特性词缩写的方式，但16种传统杆状病毒的缩写仍沿用宿主的属名和种名首位单字母＋病毒特性词的缩写的方式。     

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒研究进展

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura（Fabricius）是一种世界性分布的杂食性害虫,经常暴发成灾,给农业生产带来巨大损失。斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（SpltNPV）能有效控制斜纹夜蛾种群数量,是有效防治斜纹夜蛾的生物制剂,具有重要的经济、生态和环保价值。本文从毒力、流行病学、分子生物学、复配剂及其田间应用和对斜纹夜蛾天敌的影响等方面综述了斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒的研究进展。     

Genetically engineered viral insecticides: New insecticides with improved phenotypes

Baculoviruses are natural pathogens of insects which have been used as biopesticides. In contrast to many chemical agents, baculoviruses affect only a limited number of insects and so can be used to target particular insect species. Unfortunately, unless the host receives a very high virus dose, the insect continues to feed and causes damage to crops, because the virus takes several days to kill it. This lag is unacceptable in the protection of many crops, especially where cosmetic damage seriously reduces the value of a crop (e.g. fruit). Strategies have been devised recently to circumvent this problem. The baculovirus genome has been modified, using genetic engineering techniques, to incorporate foreign genes encoding insect-specific toxins, or hormones or enzymes. Expression of some of these genes in the virus-infected host insect has been shown to reduce both the feeding damage to crop plants and the time taken to kill the insect pest. The current status of this developing field is described, together with an assessment of the possible risks involved in using such genetically modified agents in the environment.     

Genetically engineered viral insecticides–A progress report 1986 1989

Among the viruses that are pathogenic for insect species, baculoviruses have been shown to be useful as insecticides for pest control. In some cases they have been used as cost-effective and environmentally acceptable alternatives to chemical insecticides. However, because viruses need to be ingested and replicate extensively in their host before they kill it, baculovirus insecticides are much slower than chemicals or other reagents that kill insects either on contact or shortly after ingestion. The objective of the programme of genetic engineering of baculovirus insecticides is to improve their speed of action while maintaining their host specificity and other attributes that make them desirable alternatives to chemical pesticides. Since 1986 four field releases have been undertaken involving genetically engineered baculovirus insecticides. The first release used a genetically marked Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The study began in 1986 and was terminated in 1987. The results demonstrated that an innocuous piece of DNA, appropriately positioned in the AcNPV genome, was an effective means to tag the virus without affecting its phenotype, allowing it to be identified in bioassays of plant and soil samples. The second release, in 1987, involved a genetically marked virus from which the gene coding for the protective polyhedrin protein of the virus had been removed. The field data obtained with this virus showed that it did not persist in the environment, neither in soil, nor on vegetation, nor in the corpses of caterpillars. The third and fourth releases were undertaken in 1988. For one of these studies the marked, polyhedrin-negative virus was again used. In the other study a polyhedrin-negative virus that contained a junk' (/?-galactosidase) gene was employed.     

害虫遗传学控制策略与进展

随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。