内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物种群格局动态和种间关系的研究

本文研究了内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属 (Carahana)植物随着年龄和植丛大小 ,表现出不同的分布格局。通常是幼小植丛多呈聚块分布 ,中等植丛趋向于均匀分布 ,大型植丛趋向于随机分布。土壤质地与土壤水分的分配对同一群落中两种锦鸡儿之间的关系有一定影响。     

鄂尔多斯高原锦鸡儿属植物叶的解剖结构及其生态适应性

本文对分布在鄂尔多斯高原不同地带上的8种锦鸡儿属植物的叶片进行了解剖学观察和研究。结果表明,随着从东到西环境干旱程度的增加,锦鸡儿属植物叶肉组织分化出现从两面叶→过渡型→环栅型→全栅型的适应趋势。8种锦鸡儿的旱生结构有:较厚的角质层、表皮细胞含有晶体、连续或不连续的下皮层、细胞中含有鞣质等内含物、发达的栅栏组织、发达的叶脉及机械组织。不同的种采取了各自的适应对策。     

14种荒漠植物茎的解剖结构特征分析

本文对分布于西鄂尔多斯-东阿拉善地区14种荒漠植物茎的解剖结构进行了观察和对比分析。结果表明:这14种荒漠植物都具有显著的旱生结构特征,突出表现在:(1)表皮都具角质层;(2)次生维管组织发达,且多具异常结构;(3)皮层细胞中普遍含叶绿体。说明荒漠植物可通过增加贮水的薄壁细胞、产生异常结构和在缩小叶面积的同时却在皮层细胞中发育叶绿体等多种途径来适应干旱少雨、风大沙多、光照强烈的荒漠环境。     

豆科3属6种植物叶片特征比较研究

运用石蜡切片技术和叶片解离技术对豆科6种植物的叶片特征进行研究,利用光学显微镜观察了3属6种豆科植物的叶表皮及叶片解剖结构,统计并测量了表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、表皮细胞面积、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、表皮厚度、叶片厚度、叶肉厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度等相关的特征,并分析了叶片特征在种属之间存在的异同。结果表明:3属6种植物的气孔在上下表皮均有分布,气孔类型为不规则型,气孔形状均为椭圆形。表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、气孔密度、气孔指数、下表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度等指标在种属之间存在差异且具有一定的规律。分析显示:锦鸡儿属两种植物与草木樨属两种植物亲缘关系较近。     

新疆猪毛菜属植物多样性及其地理分布特征

猪毛菜属(Salsola L.)是藜科中最大的属之一,在新疆植物区系和植物资源开发利用中占有重要地位。通过对新疆猪毛菜属32种植物的果时花被片附属物和叶片解剖结构的特征及其地理分布的分析,结果表明:①果期花被片附属物可分为两类,其中具翅状附属物的形态更加丰富;②得到4种叶片解剖结构类型,包括C3-SYMP型、C3-C4中间型、C4-SALS+H型和C4-SALS-H型。依据叶片解剖结构类型判断,新疆猪毛菜属中C4植物占绝大多数;③在新疆分布的猪毛菜属种类以草本植物居多,其生境主要以旱生和盐生环境为主;④猪毛菜属植物分布在新疆的6个地理分布地区,其中以准噶尔亚地区分布最多,塔城伊犁亚地区分布次之;⑤新疆猪毛菜属植物与国外邻近地区的共有种明显多于国内邻近地区。     

狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆土壤水分和肥力的时空分布

通过对内蒙古高原草原区、荒漠草原区和荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)不同发育阶段灌丛沙堆土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和水分的空间分布研究。结果发现:3种生境中,灌丛土壤水肥含量表现为:草原区荒漠草原区荒漠区。在草原区和荒漠草原区,狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆土壤全氮和全磷随土层加深(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm)呈逐渐增加趋势,而速效磷和水分相反;草原区灌丛沙堆土壤有机质富集于0~10 cm土层,荒漠草原区富集于20~40 cm土层。在荒漠区,灌丛对水分和大部分养分(除速效磷)的层间分布影响不大,而20~40 cm土层的速效磷含量逐渐减少。3种生境中狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛内的养分含量均高于灌丛外相同土层,且随着灌丛增大,这种趋势越来越明显;在草原区,随着狭叶锦鸡儿冠幅增大,灌丛土壤水分含量呈显著下降趋势,在荒漠草原区和荒漠区,灌丛土壤水分含量随着灌幅增大而增加。这说明狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛改变了土壤水分和肥力的空间分布,这种效应是在灌丛沙堆的发育过程中逐渐形成,并体现出来的。     

内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物种群格局动态和种间关系 …

本文研究了内蒙古草原与荒漠区的锦鸡儿属植物随着年龄和植丛大小,表现出不同的人布格局。通常是幼小植丛多呈聚块分布,中等植丛趋向于均匀分布,大型植丛趋向于随机分布。     

新疆猪毛菜属植物多样性及其地理分布特征

猪毛菜属（Salsola L.）是藜科中最大的属之一,在新疆植物区系和植物资源开发利用中占有重要地位。通过对新疆猪毛菜属32种植物的果时花被片附属物和叶片解剖结构的特征及其地理分布的分析,结果表明：① 果期花被片的附属物可分为两类,其中具翅状附属物的形态更加丰富;② 得到4种叶片解剖结构类型,包括C₃-SYMP型、C₃-C₄中间型、C₄-SALS+H型和C₄-SALS-H型。依据叶片解剖结构类型判断,新疆猪毛菜属中C₄植物占到绝大多数;③ 在新疆分布的猪毛菜属种类以草本植物居多,其生境主要以旱生和盐生环境为主;④ 猪毛菜属植物分布在新疆的6个地理分布地区,其中以准噶尔亚地区分布最多,塔城伊犁亚地区分布次之; ⑤ 新疆猪毛菜属植物与国外邻近地区的共有种明显多于国内邻近地区。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市锦鸡儿属植物资源研究

锦鸡儿(Caraganaspp.)属的植物群众通称柠条,是内蒙古鄂尔多斯市重要的植物资源,具有很大的开发利用价值。经我们调查研究后,确认锦鸡儿属在鄂尔多斯市有9种,它们是:柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskiiKom.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.intermediaKuang etFu)、荒漠锦鸡儿(C.roborovskyiKom.)、垫状锦鸡儿(C.tibeticaKom.)、狭叶锦鸡儿(C.stenophyllaPojark.)、短脚锦鸡儿(C.brachypodaPojark.)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(C.opulensKom.)、秦晋锦鸡儿(C.purdomiiRehd.)以及矮锦鸡儿(C.pygmaea(L.)DC.)。     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.     

Distribution pattern of Caragana species under the influence of climate gradient in the Inner Mongolia region,China

There is a strong climate gradient in the Inner Mongolia region, China, with solar radiation and air temperature increasing but precipitation decreasing gradually from the northeast to the southwest. Sixteen Cara- gana species exist in the Inner Mongolia region. These Caragana species exhibit a distribution pattern across moisture zones and form a geographical replacement series. In order to examine the mechanisms responsible for Caragana species distribution pattern, we selected 12 Caragana species that exhibit a distinct distribution pattern across multiple moisture zones in the Inner Mongolia region, and determined the relationships between the leaf ecological and physiological traits of these Caragana species and the aridity index and solar radiation. Along with the climatic drought gradient and the solar radiation intensification from the northeast to the southwest, leaf eco- logical characteristics of Caragana species changed drastically, i.e. the leaf shape gradually turned from flat into tegular or tubbish; the leaf hair became denser, longer and lighter in color; the leaf area, leaf biomass and specific leaf area(SLA) decreased significantly; the leaf thickness and the ratio of leaf thickness to leaf area increased sig- nificantly; and the leaf chlorophyll content decreased significantly. As the climatic drought stress increased, osmotic potentials of the main osmotic adjustment substances and the cytoplasmic ion concentration of Caragana species increased significantly. Meanwhile, the total and free water contents and water potential of leaves decreased sig- nificantly; the ratio of bound to free water increased significantly; the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate reduced significantly; and the water use efficiency(WUE) increased significantly. In addition, with the intensification of climatic drought stress, peroxidase(POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in leaves increased sig- nificantly. As a result, the malondialdehyde(MDA) content increased while the oxygen free radical content decreased. Our results showed that most of the leaf ecological and physiological traits of the 12 Caragana species varied in ac- cordance with the climatic drought gradient in the Inner Mongolia region, which reflected the adaptation of the Cara- gana species to the local climate conditions. With relatively more active metabolism and faster growth, the Caragana species in the northeast had strong competitive abilities; on the other hand, with stronger resistance to climatic drought stress, the Caragana species in the southwest could survive in harsh environments. Based on our results, we con- cluded that both the environmental gradients and the adaptive responses of Caragana species to their environments played important roles in the formation of the Caragana species distribution pattern across the Inner Mongolia region.     

Wettability of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves by foliar sprays with respect to developmental changes

BACKGROUND: Leaf wettability considerably defines the degree of retention of water and agrochemical sprays on crop and non‐target plant surfaces. Plant surface structure varies with development therefore the goal was to characterise the wettability of soybean leaf surfaces as a function of growth stage (GS). RESULTS: Adaxial surfaces of leaves developed at GS 16 (BBCH) were 10 times more wettable with water than leaves at the lower canopy (GS 13). By measuring contact angles of a liquid having an intermediate surface tension on different leaf patches, an illustrative wetting profile was elucidated, showing to what degree wetting varies (from > 120° to < 20°) depending on leaf patch and GS. While the critical surface tension of leaf surfaces at different GSs did not correlate with the observed changes, the slope of the Zisman plot accurately represented the increase in wettability of leaves at the upper canopy and lateral shoots (GSs 17 to 19, 21 and 24). The discrimination given by the slopes was even better than that by water contact angles. SEM observations revealed that the low wettability observed at early GSs is mainly due to a dense layer of epicuticular wax crystals. The Zisman plot slope does not represent the changes in leaf roughness (i.e. epicuticular wax deposition), but provides an insight into chemical and compositional surface characteristics at the droplet–leaf interface. CONCLUSIONS: The results with different wettability measurement methods demonstrated that wetting is a feature that characterises each developmental stage of soybean leaves. Positional wettability differences among leaves at the same plant and within the same leaf are relevant for performance, selectivity and plant compatibility of agrochemicals. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Drought-induced anatomical changes in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves supplied with trehalose through different modes

Leaf anatomical changes were appraised in exogenously applied trehalose of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants grown under nonstress (well-watered) and water stress (60% field capacity) conditions. Two cultivars of radish namely, Manu and 40-Day, were grown in a pot experiment at the Botanical Garden, GCUF, Pakistan. Plants were subjected to 60% field capacity conditions after three weeks of germination. Trehalose (25 mM) was applied to the radish plants through two different modes (foliar and presowing). After 2 weeks of foliar-applied trehalose, the leaves were excised from the plants for studying different anatomical features. Water stress caused a significant reduction in the leaf vascular bundle area, leaf midrib thickness (only in cv. Manu), leaf parenchyma cell area, and the number of vascular bundles in both radish cultivars, while water stress increased leaf epidermis thickness of both radish cultivars. Exogenously applied trehalose through both (presoaking and foliar spray) modes was effective in increasing leaf epidermis thickness, vascular bundle area, midrib thickness, and number of vascular bundles in both radish cultivars under water stress and nonstress conditions. Foliar-applied trehalose was more effective in increasing midrib thickness in both radish cultivars under both water regimes. Of both cultivars, the performance of cv. Manu was better in leaf epidermis thickness, leaf midrib thickness, vascular bundle area, leaf parenchyma cell area, and the number of vascular bundles. Overall, exogenous application of trehalose through both modes was effective in triggering leaf anatomical changes under different water regimes.     

Spatiotemporal variation in the fungal community associated with wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch

The fungal communities on wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch were analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Collection of diseased leaves was carried out in eleven winter wheat fields located in three regions of Sweden during mid-July in 2003–2005. Fourteen different fungal species were found on the leaves out of which thirteen were identified to the species level and one to the genus level. The majority of the samples had between one and four species present of which at least one was a pathogen. Among the analysed leaves three major leaf pathogens were found: Phaeosphaeria nodorum was common during 2003 and 2004, Mycosphaerella graminicola dominated during 2005. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was present in all fields, but sometimes in just a few samples. Phaeosphaeria nodorum and P. tritici-repentis often co-occurred on the same leaf. In addition, seven species of yeast and three saprophytes frequently occurred on the leaves every year. The variation in fungal community was largest between the different years while the region of Uppland diverged from the other two regions in species composition. No significant differences in fungal communities were found within a single field, indicating a uniform community at the lowest spatial level.     

旱生藓类植物——厚肋流苏藓（Crossidium crassinerve）在陕西省的新记录及其生态作用

首次记录了厚肋流苏藓〔Crossidium crassinerve（De Not.）Jur.〕及流苏藓属（Crossidium）在陕西省的分布,详尽描述了该种的形态结构,对叶片绿色丝体细胞、蒴齿、基膜、孢子、生殖苞、假根等重要结构进行了扫描电镜观察。从茎、叶结构、绿色丝体、群落、繁殖方式等方面分析了适应干旱环境的特征,...     

6种常用固沙植物的生态经济价值比较

通过分析小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana in-termedia Kuang)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom)、塔落岩黄芪(Hedysarumleave Maxim)、细枝岩黄芪(Hedysarum scoparium Fisch)和山竹岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruti-cosum Pall)的光合作用、水分利用效率、生物量、营养成分、土壤改良作用和防风固沙作用,结果表明,岩黄芪属3种植物的生态经济价值明显优于锦鸡儿属3种植物。     

不同水分状况对箭杆杨叶中输导组织及叶肉组织的影响

自然条件下水分状况对箭杆杨叶中输导组织及叶肉组织有一定的影响。水分状况好的叶中导管管腔直径大于水分状况差的，而管壁厚度却相反，水分状况差的导管管壁厚度大于水分状况好的。此点与试验条件下所得的结果略有差异，原因在于，试验条件下所用的材料为植物的幼茎或同化枝，而此项工作所用的材料为叶，在对干旱环境及水分状况变化的适应上，叶比茎或同化枝更为敏感。叶肉中栅栏组织在水分状况较差时发育程度比水分状况时高。无论     

晋西黄土丘陵区与土石山区交错地带植物区系特征分析

本文以晋西黄土丘陵区与土石山区的典型交错地带中阳县为研究对象,分别对黄土丘陵区和土石山区的植物区系科、属、种的组成、属的分布类型等进行了系统研究;同时,对这两个区域的植物区系组成的差异性进行了对比分析。中阳县土石山地区,共计有种子植物64科,204属,354种。植物区系属的分布类型中,北温带分布类型最多,有87属,占总属数43%。黄土丘陵边缘区仅有种子植物134种,分属93属,42科;分别占中阳县土石山区的37.85%,45.59%,65.63%。从维持植物物种多样性的角度来讲,晋西土石山次生林区应该是重点保护的区域。同时,发现黄土丘陵区泛热带成分分布的多种灌木均自然分布在极端干旱的阳坡地段,这种区系的分布类型与生态适应性之间的关系值得进一步研究。黄土丘陵区与土石山区交错地带天然次生植物区系特征的分析,对于深入研究该区域天然植被分布的空间异质性及其成因具有重要的理论意义。