水氮用量组合对冻融期土壤相变区硝态氮迁移与累积的影响

为了研究冻融期水氮用量对土壤硝态氮迁移及累积的影响,设置了两个灌水量(375、750 m~3·hm~(-2))、三个施肥水平(100、300 kg·hm~(-2)和500 kg·hm~(-2))组成6种水氮组合,进行田间冬灌试验。结果表明,水氮处理显著增加了相变区(0~60 cm)土壤硝态氮水平,各处理下硝态氮累积量差异显著。未冻期和冻结期0~60 cm土壤硝态氮累积量随水、氮量的增加而增加,消融期硝态氮累积量随肥量的增加而增加。冻结前、后期土壤剖面聚氮区(特指硝态氮)由0~30 cm逐渐下移至30~60 cm。硝态氮向相变区的迁移量随水氮量的增加而呈增加态势,在N500下迁移趋势更明显。封冻前0~30 cm土壤硝态氮的相对累积量随灌水量增加而降低,30~60 cm土层则增加。冻结期,随施氮量的增加,0~30 cm土层硝态氮相对累积量增加,30~60 cm土层则降低。消融期0~30 cm土层硝态氮相对累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,随灌水量的增加而减少,而30~60 cm土层则呈现相反规律。     

连续施用氮肥对旱地土训氮素状况的影响

在半湿润易旱地区红垆土上进行的大田试验表明,连续施用氮肥显著影响硝态氮在土层中的残留累积、0－20cm土层微生物体氮和矿物固定态氮。当每作施氮量达到112．5kg/hm^2时,则发生残留硝态氮的累积,并随施氮量增加,残留量增加,当每作施氮量低于75．05kgN/hm^2时,不会出现硝态氮的残留累积。补充灌水后,作物产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率提高,则累积的残留硝态氮显著下降,微生物体氮和施氮水平及作物产量之间的关系;施肥加灌水,作物地上,地下部分生长量增加,土壤中作物残体增加,能源物质充分,微生物体氮相应增加,施肥和灌水对矿物固定态的影响与对残留硝态氮和微生物体氮的影响不同,与试验开始时相比,不施氮、矿物固定态氮显著下降,施氮后保持着试验开始时的水平,表明施用氮肥对维持土壤矿物固定态氮库的稳定具有重要意义。     

交替灌溉条件下水氮供给对番茄生长及水分利用的影响

为探讨控制性分根区交替灌溉条件下不同水氮供给对作物生长特性的影响,采用番茄盆栽试验,研究了交替灌溉和水氮处理对番茄生长、产量和水分利用的影响.结果表明:交替灌溉方式下,低氮处理的番茄株高较大;高水低氮和低水中氮处理的茎粗较大;中氮处理的干物质累积总量分别是高氮和低氮的1.25倍和1.01倍.交替灌溉高水处理的水分利用效率均值分别是交替灌溉低水处理和常规充分灌水处理的1.05倍和1.12倍.交替灌溉增加根冠比7.89％～ 31.61％.常规充分灌水处理的产量均值最大,分别是交替高水和交替低水的1.05倍和1.39倍.在交替灌水条件下,中氮处理的耗水量分别是低氮和高氮的1.04倍和1.16倍.     

滴灌灌水量对风沙土大豆根区硝态氮及水分分布的影响

为合理进行风沙土地区灌溉管理,将水肥控制在根区范围内并满足大豆生长需求,以灌水量为试验因素,基于作物冠层蒸发皿蒸发量设置0.4（W1）、0.6（W2）、0.8（W3）、1.0 E_pan（W4）和1.2 E_pan（W5）5个灌溉水平,研究不同灌水量对大豆根区硝态氮和水分分布的影响。结果表明：增加灌水量会使土壤水分入渗深度增加10~30 cm,增大根区土壤水分分布的不均匀性,苗期W5处理剖面水分平均值较W1处理增大40.22%,W4、W5处理能够维持大豆根区6%~7%的土壤含水率。硝态氮有明显表聚现象,随着灌水量的增大,淋洗深度增加且不均匀性增大,根区土壤硝态氮平均含量降低,当灌水量高于1.0 E_pan时,硝态氮含量低于10 mg·kg^-1。W2、W3和W4处理能保证大豆根区在生育前、中、后期处于15~22 mg·kg^-1的硝态氮浓度区间,垂直方向上灌水量与硝态氮呈负相关关系。风沙土土壤剖面含水率均在4%~10%之间,灌水量是影响风沙土硝态氮含量和分布的主要因素之一;各处理硝态氮含量在10~30 mg·kg^-1之间。综合考虑作物对根区土壤水分和硝态氮含量的需求,以及土壤水分和硝态氮在根层的分布特征,推荐灌溉水量为1.0 E_pan。     

河西畦田春小麦不同生育期灌水对土壤水氮空间分布的影响

试验采用规格为30m×3m条田,分别沿畦长中心位置布设了5个测点(每个测点距畦首依次为3、9、15、21、27 m)用于定点测定不同生育期春小麦0~100 cm土层深度内灌前2 d和灌后2 d土壤含水量和硝态氮的含量,评价了土壤水氮空间分布的变异性、土壤水氮贮存效率和土壤水氮沿畦长空间分布均匀性。结果表明:不同生育期内不同处理间灌前2 d和灌后2 d土壤水分空间分布均为中等变异性,灌后2 d的变差系数小于灌前2 d的变差系数;土壤硝态氮空间分布状况除拔节期灌前2 d灌水量90mm和灌水量60mm为强变异性外其余均为中等变异性;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间的土壤水贮存效率无显著影响,成熟期春小麦不灌水处理的土壤水贮存率明显低于灌水处理;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间土壤硝态氮贮存率有显著影响,其中成熟期不灌水处理能使土壤硝态氮的贮存率增加,灌水减少了根系层内土壤硝态氮的贮存率;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间土壤水分和土壤硝态氮含量沿畦长的空间分布均匀性均无显著影响,其中成熟期不灌水处理对土壤水分沿畦长的空间分布均匀性的影响显著小于成熟期灌水处理,而对土壤硝态氮的空间分布均匀性无显著影响。     

农田厚不饱和层硝态氮分布特征初探

利用G eoprobe(r)钻机获取深层连续土样,研究农田厚不饱和层硝态氮分布特征,并评估农田施氮污染地下水的潜力。研究发现在渗透性中等的土壤中,硝态氮已经淋溶到15 m以下,厚不饱和层中硝态氮分布按含量高低可分为三个明显区段:根系吸收层中含量区、吸收层下高含量区和深层低含量区。其中根系吸收区下的硝态氮含量明显高于吸收区;深层的硝态氮含量虽然较低,但累积量可能超过根区的累积量。硝态氮的这些分布特点表明地下水水质已经受到了很大威胁。吸收层下硝态氮含量的起伏明显受土壤的质地影响;在较深土层中与土壤水分含量也有明显的相关性。     

不同种植方式和施肥对旱地春玉米土壤硝态氮残留的影响

覆膜种植技术已在旱作农区大面积推广,为了探明覆膜种植模式下科学合理的施肥水平,尽量减少土壤氮素残留与淋溶,采用田间定位试验,设全膜双垄沟播(F)、半膜平作(H)和裸地平作(O) 3种种植方式,配套优化施肥(OPT)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和不施肥(CK) 3种施肥水平,测定了春玉米各生育时期的土壤硝态氮含量,分析了不同处理的土壤硝态氮残留量、分布以及动态变化。结果表明:土壤中硝态氮残留累积量随着氮肥用量的增加而增加,0～200 cm土壤中硝态氮残留量最高可达428.3 kg·hm~(-2),OPT和FP处理的硝态氮平均累积量分别是CK的7.6和4.4倍;覆膜种植可以减少氮素残留,以全膜双垄沟播尤为明显;裸地平作下长期施氮容易出现硝态氮的残留,其主要残留在60～140 cm土层中,100 cm土层附近最高。两种覆膜种植方式下,随着玉米生育期的推进,0～200 cm土壤硝态氮含量逐渐降低,收获时土壤硝态氮残留量保持在较低水平,而在裸地平作下施氮后硝态氮含量始终维持在较高水平,收获期残留量高。因此,在OPT施肥水平下,配合全膜双垄沟播可以提高氮素利用效率,减少土壤硝态氮下层淋溶,降低因高施氮导致的土壤硝态氮累积。     

新疆新和县郊区菜地硝态氮的淋洗调查

对新和县郊区菜地的调查表明 ,由于过量施氮和灌水 ,造成菜地土壤硝态氮在 0～ 2 .8m土体中大量积累 ,平均 1m土体累积量 2 5 2kg/hm2 N ,接近一季蔬菜的需氮量。 0～ 2 .8m土体累积量平均高达 5 88.4kg/hm2 N ,已对浅层地下水构成威胁 ;菜地土壤 0～ 2 .8m土体硝态氮累积量 (y) 与施氮量 (x)呈极显著正相关 ;蔬菜种植年限较长的地块 ,1m以下土体硝态氮的绝对累积量和相对累积量较高。     

环境和土壤中硝态氮的研究：以阜康荒漠生态站地区为例

本文较系统地研究了干旱区氮素循环中硝态氮的来源和去向。研究表明由降水带入的Ｎ最少约为６ｋｇ／ｈａ，地下水中硝态氮均低于１ｐｐｍ，土壤剖面深处硝态氮可随水分上移供根区利用。     

灌水量及减氮模式对冬小麦产量及水氮利用的影响

为探究关中平原冬小麦合理的减氮模式及相应的灌水量,以灌水量为主处理、减氮模式为副处理开展冬小麦田间裂区试验,灌水量设90 mm和150 mm,参照本地习惯施氮(尿素CO,施氮量210 kg·hm~(-2))设置减氮模式,施氮量为150 kg·hm~(-2),有3种施氮类型:尿素+硝化抑制剂(DMPP)、控释氮肥和尿素掺施(PCU)和控释复合肥(SF),另以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,对小麦产量、水分和氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留状况进行分析。结果表明:灌水量和减氮模式两因素及其交互作用对冬小麦有效穗数、千粒重、籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮残留量及水分和氮肥利用效率均有显著影响;灌水量对冬小麦产量的影响随减氮模式而变,与灌水90 mm相比, PCU150和DMPP150处理在灌水量150 mm时产量降低,SF150和N0处理产量有所增大;灌水90 mm时,减氮模式PCU150和DMPP150较习惯施氮CO210减少施氮28.6%,籽粒产量和有效穗数显著增加,分别增产17.4%和11.6%,水分利用效率提高17.5%和13.5%,氮肥利用效率增加64.3%和58.4%, 0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量减少57.8%和45.6%。关中平原在冬小麦全生育期灌水90 mm,采用尿素加硝化抑制剂基施、树脂包膜尿素基施60%+尿素拔节期追施40%两种减氮模式,冬小麦可维持较高产量和水肥利用效率。     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

Trends and expectations for research and technology in weed science in Thailand

There are many possible ways to improve the economic crisis in Thailand, and it is agreed that development of agricultural production is ideal for improving the economic situation in an agricultural country such as Thailand. A strategic plan for agricultural and agro‐industry research is included in the national research agenda and can be classified into nine groups covering different research areas. Most research is based on the agricultural production of four main product groups: (i) crops; (ii) aquatic animals/plants and fisheries products; (iii) poultry, livestock and animal products; and (iv) forest resources. Trends in research and development in weed management for crop production will continue to support the food demands and the development of efficient production of quality products.     

中国的沙暴、尘暴及其防治

沙尘暴在进入 90年代以来有进一步加剧趋势 ,其原因在于此期我国西北地区气候干暖化态势明显 ,人类超负荷开发资源加剧 ,从而导致沙尘暴的频繁发生 ,但总体上仍属于正常的灾害现象。我国沙暴只能发生于干旱半干旱区 ,尘暴则可波及半湿润与湿润区 ,由此而论 ,北京的沙尘暴属于尘暴范畴 ,北京不会形成沙漠区。防治沙尘暴必须采取水、土、植被综合防治措施 ,基本对策是 :1 .搞好流域为单元的水土资源合理利用规划 ,进行水土保持综合防治 ;2 .增加地表植被复盖 ,搞好防护林体系建设 ;3 .减轻土地利用强度 ,恢复提高土地抗蚀能力 ;4.加强管理体系建设 ,依法建设生态环境。建议国家设立水土保持为主要职能的生态环境建设委员会 ,统一协调布署我国的生态环境建设工作。     

2017年与2014年西安极端高温天气及其环流特征对比分析

借助观测资料与FNL全球分析资料，对比研究2017年与2014年西安高温天气基本特征与有利环流形势，结果表明：① 2 a西安均发生了40 ℃以上的长时间持续高温天气，其中2014年属于常规高温年份，而2017年西安高温则提前1个月发生，高温的提前发生主要是因为南亚高压强于正常年份同期强度；② 不同于我国南方地区的闷湿高温，西安高温属于干性高温，且昼夜温差较小，由此造成24 h对人体的不适；③ 详细描述了西安高温发生的典型环流特征，即南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）同时增强，并在对流层中高层相互贯通；④ 南亚高压是影响我国西北地区的主要热源基地，在较大经向度的有利环流背景下，强风速可将热气团向南向东深度输送至下游地区（即西安）；⑤ 在“上辐合、下辐散”的散度场配置下，西安500 hPa以下高空维持明显的下沉气流，加之有利的局部要素相配合，最终造成该地区高温天气的发生。     

Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non-orchard areas

Milk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non-orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non-orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′-DDT and 2-, 3-, 7- and 15-fold morepp′-DDE, pp′-TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma-BHC and pp′-TDE olefin [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.     

Variation in seed dormancy and light sensitivity in Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica-venti

Variation in seed dormancy and light sensitivity was studied in Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica-venti . Seeds were collected from different populations, at different dates and from plants emerging in autumn or spring, and used in four experiments. In the first experiment, initial dormancy was investigated in light and darkness. In Expt 2, buried seeds were exhumed on 16 occasions, from September 1997 to March 2000, and germinated in light, in darkness and after a 5-s light exposure. In Expt 3, emergence was recorded for seeds sown in pots outdoors. In Expt 4, stratified seeds of A. myosuroides only were exposed to photon irradiance ranging from 0.1 to 25 600 μmol m⁻². Variation was high among seed collections, but both species showed winter annual dormancy patterns. Apera spica-venti germinated to high percentages in autumn but negligibly in spring. Alopecurus myosuroides germinated less in spring when tested in darkness and after a short light exposure and emerged poorly in spring, which reflected photo-desensitisation during cold stratification. We conclude that the peak of emergence in A. myosuroides , and to some extent in A. spica-venti , is largely regulated by exposure to light interacting with low-level dormancy. This offers valuable information regarding optimal timing of weed control measures.