不同ET0计算方法在内蒙古东部地区适用性比较

内蒙古东部地区,土地资源丰富,但气象站点偏少,相关气象资料匮乏,应用FAO56 Penman-Monteith法计算ET0在多数地区相对困难。依据内蒙古东部地区典型气象站点(通辽气象站)1974—2013年40年气象资料,以FAO56 Penman-Monteith法作为标准,以FAO~(-1)7 Penman法、Hargreaves-Samani法、Priestley-Taylor法、Irmark-Allen拟合法分别对ET0进行计算,就其与FAO56 Penman-Monteith法的相关性进行分析。结果表明,Hargreaves-Samani法和Priestley-Taylor法的计算结果要明显高于FAO56 Penman-Monteith法计算所得的结果,不适合内蒙古东部地区应用;FAO~(-1)7 Penman法结果与FAO56 Penman-Monteith法相关性最好,但是4—9月份相对误差较大;Irmark-Allen拟合法结果最接近FAO56 Penman-Monteith法(相对误差19%,R20.92),计算简单且所需气象资料最少,更适宜内蒙古东部地区缺测气象条件下ET0的计算。     

Hargreaves公式计算宁夏地区参考作物腾发量的研究

Penman-Monteith公式计算ET0需要大量的气象数据,而这些数据在一些地区尤其是不发达地区缺测情况较多。Hargreaves公式是FAO推荐的在只有气温数据情况下,估算ET0的方法,但在应用时需要对其进行修正。文中利用国家气象数据共享服务网提供的宁夏24个气象站长系列逐旬气象资料(1951-1999年),分别用Penman-Monteith公式,Hargreaves公式计算参考作物腾发量,然后通过回归分析确定出宁夏每一个气象站所代表区域应用Hargreaves公式时的经验系数,提出修正后的Hargreaves计算公式;并用2000-2012年的气象数据对修正后的Hargreaves公式进行验证。结果表明:1)未修正的Hargreaves公式,在宁夏地区的适用性较差,与Penman-Monteith公式计算值对比差异显著。2)修正后的Hargreaves公式计算精度显著提高,与Penman-Monteith公式计算结果有很好的拟合,可见,利用修正后的Hargreaves公式替代PM公式计算宁夏地区参考作物腾发量是可行的。     

新疆焉耆盆地ET_0计算方法的适用性评价

以新疆焉耆盆地为例,以PM模型计算值为标准,评价了H-S、P-T与Mc Cloud模型在研究区的适用性。结果表明:太阳总辐射与ET0日值之间呈现极强的相关性(r=0.937)与偏相关性(r=0.962),说明太阳辐射能量是影响ET0的主要因素;在ET0日值计算中,H-S模型计算结果显著大于PM模型,P-T模型与Mc Cloud模型计算值显著小于PM模型,其中H-S模型计算精度最高,均方根误差为0.836 mm,平均偏差为0.638 mm;通过对H-S模型、P-T模型与Mc Cloud模型进行修正,不同模型的计算精度均有所提高,修正后P-T模型的计算精度最高(均方根误差RMSE为0.613 mm,纳什效率指数E为0.6821),且3种模型修正后ET0日值与PM模型计算值均无显著差异。     

基于辐射和温度的ET0模型在吐鲁番地区的比较与修正

利用吐鲁番地区3个气象站2000—2015年逐日气象资料,以FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(FAO-56 PM)模型为标准,对6种ET_0模型(M-A模型、P-T模型、M-H模型、H-S模型、Traj模型和B-H模型)进行评价并修正,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、绝对平均误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)评价指标和Wilcoxon非参数检验法比较年、月尺度上各模型修正前后的估算精度,以筛选适用吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。结果表明:吐鲁番地区ET_0的主要影响因子是R_s(太阳辐射),其次是e_s(饱和水汽压)和R_n(作物表面净辐射);修正前,年尺度上,M-H模型的估算精度最高;月尺度上,各模型误差较大且与FAO-56 PM模型存在显著差异,适用性较差;修正后,各模型在年、月尺度上的精度均有明显提高,无显著差异,其中修正后的P-T、M-H和B-H模型估算精度最高,可作为吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。     

参考作物蒸散量计算方法在极端干旱区的适用性

参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性鲜有研究。依据塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地收集的2005-2010年的气象资料,以Penman Monteith为标准,运用8种参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法,探讨在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性及计算结果的差异性。结果表明：在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、Priestley Taylar计算结果偏小,而FAO Penman修正法计算结果偏大,仅Kimberley Penman和Hargreave与Penman Monteith的计算结果没有显著差异。 以2004年3-12月气象资料检验Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、FAO Penman修正法和Priestley Tayla修正公式,计算结果与Penman Monteith月偏差仍然较大。偏差较大的原因是3种Penman计算方法均采用了不同的风速修正方法,由风速引起的空气动力项所占的参考作物蒸散量月贡献率不同,而Irmark Allen、Priestley Taylar和Makkink 3种方法仅考虑了辐射项,忽略了空气动力项。因此,这6种计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠不适用,仅有Kimberley Penman和Hargreave可以适用。     

新疆塔里木盆地北缘日参考作物腾发量计算模型评价

采用4种常用的腾发量模型(Makkink模型,Turc模型,Priestley-Taylor模型以及Hargreaves模型)计算日腾发量,并以Penman-Monteith FAO 56公式计算结果为标准值进行对比,旨在寻找出建模数据少、模拟精度高以及适合研究区的腾发量计算模型。结果表明:Turc模型的日参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与Penman-Monteith FAO 56差异较小,其次是Makkink模型与Priestley-Taylor模型,Hargreaves模型的差异最大。     

风沙区参考作物需水量计算模式的研究

根据包头气象站30a逐旬气象资料和2001年作物生长期逐日资料,用Penman-Monteith公式、Blaney-Criddle公式、Hargreaves公式、Priestley-Taylor公式、Markkink公式估算逐旬和逐日的参考作物需水量(ET0),以Penman-Monteith方法计算结果作为标准来评价其它4种计算方法。经比较分析,用其它4种方法和Penman-Monteith方法计算出的逐旬ET0值均具有较好的相关性,其中以Blaney-Criddle法估算结果最好。4种方法估算的逐日ET0误差较大,相比而言,Markkink法优于其它3种方法。同时,分析了ET0与气温的关系,并建立了适合该地区ET0计算的经验公式,用经验公式估算ET0方法简单,且具有较高的精度。     

干旱区天然低湿牧草地参考作物蒸散量研究--以黑河中游为例

以高精度的气象观测资料为基础,用FAO推荐的FAO Penman-Monteith公式估算了黑河中游天然低湿牧草地的参考作物蒸散量(ET0).结果表明在一个完整年度内,试验地ET0为1 194.3 mm,日均3.26 mm·d-1.在牧草不同生长季节,ET0变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期ET0分别为0.92,2.13,5.33mm·d-1和2.52 mm·d-1,其蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的7.85%,5.02%,70.90%和16.23%.ET0在2月中下旬迅速增大,4月增大幅度最大,此后ET0进一步增大直到7月达到最大,随后ET0逐步减小,在11月中旬随着牧草生长期的结束降至年最低值.ET0在800时左右(生长中期在700左右)开始增大,1300达到最大,1800停止(生长中期在1900左右).     

河套灌区不同土地类型生长季蒸散发量估算及其变化特征

为揭示不同土地类型蒸散发量(ET)差异特征,基于SEBS(surface energy balance system)模型,结合气象数据、遥感影像及土地利用分类结果,对河套灌区2017年生长季日ET进行SEBS模型估算,分析灌区ET时空变化特征及不同土地类型的ET差异。结果表明:①通过实测数据和FAO Penman-Monteith(PM)计算值对SEBS模型估算结果精度验证,蒸渗仪观测数据、涡度相关系统(EC)、波文比能量平衡系统(BREB)和PM计算值的相对误差平均值分别为:16. 66%、18. 34%、14. 93%、14. 03%,表明SEBS模型可以用来估算河套灌区ET。②生长季内,灌区日ET大小依次为:7月 6月 5月 8月 9月。日ET呈单峰形变化,7月日ET达到最大值5. 21 mm·d~(-1),9月日ET最小,为3. 51 mm·d~(-1)。③不同土地类型的日ET大小依次为:水体林地耕地草地城市荒地。灌区内ET分布与土地类型具有高度一致性,总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别为80. 63%和0. 75。④在生长季的不同时间,水体ET均处于较高值,7月日ET达到最大值6. 034 mm·d~(-1),9月日ET值最小,为4. 177 mm·d~(-1)。其次林地日ET较大,7月日ET值为5. 977 mm·d~(-1),9月日ET值为4. 147 mm·d~(-1)。耕地日ET变化趋势与作物生长情况相一致,作物生长旺盛期ET值达5. 851 mm·d~(-1),作物收获期ET值为3. 952 mm·d~(-1)。     

科尔沁沙地青贮玉米蒸散量的估算与分析

为准确估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米实际蒸散量的变化规律,选用ASCE Penman-Monteith(ASCE-PM)模型计算参考作物蒸散发(ET0);利用双作物系数模型模拟土壤含水率与对应实测值进行统计分析,根据均方根误差、一致性指数、平均绝对误差和Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数4个指标以及回归系数和决定性系数对双作物系数模型进行率定和验证,然后模拟青贮玉米的作物系数,与ASCE-PM模型结合后模拟青贮玉米的蒸散发、棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾规律,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:双作物系数模型准确地模拟土壤含水率和棵间土壤蒸发的变化过程,率定各阶段基础作物系数为0.25、0.9和0.5。棵间土壤蒸发先由播种时峰值下降到较低水平,于收割前有所回升;蒸腾速率除刚出苗和收割前呈单峰变化外大部分时段呈双峰变化,日内变化规律大体为中午高,早晚低,自出苗之日起生长中期后半段处于较高水平,之后逐渐减弱。青贮玉米蒸散量与太阳辐射线性关系最为显著(R=0.643),与气温、空气湿度和风速的相关性依次次之。ASCE-PM模型空气动力项5 d尺度贡献率为27.94%~77.66%,且随风速同增减。综上所述,ASCE-PM模型结合双作物系数可较好估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米的实际蒸散量,以及棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾量。     

CO2浓度升高对取食不同寄主的西花蓟马和花蓟马生理酶活性的影响

为明确取食不同寄主植物的西花蓟马和花蓟马对CO_2浓度升高的响应机制,分别选取四季豆、茼蒿和辣椒寄主,分析不同CO_2浓度对2种蓟马成虫体内解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,2种蓟马的羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)、微粒体多功能氧化酶(MFO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均随着CO_2浓度的升高而增强。与对照相比,高CO_2浓度下西花蓟马取食四季豆时Car E和POD活性分别升高了21.70%和40.16%,取食茼蒿时Car E、MFO和POD活性分别升高了40.11%、6.73%和43.85%,而以辣椒为寄主时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低了57.56%;在800μL/L高CO_2浓度下,花蓟马的Car E、Ach E和MFO活性均略有升高;四季豆、茼蒿和辣椒饲养的花蓟马SOD活性分别下降了26.84%、52.16%和53.71%。研究表明,2种蓟马均能通过调节体内的生理酶活性来适应环境的变化,且西花蓟马的适应能力强于花蓟马。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> Selection of Maize Rhizobacteria to Study Potential Biological Control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus</Emphasis> Section <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavi</Emphasis> and Aflatoxin Production

The aims of this study were to select bacterial isolates from the non-rhizophere of maize soil and to examine their antagonistic activity against Aspergillus section Flavi strains. The first selection was made through ecophysiological responses of bacterial isolates to water activity (a_w) and temperature stress. Subsequently, an Index of Dominance test (I_D), ecological similarity and inhibition of the lag phase prior to growth, growth rate and aflatoxin B₁ accumulation were used as criteria. From the first assay nine bacterial strains were selected. They grew well at 25 and 30 °C, with growth optima between 0.982 and 0.955 a_W using 48 h of incubation. There was ecological similarity between the bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (RCB 3, RCB 6), Pseudomonas solanacearum RCB 5, Amphibacillus xylanus RCB 27 and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains at 0.982 at 25 °C. The predominant interaction between all selected bacteria and fungi in dual culture was mutual intermingling at 0.982. Mutual inhibition on contact and mutual inhibition at a distance was observed at 0.955 a_w, between only four bacteria and some Aspergillus strains. Bacillus subtilis RCB 55 showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus section Flavi strains. Amphibacillus xylanus RCB 27, B.␣subtilis RCB 90 and Sporolactobacillus inulinus RCB 196 increased the lag phase prior to growth and decreased the growth rate of Aspergillus section Flavi strains. Bacillus subtilis strains (RCB 6, RCB 55, RCB 90) and P. solanacearum RCB 110 inhibited aflatoxin accumulation. Bacillus subtilis RCB 90 completely inhibited aflatoxin B₁ accumulation at 0.982 a_W. These results show that the bacterial strains selected have potential for controlling Aspergillus section Flavi over a wide range of relevant environmental conditions in the stored maize ecosystem.     

短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

Histochemical studies on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (O2 and H2O2) in the incompatible and compatible interaction of wheat—Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

The generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), were studied in the interaction between wheat cv. ‘Suwon 11’ and two races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (avirulent and virulent). Generation of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ was analyzed histochemically using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3-diamino-benzidine (DAB), respectively. At the pre-penetration stage during appressorium formation both stripe rust races induced H₂O₂ accumulation in guard cells. In the incompatible interaction, a rapid increase of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ generation at infection sites was detected. The percentage of infection sites showing NBT and DAB staining was 36.1% and 40.0%, respectively, 12 h after inoculation (hai). At extended incubation time until 24 hai, percentage of infection sites showing H₂O₂ accumulation further increased, whereas those exhibiting O₂⁻ accumulation declined. The early infection stage from 12 to 24 hai coincided with primary haustoria formation in mesophyll cells. In contrast, in the compatible interaction, O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ generation could not be detected in most of the infection sites. In the incompatible interaction, intensive DAB staining was also determined in mesophyll cells, especially in cell walls, surrounding the infected cells 16–24 hai; thereafter, these cells contained fluorescing compounds and underwent hypersensitive response (HR). The number of necrotic host cells surrounding the infection sites increased continuously from 20 to 96 hai. It might be concluded that H₂O₂ accumulation during the early infection stage is associated with the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death and that resistance response is leading to arrest the avirulent race of the obligate stripe rust pathogen. In the compatible interaction at 96 hai, H₂O₂ accumulation was observed in mesophyll cells surrounding the rust lesion.     

Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting

Disease severity of powdery mildew (causal agentLeveillula taurica (Lév.) Arn.) on pepper (Capsicum annuum), defoliation and fruit sunscald rating were significantly reduced (P=0.05) by foliar applications of sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions, compared with water or penconazole (Ophir). Preharvest application of bicarbonate solutions significantly reduced (P=0.05) postharvest decay development on sweet red pepper fruits.     

Pathogenicity and mycotoxin production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis> isolated from onion and garlic in Serbia

Fusarium proliferatum can occur on a wide range of economically important vegetable plants but its role in disease is not always well established. In 2000 and 2001, from forty-one field samples of wilting onion and garlic plants in Serbia, F. proliferatum as the predominant fungal species was isolated from root and bulbs. Seventy isolates were firstly characterized for their sexual fertility and were shown to be mostly members of Gibberella intermedia (sixty-seven of seventy isolates, the remaining three isolates were unfertile), the sexual stage of F. proliferatum (syn. mating population D of G. fujikuroi complex). A selected set of eleven F. proliferatum isolates from both hosts were also tested for their pathogenicity and toxigenicity. Although onion and garlic plants were susceptible to all isolates, onion plants showed a significantly higher disease severity index. Six of the eleven isolates of F. proliferatum produced fumonisin B₁ from 25 to 3000 μg g⁻¹, and beauvericin from 400 to 550 μg g⁻¹; ten isolates produced fusaric acid from 80 to 950 μg g⁻¹ and moniliformin from 50 to 520 μg g⁻¹. Finally, all isolates produced fusaproliferin up to 400 μg g⁻¹. These results confirm F. proliferatum as an important pathogen of garlic and onion in Europe and that there is a potential mycotoxin accumulation risk in contaminated plants of both garlic and onion.     

禾谷镰刀菌CYP51A基因对五种三唑类杀菌剂敏感性的影响

为进一步明确14α-脱甲基酶编码基因CYP51A在禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum对三唑类杀菌剂敏感性中的作用,利用Split-marker方法敲除禾谷镰刀菌CYP51A基因并获得敲除CYP51A基因的禾谷镰刀菌ΔFgCYP51A菌株,比较该菌株和野生型菌株PH-1对5种三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性变化。结果表明,ΔFgCYP51A菌株对丙环唑、戊唑醇、烯唑醇、三唑醇和三唑酮的EC₅₀分别为0.024、0.047、0.148、0.154和0.474 mg/L。ΔFgCYP51A菌株对戊唑醇、三唑醇、三唑酮和丙环唑的敏感性均显著增加,而对烯唑醇的敏感性无明显变化。表明FgCYP51A基因与禾谷镰刀菌对三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性有关。     

Toxigenic Fusarium Species of Liseola Section in Pre-harvest Maize Ear Rot, and Associated Mycotoxins in Slovakia

The occurrence of Fusarium species of Liseola section and related toxins was investigated for two years (1996 and 1998) on maize ear rot samples collected in the most important areas for maize growing in Slovakia. The species most frequently isolated was F. verticillioides, followed by F. proliferatum in 1996 and F. subglutinans in 1998. Most of the strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusarium graminearum was also frequently recovered in both the years of investigations. Toxin analysis of maize ears showed that most of the samples (21 out of 22) were contaminated with at least one toxin. In particular, the concentration of fumonisin B₁, and fumonisin ₂ was up to 26.9 and 5.1gg^-1, respectively in 1996, and up to 12.1 and 6.3gg^-1, respectively in 1998. Beauvericin was detected only in one sample in 1996. Seven samples in 1996 were contaminated by fusaproliferin up to 8.2gg^-1, but just traces of the toxin were found in one sample in 1998. All 29 strains of F. verticillioides, two of three strains of F. proliferatum and none of eight F. subglutinans strains isolated from samples produced fumonisin B₁ in culture on whole maize kernels (0.1–5646 and 940–1200ugg^-1, respectively). Two strains of F. subglutinans and two of F. proliferatum produced beauvericin (up to 65 and 70gg^-1, respectively). Ten strains of F. verticillioides produced beauvericin: 9 strains produced a low amount (up to 3gg^-1), while only one of them produced a high level of toxin (375gg^-1). Fusaproliferin was produced by two F. proliferatum strains (220 and 370gg^-1), by seven F. subglutinans (20–1335gg^-1) and by three F. verticillioides (10–35gg^-1). This is the first report on fusaproliferin production by F. verticillioides, although at low level.