烯草酮与高效氟吡甲禾灵对日本看麦娘的毒力及田间防效

采用整株测定法测定了烯草酮与高效氟吡甲禾灵及其不同配比对日本看麦娘的毒力。结果表明,烯草酮与高效氟吡甲禾灵有效成分的配比为0．25：1、0．5：1、1：1、1．5：1、2：1、3：1、4：1,其共毒系数分别为86．0497、87．1340、83．5498、80．5014、111．3087、99．3898、118．2154,烯草酮与高效氟吡甲禾灵复配后具有相加作用。田间试验结果表明,24％烯草酮EC375ml／hm^2＋10．8％高效氟吡甲禾灵EC450ml／hm^2、24％烯草酮EC300ml／hm^2＋10．8％高效氟吡甲禾灵EC225mL／hm^2、24％烯草酮EC375ml／hm^2＋10．8％高效氟吡甲禾灵EC225ml／hm^2,其有效成分的配比为1．9：1、3．0：1、3．7：1,药后60d对日本看麦娘的株防效分别为94．34％、91．79％、94．75％,鲜重防效分别为97．82％、85．21％、97．15％,除草效果显著。     

双唑草腈在3种典型土壤中的降解

为明确双唑草腈在环境中的降解行为特性，采用室内模拟试验方法，分别研究了积水厌气、好氧和灭菌条件下，双唑草腈在紫色土、水稻土及红壤3种典型土壤中的降解特性。结果表明:双唑草腈在3种土壤中的降解均符合一级反应动力学方程，好氧条件下，其在紫色土、水稻土及红壤中的降解半衰期分别为13.4、10.1和31.1 d，且降解速率与土壤中有机质和黏粒含量呈正相关；不同条件下的降解速率依次为积水厌气 > 好氧 > 灭菌，说明双唑草腈在土壤中的降解一定程度上受水解和微生物活性的影响；在一定的土壤持水量范围内，双唑草腈在土壤中的降解速率随土壤含水量增加而加快。研究表明，双唑草腈在稻田淹水条件下施用降解较快，残留期较短。所得结果可为双唑草腈的合理使用及其环境安全性评价提供科学依据。     

异噁唑草酮在土壤表面光解及在土壤中的降解和淋溶特性

为合理评估除草剂异唑草酮的环境风险，在实验室模拟条件下，研究了异唑草酮在土壤 (红壤土)表面光解以及在不同质地土壤 (潮土、水稻土和红壤土) 中的降解和淋溶特性。结果表明:异唑草酮在土壤表面的光解遵循一级反应动力学方程c_t = 4.23e–0.008t (r = 0.937)，半衰期为82.5 h；其在潮土、水稻土和红壤土中的降解均符合一级动力学方程，好氧条件下，异唑草酮在3种土壤中的降解半衰期分别为10.5、43.3和139 h，厌氧条件下的降解半衰期分别为19.4、18.4和158 h；其在潮土、水稻土和红壤土中的淋溶系数 (R_f) 分别为0.417 0、0.083 3和0.083 3。研究表明:异唑草酮在土壤表面光解速率较慢，而在土壤中好氧及厌氧条件下降解速率均较快，残留期短；其在土壤中淋溶性较弱，不易对周围环境及地下水造成污染风险。     

典型咪唑啉酮类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

咪唑啉酮类除草剂是中国广泛应用的除草剂,具有杀草谱广、活性高、选择性强等优点,但其在土壤中残留期长,影响后茬作物。本文综述了典型的咪唑啉酮类除草剂甲氧咪草烟、咪唑乙烟酸和甲咪唑烟酸残留对后茬作物的影响,探究了降解部分咪唑啉酮类除草剂(甲氧咪草烟、咪唑乙烟酸和咪唑烟酸)的微生物所属类群及降解途径,分析了影响微生物降解咪唑啉酮类除草剂的因素,对目前除草剂污染修复存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来发展进行了展望。该文对研究咪唑啉酮类除草剂的微生物降解有一定的参考作用。     

异(口恶)唑草酮在土壤表面光解及在土壤中的降解和淋溶特性

为合理评估除草剂异(口恶)唑草酮的环境风险,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了异(口恶)唑草酮在土壤(红壤土)表面光解以及在不同质地土壤(潮土、水稻土和红壤土)中的降解和淋溶特性。结果表明:异(口恶)唑草酮在土壤表面的光解遵循一级反应动力学方程c_t=4.23e~(–0.008t) (r=0.937),半衰期为82.5 h;其在潮土、水稻土和红壤土中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,好氧条件下,异(口恶)唑草酮在3种土壤中的降解半衰期分别为10.5、43.3和139 h,厌氧条件下的降解半衰期分别为19.4、18.4和158 h;其在潮土、水稻土和红壤土中的淋溶系数(R_f)分别为0.417 0、0.083 3和0.083 3。研究表明:异(口恶)唑草酮在土壤表面光解速率较慢,而在土壤中好氧及厌氧条件下降解速率均较快,残留期短;其在土壤中淋溶性较弱,不易对周围环境及地下水造成污染风险。     

八种除草剂对多异瓢虫不同虫态的安全性评价

在新疆棉区，早春季节田埂杂草上滋养的天敌昆虫，是棉田内天敌的主要来源，也是棉田外天敌保育的重点。生产上，常喷施除草剂来防除田埂上的恶性杂草，从而除草剂可能会对非靶标天敌昆虫产生直接的不利影响。本文评价了新疆农田中常用的8种除草剂对多异瓢虫不同虫态存活的影响，发现8种除草剂喷施对多异瓢虫卵孵化率、蛹羽化率、成虫存活率均没有显著影响，精喹禾灵、苯磺隆、精噁唑禾草灵处理后3龄幼虫的存活率显著低于对照，而高效氟吡甲禾灵、精吡氟禾草灵、烯草酮、氯氟吡氧乙酸、乙氧氟草醚处理组的幼虫存活率与对照没有显著差异。利用高效氟吡甲禾灵、乙氧氟草醚药液处理多异瓢虫卵后，对卵、幼虫、蛹历期以及各虫态存活率、蛹重等均无明显影响，仅高效氟吡甲禾灵处理组幼虫化蛹率显著降低。利用高效氟吡甲禾灵、乙氧氟草醚处理3龄幼虫后，对其生长发育没有显著影响。本研究证实，新疆农田常用的8种除草剂对多异瓢虫比较安全，没有明显的毒杀作用与负面效应。     

几种除草剂组合对蒜田杂草的防除效果

为明确不同除草剂对蒜田杂草防除效果和对大蒜的安全性影响,进行了禾本科杂草与阔叶杂草混生的常规草相蒜田和阔叶杂草占据优势种群的蒜田除草剂防效试验,结果表明：对于常规草相蒜田,以综合防治禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草为目的,可以选择7％草酮·16％乙草胺·12％乙氧氟草醚复配剂或30％二甲戊乐灵·10％乙草胺·4％乙氧氟草醚复配剂;对于以荠菜为优势杂草种群的蒜田,可选择24％乙氧氟草醚;对于以猪殃殃及其他阔叶杂草为优势种群的蒜田,可选择12％草酮。     

24%烯草酮乳油防除冬油菜禾本科杂草试验

油菜是夹江县的主要油料作物,常年种植面积0.8万hm~2。油菜田的禾本科杂草看麦娘、早熟禾是农民防除的主要对象。24％烯草酮乳油系防除禾本科杂草的内吸型茎叶除草剂。我站于2002年进行了24％烯草酮乳油防除冬油菜禾本科杂草试验,现将结果总结于后:     

丙炔 口 恶 草酮在水环境中的降解行为研究

进行了室外大田残留试验,监测了稻田水体中丙炔 口 恶 草酮的消解动态,结果表明,丙炔 口 恶 草酮在稻田水中的消解半衰期为1.2 d。通过室内水解试验及模拟自然光降解试验,研究了丙炔 口 恶 草 酮在稻田水与不同pH缓冲溶液中的水解及光降解规律。在室内25℃避光的田水与pH 5.0 和7.1的缓冲液中,丙炔 口 恶 草酮的降解半衰期均大于90 d,而在pH 9.6的缓冲溶液中的半衰期为3.7 d。在室内25℃及在 4 000±500 lx氙灯光照下,其在田水和pH 7.1、9.6的缓冲溶液中的降解半衰期分别为11.8、13.2和9.8 h。光对水解的显著影响可通过半衰期的长短变化来揭示,表明光照是该药剂在室外田水中迅速降解的一个重要环境因素。     

氯吡·苯·唑草可湿性粉剂高效液相色谱分析方法研究

本文采用反相高效液相色谱法,以甲醇+水+冰乙酸为流动相,使用C18色谱柱和二极管阵列检测器,在245nm波长下对试样中的氯氟吡氧乙酸、唑草酮和苯磺隆进行分离和定量分析.结果表明氯氟吡氧乙酸、唑草酮和苯磺隆的线性相关系数分别为0.999 0、0.999 4、0.999 1;标准偏差为0.050、0.013、0.019;变异系数为0.29％、0.86％、0.53％;平均回收率为99.97％、99.93％、99.56％.     

腐植酸在旱地农业土壤改良和水肥增效中的作用研究

腐植酸是农田土壤有机质的重要组成成分，是土壤生命最具活力的核心物质。针对旱地农业发展中土壤结构退化、水肥利用效率低和作物低产低效等核心问题，总结了我国生物腐植酸和煤基腐植酸等腐植酸资源及其行业发展进展，分析了腐植酸组成特点及其在改良土壤结构和维持土壤酸碱平衡、提高肥料利用效率、刺激作物生长、增强作物抗逆、改善作物品质和降低重金属污染等方面的作用原理，开展了腐植酸在酸化地、盐碱地土壤改良和在废弃地土壤结构改良以及水肥保持中应用的研究，对研发的腐植酸保水肥剂、腐植酸土壤改良剂和重金属污染地治理的材料及其应用效果进行介绍。针对我国旱地农业发展态势和腐植酸在旱区土壤改良应用中存在的问题，指出腐植酸产品研发和应用技术在旱地农业中的发展方向。     

Salicylic acid induced alleviation of oxidative stress caused by clethodim in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves

Salicylic acid is used for regulation of oxidative stress in plants subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions. Application of herbicides for the purpose of weed killing can affect not only the weeds but also the main crop as well. Many herbicides have the ability to cause oxidative stress and further degradation of cell components. In this work, SA was used to alleviate the oxidative stress caused in response to clethodim herbicide in maize leaves. The results demonstrated that, spraying of clethodim caused yellowing of leaves and sometimes browning or drying of leaf tips with high clethodim doses. Contrary, leaves showed no injuries when treated with 1 mM SA 3 days prior clethodim application. Elevated amounts of H₂O₂ and MDA were detected in clethodim treated leaves compared with control indicating ROS formation and lipid peroxidation. Excessive ROS formation led to oxidative stress which followed by degradation of membranous structures. In SA treated leaves, the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA were more or less similar to the corresponding controls. A change in the antioxidant enzymes activities due to clethodim and SA treatment was noticed. For example, the activities of POD and APX were induced while SOD and CAT were more or less reduced in response to clethodim. SA treatment prior clethodim application could induce POD but inhibit CAT. Moreover, SOD and APX activities were adjusted to be similar to those of the control. Another mechanism of SA regulation of the oxidative stress occurred through the formation of antioxidants in the form of phenolic compounds. For that, spraying SA with or without clethodim could accumulate phenolic compounds greatly. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay for leaf extracts had confirmed a change in antioxidant status. Furthermore, SA could enhance accumulation of total proteins and free amino acids in clethodim and SA treated leaves compared with the control. This work was to provide evidence for the ability of SA to regulate clethodim herbicide detoxification through regulation of the antioxidant status of maize leaf cells.     

生物炭与腐殖酸配施对盐碱土理化性质的影响

为探索新型盐碱化土壤改良剂，选取玉米秸秆、葵花秸秆制成生物炭与腐殖酸配合，研究玉米秸秆生物炭（A）、混合秸秆生物炭（A₂1）、腐殖酸（B）、玉米秸秆生物炭+腐殖酸（AB）、混合秸秆生物炭+腐殖酸（A₂1B）5种改良剂与土壤混合后较对照组原土（CK）中盐碱指标、肥力指标的改善情况。结果表明：生物炭和腐殖酸都具有改良土壤盐碱性、提高土壤肥力的作用，二者联合配施对降低土壤pH、电导率（EC）、碱化度（ESP）及提高土壤养分的效果更明显，其中混合生物炭与腐殖酸配施（A₁B）效果最好，A₁B组处理的土壤pH较CK组显著降低10.8%，EC下降55%，ESP降低9.8%；速效钾、有效磷、速效氮及有机质的平均增幅较其他4个处理分别提升59.77%、210%、178%、180%。综上所述，混合施用生物炭及腐殖酸对于改良盐碱土效果明显。     

Determination of extractable and non-extractable radioactivity from prairie soils treated with carboxyl- and ring-labelled [14C]2,4-D

Ring- and carboxyl-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D were incubated under laboratory conditions, at the 2 g/g level, in a heavy clay, sandy loam, and clay loam at 85% of field capacity and 20 1C. The soils were extracted at regular intervals for 35 days with aqaeous acidic acetonitrile, and analysed for [¹⁴C]2,4-D and possible radioactive degradation products. Following solvent extraction, a portion of the soil residues were combusted in oxygen to determine unextracted radioactivity as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. The remaining soil residues were then treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, and the radioactivity associated with the fulvic and humic soil components determined. In all soils there was a rapid decrease in the amounts of extractable radioacitivity, with only 5% of that applied being recoverable after 35 days. All recoverable radioactivity was attributable to [¹⁴C]2,4-D, and no [¹⁴C]-containing degradation products were observed. This loss of extractable radioactivity was accompanied by an increase in non-extractable radioactivity. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity, derived from carboxyl-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D, and 30% from the ring-labelled [¹⁴C]2,4-D was associated with the soil in a non-extractable form, after 35 days of incubation. After 35 days, less than 5% of the radioactivity from the carboxyl-labelled herbicide, and less than 10% of the ringlabelled material, was associated with the fulvic components derived from the three soils. Less than 5% of the applied radioactivities were identifiable with any of the humic acid components. It was considered that during the incubation [¹⁴C]2,4-D did not become bound or conjugated to soil components, and that non-extractable radioactivity associated with the three soil types resulted from incorporation of radioactive degradation products, such as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide, into soil organic matter.     

三种新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤中的残留降解及影响因子

建立了吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪在土壤中的高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经乙腈提取和QuEChERS法净化后,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量,在0.01~1.0 mg/kg添加水平下,3种新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤中的回收率在89%~103%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.3%~10.3%之间,定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。采用建立的方法,在室内模拟条件下,研究了土壤微生物、温度、土壤含水量及农药初始浓度对土壤中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪降解的影响。结果表明:土壤微生物是影响农药残留降解的首要因素,灭菌处理土壤中农药残留降解速率明显低于非灭菌土壤。此外,环境温度、土壤含水量、初始浓度等因素也会对农药残留降解产生不同影响,土壤含水量为最大持水量的60%左右时降解最快,半衰期分别为15.6、7.2和25.8 d;农药初始浓度越高,降解速度越慢;在5~35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,降解速度加快。     

耕作协同物料添加对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤理化性质的影响

为探究耕作协同物料添加对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤障碍消减及作物产量的影响,采用大田试验,设置9个处理：对照(CK),深松+脱硫石膏(SG),深松+腐植酸(SF),深松+复合调理剂(ST),深松+复合调理剂+腐植酸(STF),粉垄+脱硫石膏(FG),粉垄+腐植酸(FF),粉垄+复合调理剂(FT),粉垄+复合调理剂+腐植酸(FTF),脱硫石膏、复合调理剂和腐植酸施用量分别为15 000、22 500 kg·hm^-2和6 000 kg·hm^-2。试验结果表明：与CK相比,在0～40 cm土层,耕作协同物料添加处理的土壤容重降低2.7%～18.4%,土壤总孔隙度增加3.8%～25.3%,土壤三相比得到改善。与CK相比,耕作协同物料添加降低了0～40 cm土层土壤pH、钠吸附比(SAR)和总碱度,降低幅度分别为6.8%～21.3%、20.7%～78.3%和17.1%～47.7%;在0～40 cm土层,耕作协同物料添加处理增加了土壤有机质含量,增加幅度为2.5%～63.9%。玉米穗行数、行粒数和理论产量较CK分别提高4.8%～10.1%、8.9%～22.0%和...     

Effect of humic acid on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood infecting banana (Musa spp.)

Humic acid, a natural by-product from lignite coals, was evaluated for its potential to control root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incogntia infecting banana. Hatching of M. incognita eggs was inhibited 50%–100% following incubation in 0.08%-2.0% humic acid in vitro. Exposure of juveniles (J2) of M. incognita to different humic acid concentrations significantly affected the mobility of J2 in vitro. The percent immobility of J2 increased with concentrations of humic acid up to 0.08%. In pot experiments, soil treatment with humic acid reduced the root galling in banana plantlets. All the humic acid tested concentrations (0.04%, 0.08%, 0.2% and 0.4%) significantly reduced the nematode soil density by 53.5%–56.7%, root infection by 61.9%–63.8%, egg population by 61.9%–63.8% and reproduction rate by 55.7%–56.6%. A significant improvement of growth of banana plantlets in terms of number of leaves, pseudostem height, girth, weight, root length and weight was noticed in humic acid treated pots. Humic acid did not suppress growth of the biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride in vitro. Results suggest that soil treatment with humic acid at 0.04% not only offers significant nematode control but also improves growth of banana.     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

Physiological basis for antagonism of clethodim by imazapic on goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.)

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of imazapic on the herbicidal activity of clethodim on goosegrass. Imazapic did not affect absorption of [¹⁴C]clethodim by goosegrass. Averaged across the two treatments of clethodim alone and clethodim plus imazapic, absorption was 36 and 89% of applied [¹⁴C]clethodim at 0.5 and 96 h, respectively. The majority of [¹⁴C]clethodim (79% of applied) was absorbed by 24 h. Translocation of ¹⁴C was not affected by imazapic, and 3.6% of applied ¹⁴C had translocated into the portion of the shoot below the treated leaf at 96 h after treatment. Metabolism of clethodim was not affected by the presence of imazapic. Three major metabolites of clethodim were detected in treated tissue at all harvest intervals. The majority (58%) of [¹⁴C]clethodim was converted to a relative polar metabolite form 96 h after treatment, whether clethodim was applied alone or in the presence of imazapic. One day after treatment, the photosynthetic rate in plants treated with imazapic decreased below the rate in the non-treated check, and was less for 8 days, the duration of the study. These data suggest that the antagonism of clethodim by imazapic may be caused by imazapic reducing the photosynthetic rate of goosegrass and therefore the sensitivity of ACCase to clethodim.     

Degradation of S-2-Di-isopropylaminoethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate in soil: Phosphorus-containing products

The degradation of S-2-di-isopropylaminoethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate in humic sand, humic loam and clayey peat has been studied under laboratory conditions. About 90% of the compound disappeared within 2 days and the remainder disappeared more slowly. Ethyl hydrogen methylphosphonate and methylphosphonic acid were identified as the only phosphorus-containing degradation products.