Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria

The fungal genus Alternaria comprises a large number of asexual taxa with diverse ecological, morphological and biological modes ranging from saprophytes to plant pathogens. Understanding the speciation processes affecting asexual fungi is important for estimating biological diversity, which in turn affects plant disease management and quarantine enforcement. This study included 106 isolates of Alternaria representing five phylogenetically defined clades in two sister sub‐generic groups: section Porri (A. dauci, A. solani and A. limicola) and section Alternaria (A. alternata/tenuissima and A. arborescens). Species in section Porri are host‐specific while species in section Alternaria have wider host ranges. For each isolate, DNA sequences of three genes (Alt a1, ATPase, Calmodulin) were used to estimate phylogenies at the population and species levels. Three multilocus haplotypes were distinguished among A. dauci isolates and only one haplotype among A. solani and A. limicola isolates, revealing low or no differentiation within each taxon and strong clonal structure for taxa in this section. In contrast, 37 multilocus haplotypes were found among A. alternata/tenuissima isolates and 21 multilocus haplotypes among A. arborescens isolates, revealing much higher genotypic diversity and multiple clonal lineages within taxa, which is not typical of asexual reproducing lineages. A species tree was inferred using a Yule Speciation model and a strict molecular clock assumption. Species boundaries were well defined within section Porri. However, species boundaries within section Alternaria were only partially resolved with no well‐defined species boundaries, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting. Significant association with host specificity seems a driving force for speciation.     

向日葵链格孢的分类研究

引起油葵黑斑病的病原菌在我国一直采用向日葵链格孢Alternaria helianthi这个学名。然而国际上已更名为向日葵拟链格孢Alternariaster helianthi。2017年从陕西省华阴市采集到油葵黑斑病样品。通过单孢分离获得6株病原菌菌株,致病性检测后选取2个代表菌株进行形态学研究,并基于ITS和LSU基因进行系统发育分析。结果表明,2个病原菌菌株为小球腔菌科Leptosphaeriaceae拟链格孢属Alternariaster向日葵拟链格孢Alternariaster helianthi。     

Alternaria Leaf Spot on Three Species of Pelargonium Caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan

A new disease of pelargonium (Pelargonium domesticum Bailey), ivy geranium (P. peltatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.) and scented geranium (P. graveolens L'Hér.), primarily causing brown spots on leaves, was found in Kawasaki-shi in Kanagawa Prefecture and Tachikawa-shi in Tokyo. An Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated from these diseased leaves, and the isolates were pathogenic to their host leaves. Based on morphological characteristics, the causal fungus in all three cases was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Because Alternaria leaf spot of geranium by A. alternata has already been reported, the pathogenicity of isolates from four groups of genus Pelargonium was investigated. The isolates from scented geranium were pathogenic only to their original host, but the isolates from pelargonium, ivy geranium and geranium were pathogenic to all groups of pelargonium. This is the first report of this disease on pelargonium, ivy geranium and scented geranium caused by A. alternata in Japan. We propose the names for these diseases as Alternaria leaf spot of pelargonium (kappan-byo), Alternaria leaf spot of ivy geranium (kappan-byo) and Alternaria leaf spot of scented geranium (kappan-byo). Received 11 December 2000/ Accepted in revised form 19 July 2001     

Alternaria zinniae on Parthenium hysterophorus

Altemaria zinniae is reported for the first time on the weed Parthenium hysterophorus , at Udaipur, Rajasthan (IN).     

苹果斑点落叶病的综合防治技术

苹果斑点落叶病 (AlternariamaliRoberbs) ,近年来 ,在我县发生呈明显的上升趋势 ,造成严重的早期落叶 ,富士苹果塑膜套袋果果面红、黑点严重 ,导致树势早衰 ,对花芽分化及果品的产量和质量影响甚大。常规化学防治效果较差 ,即使多氧霉素和扑海因也难以奏效 ,已成为生产中亟待解决的问题。在上级业务主管部门的支持下 ,我们于 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 ,试图以防病从壮树和减少病原入手适期配合化学防治探索斑点落叶病综合防治途径 ,收到了良好的效果。现将试验结果总结报告如下 :1　试验园基本情况试验园设在临晋镇代村、试验园海拔高度 5 40m…     

美国大豆中链格孢的分离鉴定研究

本文通过对美国进境大豆病害分离,共得到36个菌株,并对其中5株链格孢菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定(其中2株),确认了它们分别是细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima(Kunze)Wiltshire)、樱桃链格孢(Alternaria cerasiPotebnia)、苘麻链格孢(Alternaria abutilonis(Speg.)Schwarze)、百日菊链格孢(Al-ternaria zinniaeH.Pape)、落葵链格孢(Alternaria basellaeT.Y.Zhang)。本研究证实了美国大豆中链格孢菌的多样性,不仅充实了正在构建的大豆病害数据库和菌种资源库,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

Aerodynamic diameter of conidia of Alternaria species

The aerodynamic diameters of conidia of five species of Alternaria and Stemphylium botryosum were estimated using an inertial impaction method based on a May Ultimate Impactor. The same technique was used to estimate the aerodynamic diameter of unidentified Alternaria species collected from an oilseed rape crop. Aerodynamic diameters tended to increase with spore length or diameter and ranged from about 10 to 40 μm, although spore length ranged from about 10 to 220 μm. It was also found that the aerodynamic diameter, and therefore the fall speed of Alternaria -like spores, can be estimated from cylinders of unit density and the same length and mean diameter of the spores.     

Induction of Resistance in Mustard (Brassica juncea) against Alternaria Black Spot with an Avirulent Alternaria brassicae Isolate-D

Resistance in susceptible mustard cv. PR-15 against the highly virulent A. brassicae isolate A (AbA) and moderately virulent isolate C (AbC) was induced using an avirulent Alternaria brassicae isolate D (AbD). The induction of resistance due to AbD against AbA or AbC resulted in significant reduction in disease severity. The A. alternata (Aa) failed to induce resistance against AbA and AbC, on the contrary it induced susceptibility against them.     

番茄早疫病研究概述

番茄早疫病是番茄生产中最常见的1种病害.对番茄生产造成较大损失.综述了番茄早疫病病原菌生物学特性、病害发生流行规律和综合防治等方面的内容,为开展研究和生产应用提供参考.     

Formation of chlamydospores and microsclerotia in Alternaria dauci

Alternaria dauci (Kühn) Groves and Skolko, the cause of leaf blight of carrot, was observed to produce chlamydospores and microsclerotia in vitro. Four different isolates produced chlamydospores on potato dextrose agar, V8 agar and Czapek-Dox agar at 10, 18 and 28°C, from neighbouring cells of hyphae of the submerged mycelium, forming long chains. Formation of chlamydospores was completed in a multiple stage process, including swelling of cells, development of secondary septa, rounding up of cells and cell wall thickening. Mature chlamydospores were released from the mycelium mostly in clusters and in short or long chains, and sometimes in pairs. They were globose to ellipsoid, smooth or verrucose, pale brown in colour, and averaged 13.87?×?11.37 μm, (length × width). Microsclerotia were formed on PDA, by only one isolate, at 28°C first at the edges of the colony, by close contact of hyphae that exhibited extensive branching and intermingling. In their final form microsclerotia were multi-celled, closely attached masses of short and broad dark grey cells, less compact woven at the edges of the microsclerotium. This is the first illustration of chlamydospore and microsclerotia formation in Alternaria dauci.     

Infection of sesame seed by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty and Behera and severity of Alternaria leaf spot in Kenya

Infection levels of Alternaria sesami in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds collected from farmers in western districts of Kenya were detected using the oatmeal agar plate method. Infection levels varied from 9% in Kakamega to 24% in Siaya. Samples from Busia had a mean infection level of 11.69%. Alternaria leaf spot was monitored in plots planted with Alternaria sesami infected seed at six different infection levels at Kibwezi to determine the effect of transmission of the fungus by seed on disease severity. Increase in per cent leaf area blighted and per cent defoliation fit more closely the Gompertz model than the logistic model. Rates of disease increase in blighted leaf areas and defoliation, and areas under disease progress curves (AUDPC), varied among the six seed infection levels. Infection levels with larger AUDPC generally had faster rates of disease progress. Disease was most severe on plants established from seeds with 8% infection and least on plants established from seeds with 0% infection. Disease severity increased with increased seed infection level.     

烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria longipes)角质酶的纯化和特性

 本文对烟草赤星病菌Alternaria longipes产生的角质酶进行了纯化及性质测定。在含有苹果角质(诱导物)的液体培养基中培养A. longipes,第8 d达到产酶高峰。发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE(diethylaminoethyl)Sepharose、Sephacryl S-100 HR和Phenyl-Sepharose 6 fast flow(high sub)进行纯化。通过SDS-PAGE测得蛋白分子量为59.5 kDa。该酶的最适温度为35℃,最适pH为9.0,在温度20℃~40℃及pH 4.0~10.0范围内,酶活较稳定。一些金属离子如Na⁺、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺可以部分抑制角质酶活性。     

Floral blight of gram incited by Alternaria alternata

Samenvatting In de groeiseizoenen 1970–'71 en 1971–'72 werd op de proefboerderij van de Hindu Universiteit van Benares (India) een ernstige bloemaantasting waargenomen bij de grauwe Spaanse erwt (Cicer arietinum L). Hierdoor werd het aantal peulen per plant sterk gereduceerd. Op de aangetaste bloemen (Fig. 1) sporuleerde in een later stadium een schimmel die werd geïsoleerd. Inoculatie van jonge bloemknoppen met sporesuspensie van deze schimmel, die werd geïdentificeerd alsAlternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (Fig. 2), veroorzaakte weer dezelfde symptomen.     

影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子

在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关.     

梨黑斑病发生特点及综合防治技术

黑斑病为害梨主要引起落叶、落果、烂果，导致果实产量锐减，防治梨黑斑病可采取选用抗病品种、农业和化学防治于一体的综合防治措施。