螺虫乙酯对苹果绵蚜的田间防效

为明确22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂对苹果绵蚜的田间防效,确定适合用药剂量,并为示范推广提供参考,2016年以200 g/L丁硫克百威乳油为对照药剂,在苹果树上进行了施药防治苹果绵蚜的药效对比试验。药后7～14 d调查发现,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂低剂量(质量浓度45 mg/kg)处理防效显著低于对照药剂,中剂量(56 mg/kg)处理防效与对照药剂无显著差异,高剂量(75 mg/kg)处理防效显著高于对照药剂。供试药剂对苹果绵蚜防效较高,药后7 d防效均达79%以上,药后14 d防效均达90%以上。     

腈吡螨酯防治苹果叶螨和二斑叶螨的药效评价

通过果园施药试验,比较30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂不同用量处理与对照药剂20%三唑锡可湿性粉剂对苹果叶螨的防治效果,以及与对照药剂24%螺螨酯悬浮剂对二斑叶螨的防治效果。结果表明,30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂2 000~4 000倍液处理对两种害螨均具较高防效,速效性和持效性也较好。药后1 d,该药剂防治苹果叶螨校正防效为88.40%~94.11%,防治二斑叶螨校正防效为83.55%~92.83%。药后14 d,该药剂防治苹果叶螨效果达99%以上,3个用量处理间防效无显著差异,均显著高于三唑锡;防治二斑叶螨效果达96.87~99.57%,与螺螨酯无显著差异。在试验剂量下,喷施腈吡螨酯对苹果树生长安全。     

四种病毒抑制剂防治烟草黄瓜花叶病室内药效试验

室内进行4种病毒抑制剂防治烟草黄瓜花叶病药效试验,结果表明:以2000倍康凯防效最好,且稳定,各次调查对烟草黄瓜花叶病的防效均在62.50%以上,10次调查该药剂对烟草黄瓜花叶病的防效平均为71.54%。其次是500倍稼泰和500倍好普,其10次调查防效平均分别是69.06%和65.29%,800倍菌克毒克防效较差,其对烟草黄瓜花叶病的平均防效为28.76%。     

15%茚虫威悬浮剂防治稻纵卷叶螟田间药效试验

进行15%虫威SC防治稻纵卷叶螟田间药效试验,结果表明,15%虫威SC 16ml/667m2防治效果最好,低龄区药后7d和15d平均防效分别为93.5%和93.0%,比对照药剂48%毒死蜱EC 100ml/667m2的防效分别高19.1和20.3个百分点;高龄区药后7d和15d平均防效为94.9%和93.6%,分别比对照药剂高9.9和21.1个百分点。     

防治太子参花叶病药剂筛选试验

用40%烯·羟·吗啉胍可溶性粉剂、0.5%香菇多糖水剂、2%氨基寡糖素水剂和13.7%苦参·硫磺水剂等4种药剂对太子参花叶病进行田间药剂防治试验。结果表明,13.7%苦参·硫磺水剂800倍液和40%烯·羟·吗啉胍可溶性粉剂1000倍液对太子参花叶病的防治效果优于其他2种药剂,这2种药剂可作为施秉县防治太子参花叶病的主选药剂。     

0.2%甲氨基阿维菌素颗粒剂防治二化螟药效试验

为明确0.2%甲氨基阿维菌素GR对水稻二化螟的防治效果和使用技术,开展了田间药效试验。结果表明,在二化螟卵孵化高峰期撒施0.2%甲氨基阿维菌素GR防治二化螟,施药后当空白对照区为害状明显时调查,浓度为90g/ha剂量防效达88.99%,显著高于对照药剂3.6%杀虫双GR的防效,对二化螟有较好的防治效果。     

四种杀菌剂对莴苣霜霉病的田间防效

使用4种杀菌剂不同剂量处理防治莴苣霜霉病田间药效试验,结果显示:4种杀菌剂对莴苣霜霉病均有一定的防治效果,且每种杀菌剂的防效随用药量增大而提高。试验药剂1%申嗪霉素SC 18 g/ha、80%代森锰锌WP 3 000 g/ha防效与对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP 300 g/ha防效相当;试验药剂30%吡唑醚菌酯EW 99 g/ha的防效略低于对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP的防效,但无显著差异;试验药剂20%霜脲氰SC 3个处理的防效均极显著低于对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP的防效。根据试验结果,试验药剂20%霜脲氰SC在试验中防效偏低,不作为田间防治莴苣霜霉病的推荐药剂,另外3种试验药剂1%申嗪霉素SC、80%代森锰锌WP、30%吡唑醚菌酯EW在试验过程中表现出较好的防治效果,可作为田间防治莴苣霜霉病的药剂轮换使用。推荐使用有效成分用量为1%申嗪霉素SC 15～18 g/ha、80%代森锰锌WP 2 400～3 000 g/ha、30%吡唑醚菌酯EW 99 g/ha。在发病前或发病初期开始喷雾,7～10 d后进行下一次施药,连续防治2～3次。用药液量750 L/ha,均匀喷雾于莴苣叶片正反面。     

氟啶虫胺腈与其他药剂复配对苹果黄蚜的联合毒力及效果评价

针对苹果黄蚜防治药剂类型单一、药剂敏感性下降等问题,采用浸叶法开展几种药剂对苹果黄蚜室内毒力测定,并用共毒系数法进行联合毒力评价。结果显示,氟啶虫胺腈和阿维菌素在8∶1～1∶8、氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉1∶1、氟啶虫胺腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯在4∶1～1∶4配比范围对苹果黄蚜有增效作用,3种组合最佳增效比均为1∶1。田间应用结果显示,药后3～21 d,22%氟啶虫胺腈SC单剂对苹果黄蚜防效达94.77%～99.40%;22%氟啶虫胺腈SC分别与5%阿维菌素EC、70%吡虫啉WG和2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW按有效成分1∶1混配后对苹果黄蚜防效达86.43%～97.00%,均显著高于相应单剂对照,持效期可达21 d。推荐采用氟啶虫胺腈单剂及氟啶虫胺腈与阿维菌素、吡虫啉或高效氯氟氰菊酯混配剂作为替代药剂防治苹果黄蚜。     

3%啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫田间药效试验报告

用3%的啶虫脒乳油6 000、3 000及2 000倍3个药液浓度与对照药剂10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2 500倍及对照药剂20%氰戊菊脂乳油2 000倍液进行防治柑桔蚜虫试验,结果表明,新生产的3%啶虫脒乳油对柑桔蚜虫防效高,与对照药剂的防效相当,具有良好的速效性与持效性,经方差分析,使用3%的啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫以6 000倍液较为经济.     

不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病试验初报

采用我省小麦主产区常用的8种药剂及组合进行防治小麦赤霉病试验,筛选出优质高效农药。试验结果表明,防效最佳药剂为氰烯菌酯,达92.21%,增产和防效俱佳的是嘧菌酯+戊唑醇防效85.71,比对照增产42.75kg,其它嘧菌酯及其复配制剂防效也都在80%以上。     

抗病毒剂对水稻条纹叶枯病的防效

选用目前生产上普遍应用的12种抗病毒剂,2005年和2006年分别在江苏省东海县、海安县和句容市对水稻条纹叶枯病进行田间药效对比试验。三点试验结果表明:供试的12种抗病毒剂对水稻条纹叶枯病均有一定防效和保产效果,其中防效和保产效果均较好的有18%丙多.吗啉胍可湿性粉剂、4%氨基寡糖素水剂、2.1%铜.烷醇可湿性粉剂、1%蛋白粉剂和4%嘧呔霉素水剂,防效为16.22%~51.00%,平均增产率为11.11%~28.29%。其防效和保产效果均显著高于1%蛇床子素水剂、3.95%苷.醇.硫酸铜可湿性粉剂、42%三氯异氰尿酸可湿性粉剂、20%吗胍.乙酸铜可湿性粉剂和25%宁南霉素可湿性粉剂,极显著高于50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶性粉剂和5%菌毒清水剂。     

壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银的合成及其诱导烟株抗烟草花叶病毒活性

为开发符合高效、低毒且环境友好的新型烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抑制剂,以具有季铵盐结构的新型壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物为还原剂和稳定剂,合成了壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液,并研究了不同浓度该纳米银溶液诱导烟株产生抗TMV的活性。结果表明:所合成的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液在透射电镜(TEM)下显示分布较均匀,粒径主要集中在7~12 nm。在珊西烟上以25μg/m L的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液对枯斑的抑制效果最好,抑制率为74.0%,比50μg/m L壳寡糖溶液和2%宁南霉素水剂分别高41.5%和24.4%;对于普通烟K326,壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液可缓解被病毒侵染的烟草叶绿素含量的下降幅度,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(PPO)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量,提高可溶性蛋白含量。表明壳寡糖季铵盐纳米银溶液可提高烟株对TMV的抗病性。     

Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro

Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against nine phytopathogens was investigated in vitro. Oligochitosan was more effective than chitosan in inhibiting mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and its inhibition on different stages in life cycle of P. capsici was observed. Rupture of released zoospores induced by oligochitosan was reduced by addition of 100 mM glucose. The effects of oligochitosan on mycelial growth and zoospore release, but not zoospore rupture, were reduced largely when pH value was above 7. The ultrastructural study showed that oligochitosan caused distortion and disruption of most vacuoles, thickening of plasmalemma, and appearance of unique tubular materials. Plasmalemmasomes in hyphal tip cells were not found in the presence of oligochitosan. These results suggest polycationic nature of oligochitosan contributes only partly to its antifungal activity and multiple modes of action of oligochitosan exist including the disruption of endomembrane system.     

Oligochitosan inhibits Phytophthora capsici by penetrating the cell membrane and putative binding to intracellular targets

The mechanism of action of oligochitosan, which has shown great antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsiciin vitro, was studied using 2-aminoacridone-labeled oligochitosan (2-AMAC-oligochitosan) and a gel-retardation experiment. Internalization of 2-AMAC-oligochitosan in cysts, germtubes and sporangia of P. capsici was confirmed by confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM), and the degree of uptake depended on the incubation concentration. 2-AMAC-oligochitosan localized mainly in the cytoplasm and showed no binding to both cell wall and cell membrane. Mannose, an inhibitor for oligochitosan uptake by macrophages, could not inhibit the internalization of oligochitosan in P. capsici. The gel-retardation experiment showed that oligochitosan bound strongly to DNA and RNA of P. capsici. These results indicate that oligochitosan exerts its antifungal activity by penetrating the cell membrane and putative binding to intracellular targets such as DNA and RNA.     

Oligochitosan induces cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in tobacco suspension cells

Oligochitosan has been shown to induce several plant defense responses. In the present work, the effect of oligochitosan on tobacco cell survival was investigated. The results showed that oligochitosan caused tobacco cell death in a dose-dependent manner. About 40.6 % tobacco cells died when cultured for 72 h after 500 μg ml⁻¹ oligochitosan treatment. Certain aspects of this cell death process appeared to be similar to apoptosis in animal cells. These included shrinkage of cytoplasm and condensation of chromatin. Oligochitosan also induced H₂O₂ accumulation in tobacco cell suspension culture. The role of H₂O₂ in the signal transduction that leads to cell death was investigated. Co-treatment of tobacco cells with oligochitosan and catalase inhibited H₂O₂ accumulation but did not inhibit the induction of cell death. The results suggested that apoptosis-like cell death of tobacco cells induced by oligochitosan is independent of H₂O₂ signal pathway.     

Induction of antiviral resistance and stimulary effect by oligochitosan in tobacco

Oligochitosan was applied by spraying it on tobacco leaves for inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The maximum inhibition of TMV by oligochitosan was observed when inoculation occurred at 24 h after spraying 50 μg ml⁻¹ oligochitosan. The production of H₂O₂ and NO in epidermal tobacco cells induced by oligochitosan was investigated by epidermal strip bioassay and LSCM, using cell permeable fluorophore diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2D) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H₂DCF-DA), respectively. Epidermal tobacco cells treated with oligochitosan resulted in a strong increase of intracellular NO and H₂O₂. Oligochitosan and NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced the defense reaction against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. Co-treatment of the tobacco cells with oligochitosan and NO scavenger CPTIO blocked the inducing resistance. The results indicated that the defense response induced by oligochitosan was connected with NO pathway.     

辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BS-2和BS-1防治辣椒炭疽病研究

 辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) BS-莉和BS-1,对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的辣椒苗和果炭疽病有良好的防治效果,菌株培养液对苗炭疽病的防效分别为81.5%~93.3%和66.1%~79.2%;对果炭疽病的防效分别为80.0%~100%和60.0%~100%,喷施菌株培养液后间隔24h以上接种病原菌的防病效果比两者同时接种的高。菌株外分泌物对病菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发及附着胞形成均有明显的抑制作用。菌株菌体及其胞外分泌物均有防病作用,菌体可能起主导作用。另外,2菌株培养液浸种,对辣椒还有明显的促生效果。BS-2菌株的防病和促生效果均比BS-1高。     

三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺对水稻稻飞虱及螟虫的田间防治效果评价

2015-2016年,采用田间小区试验评价了23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC、10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、10%溴氰虫酰胺SC与50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等水稻害虫的防治效果。结果表明,23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC能有效控制稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为75.12%～100.00%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为82.09%～99.12%和78.34%～95.71%。10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱高效,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟效果很差;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果分别为81.94%～97.76%和74.91%～93.56%,药后15～30 d对二化螟的防治效果分别为18.23%～43.14%和35.34%～42.71%、对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为20.04%～48.06%和13.62%～34.78%。10%溴氰虫酰胺SC对稻飞虱有一定效果却难以控制其危害,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为33.28%～62.11%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为90.51%～96.60%和86.51%～95.26%。综上,建议在对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟发生做好监测预报的基础上,采用如下措施:若只有稻飞虱发生达到防治指标而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟轻发生,只需使用10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂25 g/hm~2即可;若稻飞虱发生较轻未达到防治指标,而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟达到防治指标,则只需使用10%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂45 g/hm~2即可;当稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟均达到防治指标时,建议于稻飞虱低龄若虫盛发期或二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟低龄幼虫盛发期施用1次23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC 34.5 g/hm~2,对水450～750 L/hm~2茎叶均匀喷雾。     

苯肽胺酸对辣椒抗逆性及产量的影响

为明确植物生长调节剂苯肽胺酸对作物的生物学效应，以辣椒为供试植物，芸苔素内酯为对照药剂，研究了苯肽胺酸不同浓度处理对辣椒植株抗逆生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明:200.0 mg/L质量浓度的苯肽胺酸可显著提高辣椒植株的抗逆性，与空白对照相比，辣椒叶片中类黄酮、总酚以及游离脯氨酸含量分别提高了10.06%~21.19%、7.42%~16.95%以及8.46%~241.26%；丙二醛含量下降了28.58%~52.79%；超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了2.31%~9.00%、4.20%~471.72%和34.98%~121.19%。200.0 mg/L的苯肽胺酸处理具有明显增产效果，与空白对照相比，产量增加了13.91%。研究表明，苯肽胺酸的生物学效应与芸苔素内酯类似，可诱导辣椒抗逆性增强，且具有一定增产效应。     

几种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果

小麦茎基腐病是小麦上重要的真菌性茎基部病害,在黄淮海冬麦区呈广泛流行态势,对我国小麦生产安全构成严重威胁。本研究评价了不同拌种剂、拔节期喷施杀菌剂以及两者结合使用对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果。药剂拌种防治结果表明：60 g/L戊唑醇FS、25 g/L咯菌腈FS和25%氰烯菌酯SC拌种处理能显著降低苗期病株率,其病株防治效果为63.6%～100%。药剂拌种对灌浆期小麦茎基腐病的病情指数防治效果受到年份和地点的影响。2018年开封和2020年内黄的25%氰烯菌酯SC、2019年温县和2020年内黄的30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS和2020年内黄的30%丙硫菌唑OD拌种可以显著降低小麦灌浆期的病情指数;在2019年温县的25%氰烯菌酯SC和2018年开封的30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS均不同程度地降低了病情指数,但未达到显著水平。综上所述,25%氰烯菌酯SC、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS和30%丙硫菌唑OD拌种处理的灌浆期病情指数防治效果为12.8%～85.1%,增产1.2%～13.1%。拔节期喷施杀菌剂的结果表明：30%多·酮SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD和50%多菌灵WP在小麦拔节期喷雾防治能够显著降低灌浆...