外来入侵生物烟粉虱的生物学特性及种群数量消长规律研究

根据2005～2010年应用塑料黄板涂抹机油系统诱集烟粉虱成虫以及烟粉虱的饲养观察结果表明,烟粉虱在临海地区年可发生11代;其越冬的临界温度为旬平均气温8.5℃。随着寄主植物的生长,成虫逐渐向上部叶片转移,并形成植株自上而下为成虫(初产卵)、若虫和蛹壳(伪蛹)的虫态垂直分布状态。其全年种群数量消长主要呈双峰型曲线变化,其中夏峰期一般在5月中旬至9月上旬;秋峰期一般在10月中旬至11月下旬。影响种群数量消长的主要因素有种群基数、气候条件、耕作制度和洪涝淹没等。其中关键在于气温条件,即烟粉虱虫口密度(M)随气温(T℃)的变化而变化,其线性关系模型为M=0.607T-4.064 5,n=36;r=0.682 6**;其曲线关系模型为M=0.007 1T2+0.351 3T-2.218 8,n=36;r=0.684 6**。当旬平均气温在8～10℃时种群处存活临界状态;当旬平均气温在10～20℃时种群数量处低密度状态,并呈低位运行;当旬平均气温处20℃以上种群数量增速较快,并随气温升高而升高;当旬平均气温处30℃以上时种群数量有所回落,并出现相对低谷期。随后种群数量又回升成峰,并对秋季蔬菜产生较重为害。     

饥饿胁迫对异色瓢虫幼虫发育的影响

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫在野外常遭遇间歇性食物短缺问题,为揭示食物缺乏对异色瓢虫发育的影响,以耐饥能力最强的4龄幼虫为研究对象,以禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)为食物,观察和分析饥饿处理(持续饲喂时间不同)和幼虫初始体重对幼虫存活、历期、成虫体型大小和寿命等发育指标的影响。结果表明,在"不饲喂"和"饲喂1 d"的饥饿胁迫处理下,4龄幼虫均不能存活至化蛹;在"饲喂2 d"的处理下,幼虫化蛹率随其初始体重增大而增大,但在"饲喂3 d"和"饲喂4 d"的处理下,幼虫化蛹率不受初始体重的影响,均为100%。饥饿处理和幼虫初始体重均显著影响4龄幼虫历期,"饲喂3 d"和"饲喂4 d"的幼虫历期与"饲喂2 d"的处理相比分别缩短58%和30%;而且在"饲喂2 d"和"饲喂3 d"处理下幼虫历期表现出随其初始体重增大而缩短的趋势。饥饿处理显著影响成虫的体重,但幼虫初始体重没有显著影响;与"饲喂2 d"的处理相比,"饲喂3 d"的成虫体重增大63.7%,"饲喂4 d"的成虫体重增大72.5%。幼虫初始体重不显著影响成虫寿命;但与"饲喂2 d"的饥饿处理相比,"饲喂4 d"的成虫寿命增大27.5%。研究结果表明,4龄幼虫需要取食足量蚜虫2 d以上方可完成发育至化蛹和羽化。     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应。结果表明：黄蓟马在3月初达种群密度最大值18.2头/株,南方小花蝽种群高峰晚于黄蓟马19 d出现,在3月中旬达到最高峰3.4头/株;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的捕食效应受自身密度和猎物密度影响,捕食效应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程功能反应模型,南方小花蝽对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.5655N/（1＋0.0193N）和N_a=1.1864N/（1＋0.0346N）;日最大捕食量分别为29.3头/d和34.3头/d;当猎物密度不变时,南方小花蝽成虫对黄蓟马的捕食作用受到自身密度的干扰,平均捕食量随南方小花蝽密度升高而下降,其干扰反应方程为E=0.3009P^-0.4290。南方小花蝽种群在野外蚕豆上种群对黄蓟马种群有跟随现象,其种群随着黄蓟马的增加而增长,在2―3月,蚕豆进入花期时黄蓟马种群数量达到最大值;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马有较强的捕食能力,可作为黄蓟马生物防治实践中重要的天敌资源加以研究和利用。     

不同温度下草地贪夜蛾年龄-阶段实验种群两性生命表的构建

为明确不同温度对草地贪夜蛾种群动态的影响,建立草地贪夜蛾种群动态模型,本研究通过建立年龄-阶段两性种群生命表得到了室内不同温度下草地贪夜蛾种群的生命表参数,并以此为基础预测了未来2个月内草地贪夜蛾的种群动态。结果表明:不同温度(20、24、28、32、36℃)条件下草地贪夜蛾各阶段发育历期、存活率及繁殖力有显著差异。草地贪夜蛾的世代周期随温度降低而显著延长。20℃条件下世代周期最长,为(75.25±1.23)d;36℃条件下最短,为(24.79±0.36)d。草地贪夜蛾从卵存活到成虫的概率32℃下最高,为80%;20℃下最低,仅为24%。24℃条件下单雌平均产卵量为(1 448.83±97.64)粒,显著高于其他温度条件下。24℃条件下,种群净增长率(R_0)最高,为420.16±71.48。内禀增长率(r)随温度升高先升高后降低,在28℃时达到最高值。根据种群生命表参数预测未来60 d内种群动态结果表明,较高温度有利于草地贪夜蛾种群世代数的增加,适当低温下产卵量大,更有利于种群数量的增加。本研究结果表明草地贪夜蛾有较广的适宜生存的温度范围,在20～36℃温度范围内均能完成生长发育和生殖。24～32℃是幼虫的最适生长发育温度范围,24℃是成虫最适的繁殖温度。     

多异瓢虫在3种豆科杂草上的种群动态及对其趋性行为反应

为阐明田埂杂草对多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的保育作用以及多异瓢虫对其趋性行为反应,为棉田蚜虫等害虫的绿色防控奠定重要的理论基础,本文采用种群系统调查法研究新疆棉区田埂3种常见豆科杂草(甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis、骆驼刺Alhagi camelorum、苦豆子Sophora alopecuroides)上多异瓢虫和棉黑蚜Aphis atrata的种群动态并分析二者的相关性,同时通过Y形嗅觉仪测试多异瓢虫雌雄成虫对3种豆科杂草不同处理的趋性行为反应。结果表明：5月下旬至6月下旬,田埂3种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫成虫和幼虫的种群密度均较高,最大值分别达1.35～2.80头/m²和0.93～1.80头/m²,在这一时期每种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫的猎物棉黑蚜种群密度也较高;在整个调查期间3种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫与棉黑蚜的种群密度均显著相关,相关系数分别为0.923(甘草)、0.774(骆驼刺)、0.839(苦豆子)。同时,多异瓢虫雌雄成虫对3种豆科杂草不同处理间的趋性选择反应相似,均为棉黑蚜为害植株>棉黑蚜>健...     

寄主烟草粉螟冷藏对麦蛾茧蜂适合度的影响

为评估在5℃条件下冷藏不同时间的寄主烟草粉螟Ephestia elutella对麦蛾茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor适合度的影响，利用年龄-龄期两性生命表评估麦蛾茧蜂在0、15、30和60 d不同冷藏时间烟草粉螟上的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力、种群参数、麻痹率参数、种群数量和麻痹潜能。结果表明，在冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟上，麦蛾茧蜂成虫前期较短，存活率、平均繁殖力和雌成虫比例均最高；内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率等种群参数均优于其他3个冷藏处理；净麻痹率、稳定麻痹率和周限麻痹率等麻痹率参数与其他冷藏处理间均无显著差异，但转化率（0.36）显著低于对照（0.39）和冷藏60 d处理（0.40）。预测结果显示在冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟上麦蛾茧蜂种群数量和麻痹潜能均最大，分别为3 587 837 818头和539 670 155头。表明麦蛾茧蜂能在冷藏60 d内的烟草粉螟上完成整个世代周期，而冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟最有利于麦蛾茧蜂的规模化繁殖，建议以冷藏30 d的烟草粉螟为寄主繁育麦蛾茧蜂。     

辣椒开花对西花蓟马种群的影响

为揭示寄主植物开花与否对西花蓟马种群增长的作用,研究了辣椒是否有花对不同密度下西花蓟马种群数量的影响。结果显示,开花辣椒上的西花蓟马种群数量明显高于无花辣椒,在接入30头/株密度下,7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d 4个时间段开花辣椒上西花蓟马种群数量分别是未开花的2.3倍、1.5倍、1.8倍和2.5倍;15头/株密度下,开花辣椒上种群数量是未开花的2.0倍、1.3倍、1.5倍和1.7倍。结果表明,开花的辣椒植株对西花蓟马种群数量的增长有明显的促进作用。     

低温贮藏对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹和成虫生长发育的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂是小菜蛾幼虫的优势寄生蜂，低温贮藏是实现半闭弯尾姬蜂规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文研究在4℃低温条件下，蛹和成虫贮藏5、10、15、20、25、30 d对半闭弯尾姬蜂生长发育的影响，不处理为对照。结果表明：随着蛹期低温贮藏时间的延长，成虫羽化率、寄生率逐渐降低，蛹贮藏5、10 d对成虫的羽化率及寄生率较高，分别在81.50%～83.50%和38.43%～39.02%，贮藏15～30 d后成虫的羽化率和寄生率显著低于对照；随着成虫低温贮藏时间的延长，其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率逐渐降低，成虫低温贮藏5 d对其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率较高，分别为95.75%、38.05%、86.00%，贮藏10～25 d后成虫的存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率显著低于对照，贮藏30 d后成虫存活率最低，为9.67%，不能寄生。本文研究表明，半闭弯尾姬蜂在繁殖和田间释放过程中，蛹低温贮藏10 d内，成虫低温贮藏5 d内较理想。     

性诱剂对小菜蛾种群的诱捕效果

采用诱捕率指标,评价了田间不同成虫密度下,性诱剂诱捕器不同放置密度对小菜蛾种群的诱捕效果.结果表明.在放置性诱剂后的前6 d内诱捕作用较小,其后诱蛾效果不断增强,第10-15 d出现诱蛾高峰,20 d后显著下降.在田间小菜蛾成虫不同密度下,诱蛾效果随诱捕器数量的增加而加强.当诱捕器放置密度相同时,诱蛾量随菜蛾密度的升高而增加,诱蛾率在高密度下反而下降.同时,性诱剂可有效地减少小菜蛾的田间落卵量,第6-12 d开始卵量下降.15～21 d后落卵量降至最低.与对照菜田相比,其落卵量可减少17.85%～72.19%.     

露地非结球芽甘蓝B型烟粉虱的发生消长规律及黄板的种群控制效果研究

通过田间系统调查,明确了非结球芽甘蓝上B型烟粉虱的发生规律。研究了田间不同高度黄板对非结球芽甘蓝B型烟粉虱成虫诱杀数量的影响以及不同密度对田间种群的控制效果。试验结果表明,黄板底部离地面5cm处理的诱杀量显著高于其他处理,田间每667m2使用黄板60块,7d后田间B型烟粉虱种群的控制效果达65.3%。应用黄板诱杀B型烟粉虱成虫是非结球芽甘蓝B型烟粉虱综合治理中经济有效的防控技术之一。     

云南东部稻区白背飞虱种群增殖影响因子分析

为探讨云南省东部稻区白背飞虱种群增殖的主要影响因子,采用正交试验分析了盆栽笼罩条件下白背飞虱种群在虫口密度、接虫时期和水稻品种不同组合条件下增殖倍数。结果表明:(1)接虫时期、接虫密度、品种对白背飞虱种群增殖倍数有极显著的影响,影响作用大小为:接虫时期(F=23.1,P0.001)接虫密度(F=12.8,P0.001)品种(F=5.6,P=0.003);移栽期、拔节期、孕穗期和抽穗期接虫的种群增殖倍数分别为30.1、16.4、8.1和1.3倍,移栽期接虫的种群增殖倍数最高,与拔节期、抽穗期、孕穗期接虫差异极显著(P0.01);5、10、20和40对/丛等4个接虫密度的种群增殖倍数分别为22.1、21.7、7.2、4.9倍,以5对/丛接虫密度的种群增殖倍数最高,与10对/丛处理间差异不显著(P0.05),与20、40对/丛处理间差异极显著(P0.01);品种‘丰优香占’、‘红优7号’、‘云恢290’和‘明两优527’上的种群增殖倍数分别为21.6、15.9、10.8和7.7倍,以‘丰优香占’的种群密度最高,与‘红优7号’间差异不显著(P0.05),与‘云恢290’、‘明两优527’处理间差异极显著(P0.01)。(2)对接虫量、苗龄、田间均温和田间均湿等因素进行多元回归分析,在品种‘红优7号’上,种群增殖模型回归方程为Y=-67.05+1.76 X_1-1.36 X_2+3.70 X_3+0.03 X_4(Y为增殖倍数、X_1为接虫量、X_2为苗龄、X_3为平均气温、X_4为平均湿度,下同)。‘丰优香占’品种的回归方程为Y=-91.65-0.16 X_1-0.38 X_2+3.39 X_3+0.41 X_4。‘云恢290’品种的回归方程为Y=-59.79+0.23 X_1-0.12 X_2+2.28 X_3+0.10 X_4。‘明两优527’品种的回归方程为Y=-8.81+0.27 X_1-0.15 X_2+0.92 X_3+0.01 X_4。在水稻移栽期接虫,接虫密度为5对/丛,品种为‘红优7号’时,白背飞虱的种群增殖倍数为43.3。本研究表明在移栽期至拔节期,较低的成虫密度往往能导致较大的种群增殖。     

利用光谱特征评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果

为建立快速有效的豚草生物防治效果评价技术体系,采用基于成像光谱遥感技术的多波段光谱辐射仪,研究豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后冠层光谱反射率的变化规律,并利用冠层光谱特征值评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果.广聚萤叶甲的取食会引起豚草的冠层光谱发生变化,在绿光区560nm和近红外区710～810nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐降低;在黄光区660nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐升高.豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后,归一化植被指数、比值植被指数、差值植被指数、再归一化植被指数均显著低于未被取食的对照组.在可见光绿光区560nm处和近红外区710nm和760nm处豚草冠层光谱反射率与其被取食程度均达到显著负相关,故可以将可见光绿光区560nm、近红外区710nm和760nm这3个波段作为监测的敏感波段.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫的形态特征

广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communa LeSage)是我国近几年来发现的一种重要的豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn.)天敌。鉴于该叶甲在豚草生物防治上的重要性,本文在前人研究的基础上,对其成虫的形态特征进行了详细描述,并介绍了区别雌雄虫的重要外部特征。认为雄虫生殖节端部有倒"V"形的黑斑,而雌虫无"V"形黑斑。这对于进一步深入开展该叶甲的生物学、生态学及其应用研究具有重要意义。     

Effects of vegetation cover on recruitment of Ulmus pumila L. in Horqin Sandy Land,northeastern China

Understanding the effects of vegetation cover on seedling survival is helpful for promoting vegetation restoration in environmentally fragile zones. This study was conducted in the desertified, moving sand dunes of Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China. We hyphothesized that(1) seed density(i.e., number/m2) increases as vegetation cover increases, and(2) there will be more surviving seedlings in locations with higher vegetation covers. Total vegetation cover and initial densities of seeds, germinated seeds and surviving seedlings of Ulmus pumilia were evaluated under various vegetation covers in trying to clarify the effects of vegetation cover on the early stages of the plant life history. In agreement with the first hypothesis, initial seed densities were greater(P<0.05) under higher vegetation covers. The relationship between vegetation cover and initial seed density was represented by a quadratic regression, where a threshold occurred with a vegetation cover of 36%(P<0.05). The higher total vegetation covers, however, did not result in increased densities of germinated seeds(P>0.05), which on average represented 16.7% of initial seed densities. Even more, three months after the study initiation, total vegetation covers were similar(P>0.05) at all positions in the dunes, and they determined a similar number(P>0.05) of surviving seedlings at those positions(i.e. the second hypothesis had to be rejected). The mean number of seed- lings that survived at all positions was only 4.5% of germinated seeds. The number of surviving elm seedlings(0 to 1.7 seedlings/m2) under various vegetations covers(12.2% to 20.8%) at all dune positions by late summer would most likely not contribute to vegetation restoration in the study area.     

韶关发现专取食豚草的昆虫——广聚萤叶甲

2009年8月底在广东韶关发现专门取食豚草的昆虫——广聚萤叶甲。调查结果发现,其中一棵被轻度取食的豚草上聚集卵块129块、幼虫121头、蛹20头、成虫10头。说明广聚萤叶甲群集性强;在豚草繁殖生长完成前,迅速完成产卵、孵化、发育、成熟的生活周期。目前发现广聚萤叶甲对豚草具有专一性。     

Spatial stability of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana populations under annual applications of low rates of imazamethabenz

Long‐term experiments were conducted in two winter barley fields in central Spain to determine the spatial stability of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana populations under annual applications of low rates of imazamethabenz herbicide. Weed density was sampled every year (over 5 years in the first field and over 3 years in the second) on the same grid locations prior to herbicide application. Although weed patches were stable in their location, weed density decreased in most of the years. In the first field, the populations decreased exponentially over the 5‐year period. The rates of population decline were dependent on the initial density of the population, being higher for the central core of the patches and lower for the low‐density areas. Under the conditions present in this experiment, it was possible to reduce heavy weed patches (up to 1200 seedlings m^?2) down to relatively safe levels (18 seedlings m^?2) in a period of 3 years using a density‐specific control programme, applying low rates of herbicides when weed densities were below a given level (1000 seedlings m^?2). However, under adverse environmental conditions, half rates of the herbicide failed to control the weed populations adequately. The stability of the location of patches of A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana suggest that weed seedling distributions mapped in one year are good predictors of future seedling distributions. However, the actual densities established each year will depend on the control level achieved the previous year and the climatic conditions present during the establishment period.     

The pitfalls of pitfalls: a comparison of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of epigeal invertebrate predators in Arable Land

In an agroecosystem, catches of epigeal invertebrate predators obtained by pitfall traps were compared to absolute population densities estimated by ground photoeclectors in two different habitats, a field and an adjacent set-aside land. In general, abundance of Carabidae and Lycosidae were overestimated by pitfalls, while Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae were underestimated, and beetle larvae showed no obvious trend. The overestimation of Carabidae and Lycosidae by pitfalls had its maximum in spring and summer. Numbers collected by pitfalls did represent actual population densities better in the field than in the set-aside. This is probably caused by the higher vegetation diversity and complexity of the set-aside land which additionally influenced the catches. Pitfalls recovered higher numbers of animals and species, and species composition differed significantly between pitfalls and photoeclectors, in the field as well as in the set-aside. Body size seemed to be the main factor in determining the catch, the relatively larger species being more frequently caught by pitfall traps. In sum, the relationship between pitfall trap catches and actual population densities appeared to be either absent, weak or highly variable among taxa, habitat and time of the season. Thus numbers caught in pitfall traps cannot be considered as reliable indices of “real” abundance nor do they reflect the relative abundance within a given predator community correctly. Therefore, in most cases absolute density estimates should be preferred for the study of epigeal invertebrates in arable land. However, I suggest a combination of both pitfall traps and standardised area samples, because the two approaches possibly provide information of different qualities equally important for the evaluation of epigeal predator species, namely searching activity and population density.     

蜜源植物波斯菊对捕食性天敌种群动态的影响

蜜源植物有利于天敌昆虫田间定殖与增效控害,是保护性生物防治的重要组成部分。为筛选及评价蜜源植物对天敌的涵养作用,本研究比较了波斯菊Cosmos bipinnata、千屈菜Lythrum salicaria、荷兰菊Symphyotrichum novi-belgii与对照杂草区域的天敌、害虫种群动态,同时评价了不同种植密度下波斯菊对瓢虫及蚜虫种群数量影响。结果表明：与对照杂草区域相比,千屈菜区域内天敌及害虫数量均显著较多,波斯菊区域内天敌数量显著较高但害虫数量较少,优势天敌为捕食性瓢虫。不同种植密度下波斯菊花带内的捕食性瓢虫和蚜虫数量存在显著差异;种植密度为50%波斯菊花带内瓢虫和蚜虫数量高于种植密度100%,且两种密度下波斯菊花带内益害比均显著高于对照杂草区域。本研究初步表征：波斯菊花带对捕食性天敌具有较好的诱集涵养作用,可作为天敌优良的蜜源植物增效害虫生物防治。     

The pitfalls of pitfalls: a comparison of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of epigeal invertebrate predators in Arable Land

In an agroecosystem, catches of epigeal invertebrate predators obtained by pitfall traps were compared to absolute population densities estimated by ground photoeclectors in two different habitats, a field and an adjacent set-aside land. In general, abundance of Carabidae and Lycosidae were overestimated by pitfalls, while Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae were underestimated, and beetle larvae showed no obvious trend. The overestimation of Carabidae and Lycosidae by pitfalls had its maximum in spring and summer. Numbers collected by pitfalls did represent actual population densities better in the field than in the set-aside. This is probably caused by the higher vegetation diversity and complexity of the set-aside land which additionally influenced the catches. Pitfalls recovered higher numbers of animals and species, and species composition differed significantly between pitfalls and photoeclectors, in the field as well as in the set-aside. Body size seemed to be the main factor in determining the catch, the relatively larger species being more frequently caught by pitfall traps. In sum, the relationship between pitfall trap catches and actual population densities appeared to be either absent, weak or highly variable among taxa, habitat and time of the season. Thus numbers caught in pitfall traps cannot be considered as reliable indices of “real” abundance nor do they reflect the relative abundance within a given predator community correctly. Therefore, in most cases absolute density estimates should be preferred for the study of epigeal invertebrates in arable land. However, I suggest a combination of both pitfall traps and standardised area samples, because the two approaches possibly provide information of different qualities equally important for the evaluation of epigeal predator species, namely searching activity and population density.     

外来广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆潜在分布区的预测

豚草是传入我国的恶性外来入侵杂草,广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communaLeSage)是新近发现、专食豚草的潜在有效天敌。为预测广聚萤叶甲的潜在分布范围,利用CLIMEX软件对该叶甲与豚草及其近缘植物三裂叶豚草、向日葵等潜在寄主植物的适生区进行了分析和预测;采用由生态气候指数(EI)衍生的生物-气候风险指数(BCRI),分别分析了该叶甲与这3种植物同域分布的范围。广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆的潜在分布区向北可以分布到沈阳,向南可能分布到海南;而华东、华南和西南东部地区是其适宜的分布区域。广聚萤叶甲与豚草在我国北部的共同适宜边际区到达山东济南,与三裂叶豚草和向日葵的北部边际区达到辽宁沈阳,而该叶甲与这3种植物的共同适宜区主要分布在华东、华南和西南东部等地。我国北方种植的向日葵受广聚萤叶甲取食危害的风险很低。