2013财年美国拟评审的新生物农药有效成分

2012年11月20日,美国EPA公布了2013财年生物农药工作计划,列出了拟评审的新生物农药有效成分名单(Anticipated FY 2013 New Biopesticide AI Registrations)(表1),共计20个。现将相关内容整理如下,供行业相关人士了解美国生物农药研发的最新进展。     

2014财年美国拟评审的新生物农药有效成分

<正>2014年1月30日,美国EPA公布了2014财年生物农药工作计划,列出了拟评审的生物农药新有效成分清单(Anticipated FY 2014 New Biopesticide AI Registrations,表1),共计15个。现将相关内容整理如下,供行业相关人士了解美国生物农药研发的最新进展。     

2015年美国拟评审的新生物农药有效成分

<正>2014年10月,美国EPA公布了2015年生物农药工作计划,列出了拟评审的生物农药新有效成分清单(US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Biopesticides Workplan 2015,表1),共计16个。现将相关内容整理如下,供行业相关人士了解美国生物农药研发的最新进展。     

生物农药销量在北美呈现上升趋势

英国咨询公司CPL报告称,到2020年,北美洲生物农药的年销售额预计将达到9亿美元。CPL公司指出,自2003年起,生物农药的年销售额开始快速增长,到2010年,生物农药市场评估价值达到4.97亿美元,这意味着与2008年的销售额相比增长了27.5%。目前,美国是生物农药在北美区域最主要的市场,2010年的销售额共计3.72亿美元,占北美生物农药市场销售份额的75%。此外,加拿大和墨西哥生物农药年销     

全球生物农药定义、分类及管理和测试准则介绍

生物农药的定义在全球各国农药管理部门和国际组织间并不统一。考虑到生物农药在作用方式、来源和特性等方面的不同,对所有类型的生物农药制定统一且详细的管理要求也并不实际。相反,生物农药的许可要求往往视不同准则的要求因产品而异。本文对中国、美国、欧盟、FAO和OECD生物农药的定义、分类以及相关管理准则进行了总结和梳理。     

2006年生物农药市场回顾和管理动态

据美国生物农药工业联盟(BPIA)和欧洲国际生物防治产品生产者协会(IBMA)发布的数据显示,2006年全球生物农药*总销售额约10.4亿美元,占当年全球农药总销售额的2.9%,比2005年增加5.2%。生物农药在经过多年徘徊后,终于突破占全     

世界农药发展趋势及重点专利农药潜力分析(二)

阐述了近年世界农药的发展趋势。化学农药仍然是全球植物保护的主体;生物农药前景看好;全球转基因作物(GMC)持续发展,不断改变世界农药市场格局;种子处理剂已成为当今农药开发的重点之一;世界农药市场继续高度集中、垄断。重点介绍了16个重点专利农药的发展潜力。     

世界农药发展趋势及重点专利农药潜力分析(一)

阐述了近年世界农药的发展趋势。化学农药仍然是全球植物保护的主体;生物农药前景看好;全球转基因作物(GMC)持续发展,不断改变世界农药市场格局;种子处理剂已成为当今农药开发的重点之一;世界农药市场继续高度集中、垄断。重点介绍了16个重点专利农药的发展潜力。     

生物农药的发展现状与趋势分析

本文总结了国内外生物农药产业发展的现状和特点,对生物农药产业发展的基础与产业发展情况进行了分析;总结了我国生物农药发展现状以及相关政策;分析了我国生物农药产业竞争的结构特征和产业演变趋势,探讨了我国生物农药产业面临的瓶颈问题及相应的解决办法;针对当前生物农药产业的发展趋势,阐明了生物农药产品市场前景和生物农药产业将成为国内外农业快速发展的新型产业。     

我国生物农药登记品种清单式管理初探

近年来我国生物农药新品种层出不穷,登记热度持续上升,登记管理不断规范。本文探讨了对我国生物农药登记品种采取清单式管理,提出生物农药登记品种清单的范围和建立原则,梳理形成了我国生物农药登记品种清单,提出了完善生物农药登记品种清单式管理的意见建议。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Population dynamics of white grubs in the upland rice and maize environment of Northern Mindanao,Philippines

Soil sampling over a two-year period in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, revealed the presence of five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the deforested, infertile, and highly eroded grassland environment being converted to small farms. Population dynamics data point to Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat), Holotrichia mindanaoana Brenske, and H. flachi Brenske being biennial with Adoretus luridus Blanchard and Anomala humeralis Burmeister being annual species. The three biennial species are synchronized to even-numbered years. Small subpopulations of the biennial species show evidence of annual or allochronic cycles. L. irrorata has an annual cycle in other areas of the Philippines on sugarcane but takes two years to develop in Claveria probably due to infertile soils and a longer feeding period. Other subpopulations of young larvae and emerged adults occurring in the late rainy season were 'attempts' at multiple generations or delayed development, but were considered suicidal due to the impending dry season. Synchronization of life stages occurs with pupation and adult emergence with early rains. Habitat preferences of the five species were elucidated by topography, cultivation, and presence of trees. L. irrorata and H. mindanaoana adults were found in 30 flight trees. Most (81%) of the larval stages were found within the top 20 cm of soil but some dug to 70 cm depth. Peak third instar larval densities reached 25.5/m 2 for all five species combined, but due to the biennial cycles of the major species, white grubs present economic importance to upland rice and maize only in odd numbered years. Control efforts are most economically directed during even numbered years giving a two-year benefit in population reduction.