黄土坡面薄层流产流过程试验研究

薄层流径流过程是最基本的坡面水文过程,揭示黄土坡面薄层流产流过程机理对于认识坡面产流理论具有重要意义。试验采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面薄层流产流过程进行研究,取得了如下结果:(1)坡面薄层流径流率随降雨历时的增长呈增加趋势,可用幂函数方程很好地描述,开始产流后的2~10 min内增加很快,以后逐渐趋于平缓、稳定;(2)不同坡度条件下,坡面薄层流径流深均随雨强的增大而呈显著增加,可用线性方程很好地表示;(3)不同雨强条件下,坡面薄层流径流深随坡度的变化趋势相似,皆可用对数线性方程描述;(4)不同雨强条件下,薄层流径流深随坡长增大总体呈增加趋势,可用倒数线性方程描述;(5)雨强、坡度、坡长对坡面薄层流径流深的综合影响可表述为三元线性经验方程,其中雨强的影响最大,坡度和坡长的影响小。     

基于WEPP模型进行坡度因子与侵蚀量关系研究

地面坡度是地形因素中对坡面土壤侵蚀的演变发展过程与侵蚀强度起重要作用的因子。本文以内蒙古准格尔旗皇甫川坡面径流小区的实测资料为基础,分析坡度因子与土壤侵蚀量的关系,并运用WEPP模型进行模拟,对其结果进行分析。结果表明在一定的坡度范围内,随着坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈幂函数递增关系。用WEPP模型来模拟皇甫川流域坡面与侵蚀量的关系是可行的,根据试验观测及WEPP模型模拟得到结果,皇甫川地区的土壤侵蚀率在坡度是18~23o时最大,原因主要有坡度的陡缓决定了水力阻力的大小和坡面承雨面积的改变等。     

京津水源区坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征分析

坡耕地是保障粮食安全与经济发展的重要资源.本文利用承德市南山径流场资料对不同坡长下径流深、含沙量及侵蚀量进行对比分析,结果显示:坡长和降雨强度都对土壤侵蚀有影响,随着坡长变化,导致土壤侵蚀量变化的两个主导因素不断变换.雨强小于0.25 mm/min时,坡面土壤侵蚀模数随坡长的增加而增大;雨强大于0.25mm/min时,随坡长的增加先增大后减小,最大侵蚀量总是出现在22 m坡长范围内.径流深均值与侵蚀量增量随坡长变化趋势一致,含沙量均值变化与雨强关系密切.所以治理京津水源区坡耕地水土流失,应在22 m坡长以内采取等高植物篱等措施,既可降低工程投入,又减少坡面土壤流失,提高土地生产力.     

基于M-DEM黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形特征研究

黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形是地表径流和土壤侵蚀过程的重要影响因素。文中在1.0 mm/min雨强的人工模拟降雨试验条件下,采用微地形激光扫描测量方法获取5°人工锄耕坡面微地形相对高程,并进行拟合模型参数验证,进而构建了能反映真实地表情况的高精度M-DEM,并在ArcGIS中对其特征参量进行量化研究。结果表明:黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形起伏较小,整体属于凸形斜坡;虽在某些区域容易形成地表径流,但径流变化比较平缓,不容易形成较大的水流;微地形水系分维能较好地反映复杂微地形特征。论文可为在微地形层面进一步揭示黄土耕作坡面土壤侵蚀机理研究提供数据支持和方法参考。     

石匣小区氮磷坡面流失特征研究

以石匣试验小区为研究对象,分析了小区特征对氮磷、泥沙流失的影响。结果表明:在不同的土地利用方式中果园产生的径流中氮磷浓度最高,林地最低,而氮磷的流失量标准小区最高,林地最低;免耕种植、梯田种植、鱼鳞坑造林等耕作方式会明显减少农田土壤的侵蚀及氮磷的流失,植被覆盖明显减少径流量和泥沙量,从而有效地控制农田氮磷污染物的流失;在其它条件相同的情况下,坡度小的小区氮磷流失量明显减小;降雨量与氮磷的流失量呈现明显的正相关;雨季径流中氮、磷主要以颗粒态存在,径流中的泥沙量与径流量有较好的线性关系(R=0.72)。     

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀模拟中的地形因子尺度分析

地形因子是土壤流失方程中坡度坡长两因子的乘积,用来表示土壤侵蚀中的地形效应,与研究区域的地形地貌特点密切相关。本文以黑龙江省克东县丰收小流域为例,利用1:5万和1:10万地形图建立数字高程模型(DEM),探讨了不同DEM分辨率和地形图比例尺变化所产生的地形因子的尺度效应。认为东北黑土区利用1:5万地形图计算地形因子时,20m格网大小是较理想的DEM分辨率;另外,在利用较小比例尺地形图建立的DEM计算地形因子时,汇水单元的划分不宜过细。     

模拟降雨条件下苏南黄壤产流起始时间及影响因素研究

运用人工模拟降雨装置研究了暴雨条件下苏南典型丘陵土壤上纯草、纯灌、灌草3种经营模式下坡度、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量、植被覆盖度对开始产生径流时间的影响。研究表明:纯草模式下影响开始产流时间的最主要因子为土壤前期含水量,同时建立了3种植被组合下影响开始产流时间的多因子回归方程。通过方程,由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤前期含水量和降雨强度四个易于获得的因子可预测不同植被组合下开始产生径流的时间。     

气候变化对干旱缺水区中尺度流域水文过程的影响

基于1997-2003年的气象水文资料,选择了黄土高原泾河流域上游,对半分布式生态水文模型SWIM进行了率定和验证,并以流域历史气象条件为基准,固定其它气候因素不变,针对单一气候因素变化(降水或温度)进行了情景模拟,分析、评价了降水和温度对流域径流量、蒸散量和土壤蓄水量各水文过程的影响。结果表明:流域降水量增加(减少),年径流、蒸散及蒸散分量、土壤蓄水量均增加(减少),且降水转化为各水量平衡分量的比例大小依次为径流量(蓝水)>蒸散量(绿水)>土壤蓄水量;流域温度升高,蒸散及其分量随之增加,但径流和土壤蓄水量则随之相应减少。研究结果对于变化环境下的干旱区流域水资源管理具有一定的意义。     

基于二维Gumbel分布的降雨径流频率分析模型及其应用

本文探讨了二维Gumbel分布模型,给出了其经验频率和理论频率的计算方法,并建立了其联合重现期和条件重现期的分布模型。它可以给出不同程度暴雨和径流遭遇组合的频率,也可以在一定的降雨量条件下给出不同径流量的发生频率,或一定的径流量条件下给出不同降雨量的发生频率。这对于解决与风险有关的多因素影响下的水文计算问题是非常有用的。并以滹沱河流域岗南水库的入库年径流和年降雨量为例,分析了该模型的实用性,结果表明采用二维Gumbel分布模型来描述水文随机变量的联合分布是有效的。     

沟灌土壤入渗参数和糙率估算及灌水技术要素组合研究

以SIPAR_ID模型为基础,利用水流推进资料估算了大田沟灌土壤入渗参数和糙率值,克服了以往采用水量平衡模型估算土壤入渗参数和糙率值时一些不合理的假设条件,且工作量大的缺点。用估算结果模拟了沟灌水流推进过程以及沟首水深数据,结果表明各试验点水流推进过程误差绝对值的均值分别为4.06%、4.57%和4.47%,沟首水深误差绝对值的均值分别为8.07%、10.26%和8.49%,说明采用SIPAR ID模型估算土壤入渗参数和糙率值是可行的,具有高的估算精度。根据估算的土壤入渗参数和糙率值,采用WinSRFR模型模拟了研究区域各试验点的沟灌灌水质量,提出了各试验点理论需水量分别为60 mm、80 mm和100 mm条件下合理的沟灌灌水技术要素组合,其灌水效率和灌水均匀度均在85%以上,表明可获得高的灌水质量,达到常规沟灌节水的目的。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带柠条幼林地土壤水分动态变化

沿坡面布点,通过中子仪观测人工柠条幼林坡地小区土壤含水量的垂直变化,并对储水量的时空变化进行模拟和预测。结果表明:柠条幼林地上、中、下不同坡位0~400 cm土壤剖面储水量动态变化趋势一致,即雨季迅速增加,冬季变化较小,春季至下一个雨季初迅速下降。柠条幼林坡地土壤剖面储水量表现为从坡顶至坡底呈逐渐增大的趋势。土壤水分消耗量从坡顶至坡底也呈逐渐增大的趋势。柠条地土壤储水量与坡面位置和时间的关系可用一个二元三次多项式来表达。     

土壤侵蚀对土壤理化性质及土壤微生物的影响

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境下4种典型坡面上坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡脚和坡趾5个不同地形部位¹³⁷Cs的含量、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物指标的测定和分析。结果表明:用来表征土壤侵蚀程度的¹³⁷Cs含量与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤容重、电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性及细菌菌群之间均存在显著的回归关系,土壤有机碳、全氮及土壤容重随着¹³⁷Cs含量的增加呈增加趋势,土壤电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性呈下降趋势,而土壤细菌呈先下降后增加的趋势。土壤侵蚀过程能够直接影响土壤养分在坡面上的空间分布及土壤结构,通过影响土壤性质,改变土壤微生物群落的生长环境和营养物质的含量,从而影响土壤微生物的生长。     

Effects of freeze-thaw on soil erosion processes and sediment selectivity under simulated rainfall

The freeze-thaw(FT) processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FT processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope(FTS) decreased by 8% compared to the control slope(CS), and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff(P0.01). Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions(R20.98, P0.01). Significant differences in the mean weight diameter(MWD) values of particles were observed for washed particles and splashed particles between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion process(P0.05). The mean MWD values under CS were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS.     

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic robust numerical model of soil erosion based on slopes and river basins

Erosion is an important issue in soil science and is related to many environmental problems, such as soil erosion and sediment transport. Establishing a simulation model suitable for soil erosion prediction is of great significance not only to accurately predict the process of soil separation by runoff, but also improve the physical model of soil erosion. In this study, we develop a graphic processing unit (GPU)-based numerical model that combines two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic and Green-Ampt (G-A) infiltration modelling to simulate soil erosion. A Godunov-type scheme on a uniform and structured square grid is then generated to solve the relevant shallow water equations (SWEs). The highlight of this study is the use of GPU-based acceleration technology to enable numerical models to simulate slope and watershed erosion in an efficient and high-resolution manner. The results show that the hydrodynamic model performs well in simulating soil erosion process. Soil erosion is studied by conducting calculation verification at the slope and basin scales. The first case involves simulating soil erosion process of a slope surface under indoor artificial rainfall conditions from 0 to 1000 s, and there is a good agreement between the simulated values and the measured values for the runoff velocity. The second case is a river basin experiment (Coquet River Basin) that involves watershed erosion. Simulations of the erosion depth change and erosion cumulative amount of the basin during a period of 1-40 h show an elevation difference of erosion at 0.5-3.0 m, especially during the period of 20-30 h. Nine cross sections in the basin are selected for simulation and the results reveal that the depth of erosion change value ranges from -0.86 to -2.79 m and the depth of deposition change value varies from 0.38 to 1.02 m. The findings indicate that the developed GPU-based hydrogeomorphological model can reproduce soil erosion processes. These results are valuable for rainfall runoff and soil erosion predictions on rilled hillslopes and river basins.     

Freeze-thaw effects on erosion process in loess slope under simulated rainfall

Seasonal freeze-thaw processes have led to severe soil erosion in the middle and high latitudes. The area affected by freeze-thaw erosion in China exceeds 13% of the national territory. So understanding the effect of freeze-thaw on erosion process is of great significance for soil and water conservation as well as for ecological engineering. In this study, we designed simulated rainfall experiments to investigate soil erosion processes under two soil conditions, unfrozen slope (UFS) and frozen slope (FS), and three rainfall intensities of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mm/min. The results showed that the initial runoff time of FS occurred much earlier than that of the UFS. Under the same rainfall intensity, the runoff of FS is 1.17-1.26 times that of UFS; and the sediment yield of FS is 6.48-10.49 times that of UFS. With increasing rainfall time, rills were produced on the slope. After the appearance of the rills, the sediment yield on the FS accounts for 74%-86% of the total sediment yield. Rill erosion was the main reason for the increase in soil erosion rate on FS, and the reduction in water percolation resulting from frozen layers was one of the important factors leading to the advancement of rills on slope. A linear relationship existed between the cumulative runoff and the sediment yield of UFS and FS (R²>0.97, P<0.01). The average mean weight diameter (MWD) on the slope erosion particles was as follows: UFS0.9 (73.84 μm)>FS0.6 (72.30 μm)>UFS1.2 (72.23 μm)>substrate (71.23 μm)>FS1.2 (71.06 μm)>FS0.9 (70.72 μm). During the early stage of the rainfall, the MWD of the FS was relatively large. However, during the middle to late rainfall, the particle composition gradually approached that of the soil substrate. Under different rainfall intensities, the mean soil erodibility (MK) of the FS was 7.22 times that of the UFS. The ratio of the mean regression coefficient C₂ (MC₂) between FS and UFS was roughly correspondent with MK. Therefore, the parameter C₂ can be used to evaluate soil erodibility after the appearance of the rills. This article explored the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw effects on loess soil erosion and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on soil erosion in the loess hilly regions.     

2000-2017年天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

掌握天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失时空变化特征,为该区域水土保持和生态环境建设提供科学依据。以西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查、遥感和地理信息系统相结合的方法,应用CSLE模型,定量分析2000-2017年西白杨沟流域土壤水力侵蚀时空变化特征,分析该区域侵蚀强度和坡度、旅游活动的关系,结合实地调查,探讨西白杨沟流域水力侵蚀强度变化的驱动机制。结果表明:(1)2000-2017年西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀量总体呈增加趋势。流域内土壤侵蚀强度主要是以轻度、微度为主,分别占流域总面积的65.52%、24.71%。(2)2000-2017年西白杨沟流域不同坡度下土壤侵蚀模数变化明显。坡度≤5°时,土壤侵蚀模数无明显波动;坡度在25°~35°时土壤侵蚀模数最大,土壤侵蚀较为严重。坡度>35°时,土壤侵蚀模数减小。流域内土壤侵蚀主要发生在25°~35°。(3)植被盖度、地上生物量随着旅游强度的增加而减少(CK>LG>MG>HG),土壤侵蚀受人为活动的影响较为显著。     

充分利用坡地雨水资源,促进半干旱退化山区植被建设

针对半干旱退化山区普遍存在的干旱缺水与水土流失并存的现状,利用该地区降水时空分布不均、季节波动性大、雨水资源收集量有限、造林成活率低、区域生态环境恶劣等特点,研究开发坡地雨水资源化工程技术。通过实施集雨蓄水径流林业工程措施,充分拦蓄坡面径流,防止了水土流失,大大提高了水分的利用率,造林成活率提高,生态环境明显得到了改善。     

晋西黄土区不同地类降雨-坡面径流关系研究

利用径流小区研究黄土区坡面降雨—径流关系,对探讨该区水土流失规律、构建基于坡面的水文模型具有重要意义。文中利用布设在山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的径流小区,对不同地类的产流特征进行了观测研究。研究得出:在坡面尺度上不同地类的径流系数、洪峰流量差异显著;各地类对地表径流的拦截率分别为:由山杨、辽东栎等树种组成的次生林96%、刺槐人工林95%、灌木林88%、荒草地61%、油松人工林41%;各地类对洪峰流量的消减率分别为:次生林94%、刺槐林92%、灌木林82%、荒草地66%、油松林49%;在同一地类上径流系数与雨强的关系具有季节变化性;径流系数与雨强呈指数关系;在雨强相同条件下,春秋季节的降雨比夏季更易形成地表径流;洪峰流量与I30或I10的呈指数关系,但I30与洪峰流量的关系优于I10。