退化草原土壤理化性质空间异质性及其对土壤水分的影响

测定分析锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗额里图牧场退化草原草地生态系统0～120 cm土层土壤理化性质(质量含水量、容重、饱和含水率、电导率、pH和有机质),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法探讨其空间异质性及各理化性质对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:退化草原土壤呈弱碱性,电导率、容重和pH随土层加深而增大,而饱和含水率和有机质含量随土层加深而减小,由此可见土壤pH与有机质含量随土层加深呈相反规律,除容重和pH呈弱变异,其余土壤特性指标均呈中等变异,除80～120 cm土层外,其余土层土壤含水量变异系数随土壤含水量的增大而降低;本研究区各土层土壤含水量、有机质、pH表现出强烈的空间相关性,容重由随机性因素引起的变异程度最小,饱和含水率由结构性和随机性因素共同引起空间变异,影响本研究区土壤理化性质的因素较复杂;各土层土壤饱和含水率变程普遍较大,为13. 94～52. 77 km,较长距离其空间连续性较好,0～10 cm土层pH变程最大,有机质变程最小,而80～120 cm土层恰好相反; 0～10 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤质量含水量均与饱和含水率呈显著正相关,10～20 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤水分相对较大,土壤持水力较强,中间土层(20～80 cm)土壤含水量与有机质和pH存在显著相关关系。     

生物炭对■土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验,探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响,以期为■土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始,设4个生物炭施用梯度:对照,不施生物炭(B0);5 t·hm~(-2)(B5);10 t·hm~(-2)(B10);20 t·hm~(-2)(B20)。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明:生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量,且随着生物炭施入量的增加,各指标变化幅度也增大,B20与B0处理相比,土壤容重减少了8.28%,毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%,饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%;生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,B20与B0处理相比,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%,团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%;生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发,B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现,生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子,影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度,而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构,提升■土持水性能,增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响分析

为探讨不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响,评价出最适宜伊犁河谷地区滴灌条件下复播大豆农田的耕作方式,2012—2014年开展了冬小麦收获后土壤翻耕覆膜(TP)、翻耕(T)、旋耕(RT)和免耕(NT)四种不同耕作方式的复播大豆田间试验。结果表明,各处理土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量、养分和产量均表现出差异性。0~60 cm的平均容重以NT处理最大,达1.4 g·cm-3,分别比RT、T、TP处理高出2.2%、4.5%、5.3%。0~30 cm土层的土壤总孔隙度均以TP处理的最高,其平均值分别比T、NT、RT高出1.4%、3.8%、5.7%。30 cm以下各处理的土壤总孔隙度虽有减少,但差异不显著。各处理各个生育时期土壤含水量基本均表现为TPTRTNT。SOC、全N、全P含量表现为在0~20 cm土层以NT处理最高,20~40 cm土层以TP最高,T处理次之。TP和T处理显著提高0~40 cm土层土壤速效N、速效P含量。大豆产量均表现为翻耕覆膜处理最高,分别比T、RT和NT处理高出15.2%、30.8%和31.9%。本试验条件下,虽然免耕能够增加土壤养分含量,但翻耕覆膜措施不仅有效改善了土壤物理环境,而且更有利于提高复播大豆产量。     

尕海4种湿地类型土壤水分特性研究

对尕海草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地的土壤含水量、容重、孔隙度、持水量及贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。研究结果表明：① 草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地土壤含水量分别为225.13%、159.46%、179.47%、111.78%;② 4种湿地类型土壤的容重随土层深度的增加而增加,在0～80 cm土层,草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地的土壤容重平均值分别为0.89 g/cm³、1.17 g/cm³、1.11 g/cm³、1.18 g/cm³;③ 4种湿地类型土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和贮水能力随土层深度增加而逐渐减小;④ 在草本泥炭地、沼泽湿地、高山湿地和洪泛湿地中,土壤的毛管持水量分别是土壤自身重量的2.50、1.51、1.00、1.78倍,饱和持水量分别是土壤自身重量的2.83、1.81、1.25、2.08倍;⑤ 4种不同湿地类型中,草本泥炭地的土壤较疏松、孔隙度大、通气性好、持水和蓄水能力强。     

华北土石山区森林土壤养分空间变异研究

基于河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场4hm2天然次生林中100个采样点0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm的土壤养分测定分析数据,运用地统计学方法研究了土壤养分的空间变异特征,并分析讨论了该区域土壤养分的空间分布特点。结果表明:研究区内土壤养分(有机质、全钾、全氮、全磷、速效钾和有效磷)的变异系数在0.17~0.94之间,属于中等变异程度。0-20cm速效钾的结构比为0.534,具有中等空间相关性,其余各层的土壤养分结构比都在0.900以上,具有很强的空间相关性。各土壤养分的空间相关距离为40.53-287.1m,均表现出了明显的空间分布趋势。研究结果对在华北土石山区土壤取样设计及土壤养分的空间内插和制图具有一定的指导意义。     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验，探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响，以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始，设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照，不施生物炭（B0）；5 t·hm^-2（B5）；10 t·hm^-2（B10）；20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量，且随着生物炭施入量的增加，各指标变化幅度也增大，B20与B0处理相比，土壤容重减少了8.28%，毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%，饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%；生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性，B20与B0处理相比，土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%，团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%；生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发，B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现，生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子，影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度，而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构，提升塿土持水性能，增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征

研究了六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征及其与海拔和林型的关系,结果表明:六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤有机质和饱和导水率显著高于针叶林地,土壤容重显著低于针叶林地,阔叶林地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机质和饱和导水率分别比针叶林地高27.7%、21.2%和38.0%、42.2%,容重比针叶林地低13.8%和7.6%;高海拔处林地土壤有机质含量较高,容重较低;研究区土壤饱和导水率不受海拔影响,土壤水稳性团聚体分布不受林型和海拔的影响;阔叶林地0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径平均值分别比针叶林地高3.46%和5.21%,但不受海拔影响,大团聚体数量与饱和导水率极显著正相关。研究表明六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤物理性状显著优于针叶林地,林地土壤结构的改良主要体现在大团聚体增加方面。     

苜蓿生长年限对其产量及土壤性状的影响

采用田间测产的方法对3~26年不同生长年限苜蓿的产草量及采集0~20、20~40、40~60 cm和80~100 cm土层土样分析其含水量、容重、有机质含量变化,结果表明:随着生长年限的延长,苜蓿产量呈现先增加后降低的过程,6年生苜蓿干草产量达到最高,为9738 kg/hm2;在各个土层中,3~12年生苜蓿地土壤含水量变幅较大,变幅在7.90%~17.46%之间,主要发生在80~100 cm土层,12年后土壤含水量变幅平稳,变幅在7.24%~12.66%之间;在各生长年限土壤容重大小依次为20~40 cm>40~60 cm>0~20 cm,80~100 cm土层土壤容重变化较平稳,生长年限越长土壤容重越小;3年生苜蓿地土壤有机质含量最低,各土层分别为1.59、1.82、2.42和2.08g/kg。4~18年生苜蓿地土壤各土层,随生长年限延长土壤有机质含量有所降低,各土层变化幅度分别在10.41~12.75、8.02~9.73、6.49~10.097、.74~12.58 g/kg之间,18年后有机质含量开始升高,各土层分别增加了2.69、1.39、1.37和0.97 g/kg。研究证实了随着苜蓿生长年限的延长,苜蓿有退化趋势,土壤含水量、容重、有机质有下降的趋势。     

河西地区土壤全氮及有机质空间变异特征分析——以张掖市甘州区为例

应用地统计学方法对甘州区土壤(0~20 cm)中全氮、有机质数据进行了分析。结果表明:土壤全氮、有机质含量比较低,存在着明显的空间分异性,表现为从中心向四周逐渐递减的趋势,应用半方差函数分析,土壤全氮和有机质在一定范围内存在空间相关性,变程分别为2.4 km和0.35 km,都在一个较小的空间尺度范围内相关;并且全氮总体上呈条带状分布,有机质呈斑块状分布,且含量的空间变异具有各向异性特征,其各自的理论模型和相应参数很好地反映了土壤有机质和全氮含量变异特征,这种变异特征受随机因素的影响较结构性因素大,具有中等的空间相关性。     

黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析

切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。     

不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作农田土壤物理结构的影响

选取黄土高原半干旱区连续4年进行保护性耕作的玉米样地,定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著降低0~5 cm表层土壤容重,传统耕作秸秆粉粹还田(TS)和NTS处理可显著降低5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTS处理可显著增大0~5 cm表层土壤孔隙度,TS和NTS处理可显著提高5~10 cm1、0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度;NTS处理可显著降低各层土壤的坚实度,其它处理对表层0~5 cm无显著影响,免耕无秸秆覆盖(NT)处理显著增加了5 cm以下的土壤坚实度;NTS处理0~5 cm表层土壤水分入渗率显著加强,而NT处理则显著减弱;土壤水稳性大团聚体含量均为:NTSNTTS传统耕作(T)。本试验中NT处理对土壤结构的改良效应不明显,NTS处理对于黄土高原土壤结构改良效果最佳。     

Soil hydraulic conductivity as affected by vegetation restoration age on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced extensive vegetation restoration in the past several decades,which leads to great changes in soil properties such as soil bulk,porosity,and organic matter with the vegetation restoration age.And these soil properties have great effect on the soil infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity.However,the potential changes in soil hydraulic conductivity caused by vegetation restoration age have not been well understood.This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil hydraulic conductivity under five grasslands with different vegetation restoration ages(3,10,18,28 and 37 years)compared to a slope farmland,and further to identify the factors responsible for these changes on the Loess Plateau of China.At each site,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were determined using a disc permeameter with a water supply pressure of –20 mm.Soil properties were measured for analyzing their potential factors influencing soil hydraulic conductivity.The results showed that the soil bulk had no significant changes over the initial 20 years of restoration(P0.05);the total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity decreased significantly in the grass land with 28 and 37 restoration ages compared to the slope farmland;accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were significantly enhanced after 18 years of vegetation restoration.However,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity fluctuated over the initial 10 years of restoration.The increase in soil hydraulic conductivity with vegetation restoration was closely related to the changes in soil texture and structure.Soil sand and clay contents were the most influential factors on soil hydraulic conductivity,followed by bulk density,soil porosity,root density and crust thickness.The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the soil hydraulic conductivity was affected by multiply factors.These results are helpful to understand the changes in hydrological and erosion processes response to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau.     

粉垄耕作深度对旱区土壤关键物理性质的影响

针对旱区土壤板结严重和耕层深度变浅等问题，于2021年在宁夏暖泉农场开展大田试验，以传统旋耕为对照(CK),设置不同粉垄耕作深度30 cm(FL30)、40 cm(FL40)、50 cm(FL50)和60 cm(FL60),探究粉垄耕作对玉米田土壤关键物理性质的影响。结果表明：与传统旋耕相比，粉垄耕作能够有效降低土壤容重且提高土壤孔隙度，FL50处理表层土壤(0～20 cm)容重降低11.55%、孔隙度提升12.17%,FL40处理中层土壤(20～40 cm)容重降低8.57%、孔隙度提升9.14%,FL60处理深层土壤(40～60 cm)容重降低11.61%、孔隙度提升12.75%;粉垄耕作对玉米各生育期土壤蓄水量具有显著影响，FL40处理土壤蓄水量提升24.86%,土壤机械稳定性团聚体数量(0.25～5 mm)提高9.63%;较传统旋耕，粉垄耕作可达到疏松土壤与提高土壤蓄水保墒能力的效果，粉垄耕作通过改善玉米的生长条件和土壤环境提高了籽粒产量，其中FL60、FL50、FL30处理分别较CK处理增产57.14%、15.48%、8.79%。研究成果可为改善旱区土壤多年板结及水土资源可持...     

Spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Understanding the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors has important implications for the conservation and management of ecosystem biodiversity. The transitional zone between biomes in desert ecosystems, however, has received little attention in that regard. In this study, we conducted a quantitative field survey(including 187 sampling plots) in a 40-km~2 study area to determine the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and analyze the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 16 families and 39 genera were recorded. Shrub and semi-shrub species generally represented the major part of the plant communities(covering 90% of the land surface), while annual and perennial herbaceous species occupied a large proportion of the total recorded species(71%). Patrick richness index(R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H'), Simpson's dominance index(D), and Pielou's evenness index(J) were all moderately spatially variable, and the variability increased with increasing sampling area. The semivariograms for R and H' were best fitted with Gaussian models while the semivariograms for D and J were best fitted with exponential models. Nugget-to-still ratios indicated a moderate spatial autocorrelation for R, H', and D while a strong spatial autocorrelation was observed for J. The spatial patterns of R and H' were closely related to the geographic location within the study area, with lower values near the oasis and higher values near the mountains. However, there was an opposite trend for D. R, H', and D were significantly correlated with elevation, soil texture, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and total porosity(P0.05). Generally speaking, locations at higher elevations tended to have higher species richness and diversity and the higher elevations were characterized by higher values in sand and gravel contents, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity and also by lower values in total porosity. Furthermore, spatial variability of plant species diversity was dependent on the sampling area.     

黄土塬区土地利用方式对土壤主要理化性质的影响

通过对陕西长武4种典型土地利用方式下0~500 cm土层土壤主要理化性质分析,以明确土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：农田、果园土壤有机质、全氮含量显著高于荒地和刺槐林地,土壤粘粒含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系,与土壤饱和导水率呈显著正相关关系;农田0~100 cm土层土壤容重达1.44 g·cm^-3,显著高于同深度荒地（1.27 g·cm^-3）、果园（1.38 g·cm^-3）、刺槐林地（1.32 g·cm^-3）土层;400~500 cm土层土壤含水量为刺槐林地（86 g·kg^-1）<果园（113 g·kg^-1）<荒地（152 g·kg^-1）<农田（165 g·kg^-1）;果园和刺槐林地0~500 cm土层土壤平均饱和导水率分别为0.37、0.36 mm·min^-1,显著高于农田（0.25 mm·min^-1）和荒地（0.23 mm·min^-1）。退耕还林（草）导致土壤容重降低、饱和导水率增加,有助于降水入渗,但退耕后深层土壤有干燥化的倾向。     

Spatial variability of soil water content and related factors across the Hexi Corridor of China

Soil water content(SWC) is a key factor limiting ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas of the Hexi Corridor of China, which is characterized by an ecological environment that is vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the large-scale spatial distribution of SWC in this region. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution patterns of SWC across the Hexi Corridor and identify the factors responsible for spatial variation of SWC at a regional scale. This study collected and analyzed SWC in the 0–100 cm soil profile from 109 field sampling sites(farmland, grassland and forestland) across the Hexi Corridor in 2017. We selected 17 factors, including land use, topography(latitude, longitude, elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspect), soil properties(soil clay content, soil silt content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and soil organic carbon content), climate factors(mean annual precipitation, potential evaporation, and aridity index), plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and planting pattern(irrigation or rain-fed), as possible environmental variables to analyze their effects on SWC. The results showed that SWC was 0.083(±0.067) g/g in the 0–100 cm soil profile and decreased in the order of farmland, grassland and forestland. The SWC in the upper soil layers(0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) had obvious difference when the mean annual precipitation differed by 200 mm. The SWC decreased from southeast to northwest following the same pattern as precipitation, and had a moderate to strong spatial dependence in a large effective range(75–378 km). The SWC showed a similar distribution and had no significant difference between soil layers in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The principal component analysis showed that the mean annual precipitation, geographical position(longitude and latitude) and soil properties(soil bulk density and soil clay content) were the main factors dominating the variance of environmental variables. A stepwise linear regression equation showed that plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and soil properties(soil organic carbon content, field capacity and soil clay content) were the optimal factors to predict the variation of SWC. Soil clay content could be better to explain the SWC variation in the deeper soil layers compared with the other factors.     

不同土体构型土壤的持水性能

通过GMS软件三维建模功能,将宁夏某葡萄基地土壤划分为4种土体构型:壤砂型、砂型、壤砂粘型和壤粘砂型结构,并对基地土壤的田间持水量、饱和导水率和容重进行了分析,研究了不同土体构型下的土壤持水性能。结果表明,土壤土体构型不同,其容重、田间持水量、土壤饱和导水率也不同。砂型结构的田间持水量和容重最小,分别为13%和1.5 g·cm~(-3),而土壤饱和导水率最大,为3.2 m·d~(-1);壤粘砂型结构田间持水量和容重最大,分别为16.5%和1.63 g·cm~(-3),而土壤饱和导水率最小,为1.02 m·d~(-1);田间持水量与土壤饱和导水率的相关系数为-0.92,呈显著负相关,与容重的相关系数为0.73,呈显著正相关。壤粘砂型土体构型上壤下粘,利于保水保肥,持水性能最好;砂型结构持水性能最差,其他土体构型持水性能一般,需要进行改良以提高土壤的持水性能。     

荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响

本研究针对鄂尔多斯沙地生物结皮进行调查 ,利用人工喷水模拟降雨分析结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响。研究表明 :生物结皮能显著地降低土壤水分的入渗速率。在去掉结皮时 ,表层下 5 cm处的土壤含水量在 1 0分钟时即开始显著增加 ,而有结皮时 ,此处的含水量则在 1 5分钟时才开始显著增加。利用圆盘入渗仪测定有结皮和无结皮条件下的土壤饱和导水率表明 :固定沙丘间地有生物结皮的土壤饱和导水率范围是 :2 9.1 0 - 82 .2 1 mm/ h;半固定沙丘有微弱结皮时饱和导水率为 1 43.5 4 - 2 30 .2 5 ;去掉结皮后土壤的饱和导水率可显著上升数倍 ,无结皮的流沙的饱和导水率最高。