科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸区土壤水、地下水对降雨的响应

依据野外观测数据,研究了科尔沁沙地沙丘、草甸两种地貌类型区土壤含水率以及地下水位对降雨的响应规律。结果表明:(1)沙丘表层0-20cm的土壤含水率在降雨开始后20min就基本能够达到最大值,此后开始减小,水分不断向下运移,最大可引起次表层(20-60cm)土壤水分发生一定变化,但不会引起剖面更深层位土壤含水率的变化;2009年丰水期沙丘地下水位变动趋势为总体抬升,但受到降雨及其他因素影响产生一定波动,但影响幅度较小;(2)就草甸地而言,即使是很小的降雨量也会引起草甸地较深层位土壤含水率的变化,雨后草甸地土壤剖面受降雨影响最大的层位是20-40cm,而同时段40-80cm处的土壤含水率波动较小。草甸地地下水位波动大于沙丘,较小的降水也会引起草甸地地下水位的迅速上升,上升持续时间短,而后立即转入下降,属陡涨陡落型。研究成果对沙地的生态保护具有一定的指导作用。     

科尔沁沙地典型人工植被区土壤水分动态研究

半干旱沙区土壤水分对植物的成活与持续生长具有重要作用.通过对不同植物种类区土壤水分的动态监测分析表明,不同植物种类对土壤水分的影响存在显著差别;不同地下水位埋深对植被区的土壤水分状况产生重要影响,地下水埋深浅的区土壤水分长期维持较高的状态,能够满足植物生长的需求;沙丘区地下水位深,土壤水分主要依靠降水的补充,固沙植物的生长明显降低了有效土壤水分供给量,多数植物受到水分胁迫的影响.在半干旱沙丘区建立人工植被过程中,应该依照土壤水分状况配置植物种类和栽植密度,以土壤水分状况决定植物分布.地下水位较高区可栽植密度大的乔木或草本植物,而在沙丘区则一定依照降水量栽植适宜的植物和合理的栽植密度,以保证植物的长期稳定生存生长.     

科尔沁沙地坨甸交错区土壤水分的空间变异规律

科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间地区,地貌形态多样、土地利用类型众多,从而导致土壤水分空间分布的复杂性。通过对科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区的调查取样与试验分析,运用统计学理论和方法,研究土壤水分的空间变异性及其空间分布规律。结果表明：水平方向上,土壤水分总体表现为草甸地大于沙丘地,过渡带介于两者之间。就草甸地而言,植物生长越好,其土壤水分越高,保水持水性能也越好;沙丘地则与之相反,植被最稀疏的流动沙丘,其土壤含水量大于半流动半固定沙丘与固定沙丘,且有良好的储水条件。垂向上,高覆盖草甸、低覆盖草甸和农田（草甸）土壤含水量在地表下0～40 cm波动最大,40～160 cm随深度增加而递增;流动沙丘、半流动沙丘和固定沙丘土壤含水量随深度增加呈微弱加大趋势。林地、撂荒地、农田（沙丘）变化程度居中。从空间分布看,研究区中东部土壤水分偏大,且向南北两侧区域递减。     

高水位盐碱地暗管控制性排水的降盐抑碱作用研究

高水位的顶托作用不仅易导致涝害发生,还不利于降水淋盐。为解决这一问题,在河北近滨海盐碱区埋设暗管进行控制性排水,通过分析雨季与旱季的地下水埋深、土壤含盐量及SAR变化得到暗管控制性排水对地下水埋深的调控能力及对土壤的降盐抑碱效果。结果表明:1)暗管控制性排水可调控最大地下水埋深为90cm,并可在1天时间内将地下水埋深降至30cm的涝害临界水平,暗管可控制周年地下水埋深深于对照区5~20cm;2)周年土壤含盐量呈"马鞍"型分布。雨季土壤含盐量随时间逐渐降低,降水淋洗盐分作用占主导,暗管区与对照区无显著差异;旱季土壤含盐量随时间逐渐增加,暗管区土壤含盐量低于对照区0.2~0.5g/kg;3)暗管排水通过增加地下水埋深、降低地下水含盐量来降低表层土壤含盐量,经分析,旱季土壤含盐量与地下水埋深、地下水含盐量均呈显著正相关,相关系数高于0.7;4)暗管排水可增强盐分离子的淋洗作用,暗管区盐分离子的脱盐率高于对照区4.8~26.5%,脱盐率依次为Cl~->Na~++K~+>SO_4~(2-)>Mg~(2+)>Ca~(2+);受碳酸钙溶度积的影响,雨季后HCO_3~-含量增加,暗管区HCO_3~-增加率约为对照区的1/2;5)暗管排水可有效抑制土壤碱化趋势。雨季后土壤SAR增加,暗管区增幅低于对照区0~13.2%,且SAR随土壤深度的增加而增加,同一深度处暗管区SAR低于对照区。     

水分对微水溶性胶结包膜肥料氮素释放的影响及其生物学效果研究

采用水基成膜法研制出低成本、易降解的微水溶性胶结包膜缓释肥料.应用性能测试、不同田间持水量下土壤培养及小白菜盆栽试验研究了其养分释放规律与生物学效应,试验表明:微水溶性包膜材料致密、整体厚薄较均一,其吸水性、透水性能优良,且具一定的生物降解性能.在田间持水量50%、60%、70%条件下,微水溶性胶结包膜缓释肥料土壤铵态氮含量变化与水分呈正相关关系,24 d后硝态氮含量呈高于尿素处理趋势.在田间持水量50%、60%、70%三种水分条件下,微水溶性胶结包膜肥料处理油菜产量均高于尿素处理,在70%田间持水量下达到了显著差异(P<0.05);微水溶性胶结包膜肥料处理增加了Vc含量,但没有显著增加油菜含氮量、硝酸盐含量和叶绿素含量.     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
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仪器测墒按需补灌对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

利用频域反射法(FDR)、时域反射法(TDR)和驻波率法(SWR)三种便携式土壤水分快速测试仪,在田间条件下测定土壤田间持水量(FCv)和体积含水量(WCv),于冬小麦越冬前、拔节期和开花期设补灌的目标土壤相对含水量分别为80%、70%和70%,每一补灌时期设20 cm、40 cm和60 cm三个测墒土层深度,研究不同仪器法在冬小麦生育期间对土壤水分测定的准确度和稳定性,探索用不同仪器测定数据计算灌水定额进行冬小麦补灌的效果及其差异原因。结果表明,FDR和SWR仪器测得的FCv换算为以水土质量百分比表示的田间持水量FCv-m,与传统方法测得的田间持水量FCm之间的相对误差为0.4%~2.6%;TDR仪器测定计算得出的WCv-m值与烘干法测得的WCm值的相对误差与相应土层土壤温度呈极显著正相关,在冬小麦播种期、开花期和成熟期较高,在越冬前和拔节期较低;SWR仪器测定计算得出的WCv-m值与WCm值的相对误差与相应土层土壤含水量呈极显著负相关,在土壤含水量较高的条件下测量的准确度较高。FDR仪器在冬小麦生育期内测量的准确性受土壤温度和水分的影响较小,准确度和稳定性均较高,直接利用其测定的FCv和WCv值计算灌水定额补灌,获得了与传统烘干法测墒补灌一致的效果。     

浑善达克沙地杨树水分利用特征

为探究浑善达克沙地杨树的水分利用特征。本文利用氢和氧同位素示踪技术,测定了降雨、土壤水与地下水的δ18O值,利用多元线性混合模型定量计算了杨树对不同土层土壤水分的利用比例。结果表明:①浑善达克沙地大气降雨方程线为:δDLWML=7.84δ^18OLWML+9.12,斜率比全国降雨方程偏小,体现了研究区降雨少,蒸发大的气候特征;②土壤含水量与地下水位埋深、降雨量、植物生长期的变化有着显著的相关关系。降雨量较大与地下水位埋深较浅的时期,土壤含水量明显增大,在植物生长前期和中期,土壤含水量明显较低;③杨树在雨季,利用了大量的浅层土壤水(0~40 cm),在较为干旱的旱季,利用了大量的深层土壤(160~200 cm)水与少量的地下水。     

基于土壤水分阈值下引黄灌区春玉米安全用水管理策略

以内蒙古河套灌区隆胜试验区为研究区,开展引黄灌区玉米生育期适宜灌水量模拟研究。在田间试验的基础上,考虑土壤含水率、地下水埋深阈值,利用饱和带-非饱和带耦合模型SWAP-MODFLOW模拟了不同降雨水平年不同土壤质地区域玉米生育期灌溉用水量,预测了满足土壤水环境阈值的用水方案。基于耦合模型的决策结果:贫雨年安全用水量为269~315mm;平雨年165~225mm;丰雨年88~128mm。综上,利用实测资料检验后的耦合模型,结合不同作物的土壤水、地下水埋深阈值,能够更准确地从微观定量的角度确定不同作物最低灌水量,对河套灌区引黄水量的管理利用具有重要指导意义。     

沙漠绿洲区平原水库下缘盐荒地水盐动态规律

为揭示平原水库周边无灌溉盐荒地及防风林生长区水盐分布特征,在沙漠绿洲区多浪水库南库区周围布设了地下水监测井和土壤监测点,进行了为期2 a的逐月地下水埋深监测和土壤含水率及含盐量的定点取样测定试验。结果表明:库区周边盐荒地地下水埋深随监测时段变化变幅不大,2 a内均值为1.28 m;不同土壤含水率整体随土层深度增加呈升高趋势,其中60~100 cm的土壤含水率较其他土层波动较大。2 a间盐荒地的土壤含盐量在0.48~8.86 g·kg~(-1)之间变化,不同土壤总盐含量随土层深度增加呈减小的趋势,0~40 cm土层含盐量变化较为明显,具有显著的盐分表聚现象,其中,防风林地土壤含盐量在0~40 cm土层内较天然生态林地明显降低。     

农田鼠类数量统计方法的研究

目前统计大仓鼠Cricetulus triton、黑线仓鼠C.barabensis和黑线姬鼠Apodemus agrarius等地面活动的农田鼠类广泛采用夹捕法和查洞法,夹捕法又要求连续布夹三夜。本文对用一夜、连续二夜和三夜夹捕的统计结果作了对比研究,结果表明,三种夹捕方法的统计结果一致,呈极显著正相关。作者认为只用一夜捕鼠减少了工作量和样方去除效应,可在农田鼠情常规测报中代替连续三夜捕鼠法。查洞法的统计结果不能反映农田鼠类数量的季节变化,不宜在鼠情测报中使用。     

Spatial regression approach to estimate synthetic unit hydrograph by geomorphic characteristics of watersheds in arid regions

Rainfall-runoff relationship in arid regions is unique and challenging to study. Studies for bridging the hydro-meteorological knowledge gap for planning, designing and managing water resources is therefore vitally important. The objective of this study is to develop a method for estimating unit hydrograph at reasonably finer time resolutions (10-min and 1-h) which can be easily adaptable by practitioners at sub-catchment levels, especially when the focus area is ungauged. Observed wadi-flow at 5-min interval and tipping bucket rainfall measurements at 1-min interval were obtained to cover 10 major watersheds in Oman. The deconvolution method was applied to derive the unit hydrographs (UHs) from wadi-flow and excess rainfall. Key catchment characteristics such as the watershed area, length of the main wadi and the length to the centroid of the catchment area were derived from digital elevation model (DEM) data. The whole study area was then divided into 515 sub-catchments with various shapes and sizes. A strong relationship was found between the wadi length and the length to the centroid of the catchment area (R²>0.89). This relationship was then adopted to simplify the classical Snyder method to determine UHs. Moreover, several parameters of the Snyder method were calibrated to the arid environment by matching the peak-flow, lag-time and three time-widths (75%, 50% and 30% of the peak-flow) of 10-min and 1-h UHs with physical characteristics of the watersheds. All developed relationships were validated with independent rainfall and wadi-flow events. Results indicate that the calibrated parameters in these arid watersheds are quite distinct from those suggested for other regions of the world. A marked difference was found between the 10-min UHs estimated by the S-hydrograph method and the deconvolution method. Therefore, it is concluded that a method depends on natural hydro-meteorological conditions would be more practical in arid region. The proposed methodology can be used for water resources management in arid regions having similar climate and geographical settings.     

Detection of beet yellows virus in sugarbeet plants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Beet yellows virus can be detected in leaf extracts of infected sugarbeet plants by ELISA. The use of discs was studied and proved to be a valuable and qualitatively reliable method. Leaf material could be stored at 4^o or 22°C for at least six days without affecting the detection of this virus by ELISA. A dramatic decrease in ELISA values was found when leaf extracts were frozen.In an analysis of the distribution of virus over the plant it was found that young leaves present at the moment of infection and those which had still to develop after infection will contain virus. Symptoms produced by systemic virus invasion occur on the oldest leaves containing virus.Samenvatting Het bietevergelingsvirus kan op betrouwbare wijze met de ELISA methode in geïnfecteerde bieteplanten worden aangetoond. Een aanzienlijke vereenvoudiging van de procedure kan worden bereikt met de zogenaamde disc-method, waarbij intacte ponsstukjes in de putjes van de ELISA-plaat worden geïncubeerd. Hierbij komt voldoende virus uit de ponsstukjes voor ELISA vrij. Bladmateriaal kon op verschillende wijzen bewaard worden zonder dat de mogelijkheid om het virus aan te tonen achteruitging. Met bladextracten die ingevroren waren, werden echter slechte resultaten verkregen.In een analyse naar de verdeling van het virus over het loof bleek het virus voor te komen in de geïnoculeerde bladeren, in die bladeren die op het tijdstip van inoculatie minder dan de helft van hun uiteindelijke lengte bereikt hadden en in de bladeren die nog moesten verschijnen. De symptomen ontwikkelden zich op de oudste systemisch geïnfecteerde bladeren.     

浅淡单点校正法和标准曲线法及其在农药分析中的应用

本文从单点校正法和标准曲线法的适用前提条件出发，运用数学方法，探讨了单点校正法代替标准曲线法的条件，并为在农药分析中选择单点校正法和标准曲线法提供依据，从而简化正常农药分析步骤，避免一些分析误差。     

吐伦球坚蚧在杏树上的分布及抽样方法研究

为确定吐伦球坚蚧在杏树上的分布格局及其田间虫口数量估计的最佳抽样方法,以最近邻体法分别对吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫、成虫和越夏若虫在杏树上的分布进行研究,并比较五点法、棋盘式、双对角线、Z字形、平行线5种抽样方法与总体平均数的差异显著性及各抽样方法的误差率。结果表明：吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫、成虫和越夏若虫在杏树上的分布均为聚集型。Z字形抽样方法对田间吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫和成虫进行抽样最可靠;越夏若虫以平行线抽样法最具代表性且最为可靠。     

药剂对小麦叶锈菌生物活性试验方法的研究

应用人工接菌方法,小麦叶锈菌能在含有６－苄基氨基嘌呤洋菜培养基中的感病离体小麦叶段上产生夏孢子堆。它在药剂生物活性测定中反应较为灵敏,与室内活体生物测定有较高的相关性,但也存在一定差异。如果两者结合使用,则可取长补短,避免漏筛。     

10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC对草地贪夜蛾的控制效果

为探索新型杀虫剂溴虫氟苯双酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果,采用喷雾法和浸叶法在室内研究了10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺悬浮剂(SC)对草地贪夜蛾的杀虫性,并用喷雾法进行了田间控制效果研究。室内试验结果表明,10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC喷雾处理对草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化率无明显影响,但能显著提高初孵幼虫的死亡率(P<0.05),各处理校正死亡率均高于78.26%。同时,10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC对3龄和5龄幼虫均有较强的活性,处理72 h后的校正死亡率均高于90%,并且随着浓度的增加,死亡率升高。田间药效试验表明,不同浓度的10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC处理后1 d和7 d防效均可达96.33%以上,显著高于对照药剂5.7%甲维盐微乳剂(ME)和200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC;药后14 d各处理防效为41.71%～66.32%,其中10 mL/667m~2处理与对照药剂5.7%甲维盐ME防效相当。研究表明,10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC可以有效控制草地贪夜蛾,且速效性和持效性较好,建议每667 m~2使用制剂10～15 mL,防治适期为草地贪夜蛾卵孵化盛期及低龄幼虫期。     

A general multi-objective programming model for minimum ecological flow or water level of inland water bodies

Assessment of ecological flow or water level for water bodies is important for the protection of degraded or degrading ecosystems caused by water shortage in arid regions, and it has become a key issue in water resources planning. In the past several decades, many methods have been proposed to assess ecological flow for rivers and ecological water level for lakes or wetlands. To balance water uses by human and ecosystems, we proposed a general multi-objective programming model to determine minimum ecological flow or water level for inland water bodies, where two objectives are water index for human and habitat index for ecosystems, respectively. Using the weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization, minimum ecological flow or water level can be determined from the breakpoint in the water index–habitat index curve, which is similar to the slope method to determine minimum ecological flow from wetted perimeter–discharge curve. However, the general multi-objective programming model is superior to the slope method in its physical meaning and calculation method. This model provides a general analysis method for ecological water uses of different inland water bodies, and can be used to define minimum ecological flow or water level by choosing appropriate water and habitat indices. Several commonly used flow or water level assessment methods were found to be special cases of the general model, including the wetted perimeter method and the multi-objective physical habitat simulation method for ecological river flow, the inundated forest width method for regeneration flow of floodplain forest and the lake surface area method for ecological lake level. These methods were applied to determine minimum ecological flow or water level for two representative rivers and a lake in northern Xinjiang of China, including minimum ecological flow for the Ertix River, minimum regeneration flow for floodplain forest along the midstream of Kaxgar River, and minimum ecological lake level for the Ebinur Lake. The results illustrated the versatility of the general model, and can provide references for water resources planning and ecosystem protection for these rivers and lake.     

几种化学和物理方法处理对狼毒种子发芽率的影响

几种不同方法对狼毒种子进行处理结果表明：浓度为1．25g／L的甲基托布津溶液漫种0．5h,置于浓度为2．5mg／L的赤霉素(GA3)溶液润湿的培养皿中,发芽率最高(61．7％),其次是98％浓度H2SO4稀释50倍液漫种0．5h,置于浓度为2．5mg／L的赤霉素(GAa)溶液润湿的培养皿中发芽效果较好(48．3％)。变温和紫外线照射对狼毒种子的发芽都有一定的效果。超声波处理和NaOH浸种有抑制作用。