氟铃脲50％水分散粒剂的研制

介绍了氟铃脲50％水分散粒剂的制备方法，简述了该制荆的特点、配方选择、质量技术标准、贮藏稳定性。试验结果表明，该产品悬浮率90％以上，崩解时间〈60s，热贮（54℃±2℃，14d）分解率〈5％，产品各项指标符合水分散粒剂的要求。     

20%印楝素水分散粒剂的配方研究

通过对润湿剂、分散剂、崩解剂、乳化剂、黏结剂等助剂的筛选,确定了20%印楝素水分散粒剂的最佳配方(以质量分数计)为:有效成分质量分数为40%的印楝素干粉50%,润湿剂拉开粉3%,分散剂萘磺酸甲醛缩合物(NNO)为5%,崩解剂硫酸铵为4%,乳化剂0201B为5%,黏结剂聚乙烯醇0.1%,填料为白炭黑。进一步确定了该制剂的配制方法及生产工艺,测定了产品的性能。结果表明,该产品分散性好,悬浮率大于90%,润湿时间小于20 s,崩解时间小于2 min,(54±2)℃、14 d后的热贮分解率小于5%,各项指标均符合水分散粒剂的要求。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐5％水分散粒剂的研制

通过对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐原药与多种助剂和填料选择实验，并对产品的各项指标进行检测．从中筛选出甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐5％水分散粒剂的最佳配方。实验证明，该产品悬浮率〉90％，崩解时间≤180s，热贮（54±2）℃，14d分解率〈5％，产品各项指标均符合水分散粒剂的要求。     

苯醚甲环唑60%水分散粒剂的研究

本文研究了润湿剂、分散剂、崩解剂、填料等因素对苯醚甲环唑60%水分散粒剂性能的影响,最终确定了苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的配方组成,以及把新型助剂加入配方中对配方的影响进行了研究。试验表明,该产品悬浮率超过85%,具有良好的物理和化学稳定性,新型助剂性能还需进一步改善。     

70%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂(WG)的研制

对70％甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂的配方进行了研究，确定最佳配方为以98％甲基硫菌灵为原药，润湿剂MF-3，分散剂聚羧酸盐，崩解剂硫酸铵，填料高岭土。试验结果表明：该产品悬浮率达到90％以上。崩解时间〈1min，在（54＋2）℃下，贮存2周后的分解率〈4％．且产品的各项技术指标和热贮稳定性均达到水分散粒剂的标准。     

苯醚甲环唑70%水分散粒剂制备研究

本文主要研究润湿剂、分散剂、崩解剂、填料等因素对苯醚甲环唑70%水分散粒剂性能的影响,确定了苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的配方组成,以及把新型助剂加入配方中对配方的影响进行了研究。试验表明,该产品悬浮率超过85%,具有良好的物理和化学稳定性,新型助剂性能还需进一步改善。     

吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉18.7%水分散粒剂的初步研究

本文主要研究润湿剂、分散剂、崩解剂、填料等因素对吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂性能的影响,确定了吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂的配方组成,以及把新型助剂加入配方中对配方的影响进行了研究。试验表明,该产品悬浮率超过90%,具有良好的物理和化学稳定性,新型助剂性能还需进一步改善。     

长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6水分散粒剂的研制

以土壤中分离得到的一株拮抗菌——长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6为研究对象,通过优化培养基配方及助剂类型的筛选,成功研制了长枝木霉T. longibrachiatum T6水分散粒剂,并测定了其贮存稳定性。结果表明:制备长枝木霉T6水分散粒剂的最佳配方(质量分数)为:羧甲基纤维素(紫外保护剂)0.5%,碳酸钙(稳定剂)4%,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP,黏结剂)5%,可溶性淀粉(崩解剂)5%,凹凸棒土(载体)5%及十二烷基硫酸钠(润湿剂)5%。由此配方制备的水分散粒剂中孢子含量为5.6×108 cfu/g,悬浮率53%,pH值6.0,水分含量3.5%,湿润时间52 s,且在冷藏温度为(4±2)℃条件下的稳定性显著高于在室温(25℃)下的。各项检测结果均符合国家标准。     

新疆焉耆垦区辣椒白粉病药剂防治研究

用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂、2%武夷菌素水剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、30%醚菌·啶酰菌悬浮剂、枯草芽孢杆菌S44菌株悬浮液等6种药剂对新疆焉耆垦区加工辣椒白粉病进行防治试验。结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液、2 000倍液和50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂2 000倍液对辣椒白粉病的防治效果分别为95.65%、89.54%和88.23%。10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2 000倍液可作为焉耆垦区辣椒白粉病的首选药剂,可与50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂2 000倍液交替使用。     

多种杀菌剂对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效

为筛选有效防控葡萄霜霉病的杀菌剂,选择了46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂、77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂、20%松脂酸铜水乳剂等13种杀菌剂开展田间药效试验。通过比较各处理防效,发现10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、30%烯酰·甲霜灵水分散粒剂、70%烯酰吗啉·霜脲氰水分散粒剂、47%烯酰吗啉·唑嘧菌胺悬浮剂、60%代森联·吡唑醚菌酯水分散粒剂对葡萄霜霉病的防效较高,相对病指防效在86.98%～93.01%之间,可用于生产中葡萄霜霉病的防治。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.