4种杀菌剂对瓜果腐霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了乙酸铜、噁霉灵、霜霉威、代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对瓜果腐霉病菌(Pythiumaphanidermatum)的毒力,各药剂的EC50值依次为:30.292 3、5.891 7、34.331 9、65.982 6μg/mL。可见噁霉灵30%水剂对瓜果腐霉病菌表现出较强的毒力。对4种杀菌剂还进行了田间黄瓜猝倒病的防治试验,其防效依次为83.65%、80.14%、80.91%、42.48%。根据室内毒力测定和田间药效试验结果,乙酸铜20%可湿性粉剂、噁霉灵30%水剂、霜霉威盐酸盐722克/升水剂对黄瓜猝倒病均具有较高的防效。     

25%噻虫·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂防治棉花苗期病虫害药效试验

试验表明,试验药剂25%噻虫·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂对棉花立枯、猝倒病及蚜虫的防效较好。在棉籽播前施药拌种基本能控制棉花苗期立枯病、猝倒病及蚜虫的为害,其内吸性较好,持效期较长。供试药剂在试验剂量范围内对作物生长无明显影响,是防治棉花苗期立枯病、猝倒病及蚜虫较理想的药剂。     

种衣剂9号、10号综合防治西瓜苗期病虫害试验研究

为解决西瓜连作死苗死秧问题,根据我国西瓜主要病虫种类,通过室内毒力测定、田间小区和大面积示范试验,研制出药肥复合型种衣剂9号和10号。经测定,包衣西瓜种子的安全有效用量为每100克种子需有效物0.3-0.5克。两种制剂均可防治连作田主要病害(西瓜苗期猝倒病、立枯病、炭疽病和苗期枯萎病等)。防病保苗效果为61-90％。种衣剂10号还能兼治苗期地下害虫(蝼蛄、地老虎)防效在69-81％,特别是防治传毒蚜虫,使病毒病发病株率降到0.56％以下,相对防效在94％以上。对解决夏播西瓜病毒病发生重的问题作用显著。此外,西瓜种子包衣可促进植株生育,大瓜率增加,增产13—14％。     

2,2,2-三氟乙基苯并[1,2,3]噻二唑-7-甲酸酯对黄瓜霜霉病的诱导抗病性

为明确2,2,2-三氟乙基苯并[1,2,3]噻二唑-7-甲酸酯(简称TBTC)对蔬菜病害的诱导抗病效果,以黄瓜霜霉病Pseudoperonospora cubensis为研究对象,进行了该化合物在盆栽及田间小区条件下的诱导抗病试验。结果表明:TBTC对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的诱抗活性,其中,盆栽试验中250 mg/L处理的平均防效为77.50%±1.79%,对照诱导抗病剂苯并噻二唑(BTH)的平均防效是71.72%±2.58%, 对照杀菌剂50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂在有效成分500 mg/L处理下的平均防效为71.46%±3.01%;两年的田间试验结果显示,TBTC 250 mg/L的处理对黄瓜霜霉病的最高防效达83.94%±2.09%,而BTH的最高防效为72.39%±2.91%,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂250 mg/L的最高防效是89.08%±1.95%,表明TBTC对田间黄瓜的霜霉病可产生诱导抗病效果。     

20％精喹禾灵乳油防除大豆田杂草的田间试验

采用田间小区试验方法进行20％精喹禾灵乳油防除大豆田一年生禾本科杂草的田间药效试验。结果表明：20％精喹禾灵乳油用药有效成分剂量应为45．0～52．5 g/hm2,该剂量下,20％精喹禾灵乳油搭配笔者单位自主研发的HY-01增效剂,能够有效防除夏大豆田的马唐、牛筋草、稗草;施药后30d,对禾本科杂草的鲜质量防效在95％以上,可见在推荐剂量下施用对大豆安全。     

新型杀菌剂吲唑磺菌胺对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果研究

2012和2013两年田间药效试验结果表明,吲唑磺菌胺200g/L悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好防效,使用80g(ai)/hm2的末次防效达82%以上,是防治黄瓜霜霉病较为理想的药剂,在推荐用量下使用对黄瓜安全。     

吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病的室内毒力测定及田间应用研究

以春雷霉素为对照药剂,采用生长速率法开展吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定试验。结果表明：吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌毒力很强,EGo和Ec如分别为1．1999、11．6096mg/L。田间药效试验表明：吩胺霉素防治黄瓜枯萎病效果较好,在150-250mg／L浓度范围内对该病害的防效为66．27-76．59％,且速效性和持效性等方面均优于对照药剂春雷霉素。     

6种杀菌剂对白术根腐病的田间防效

根腐病是贵州白术上最主要的病害。选用6种药剂对白术根腐病进行了田间防效试验。结果表明,移栽前药液浸泡处理白术种根,结合大田生长期药液灌根,80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液处理的病株防效可达84.21%,64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液防效为76.32%,30%噁霉灵水剂800倍液防效为75.00%。筛选出以上3种杀菌剂对白术根腐病防效较好,推荐在生产中交替使用。     

种子处理对西瓜苗期3种病害的防治效果

为了筛选防治西瓜苗期立枯病、猝倒病和枯萎病的有效种子处理剂,在人工控制的条件下,选择了6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂5种杀菌剂对西瓜种子进行处理。分析了处理种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性;以及在人工接种3种病原菌的胁迫下不同处理种子在基质中的出苗率和发病情况。结果表明:5种杀菌剂对种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性没有明显的影响,但3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣降低了每株幼苗的鲜重,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂浸种则提高了幼苗的整齐度。接种西瓜立枯病菌和猝倒病菌的种子出苗率降低,接种西瓜枯萎病菌的种子出苗率没有明显变化;6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣种子对西瓜立枯病的防效最佳,72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂浸种对西瓜猝倒病有一定的防效,对西瓜枯萎病的防治没有特别有效的药剂。     

除草剂对小麦田雀麦的生物活性测定

为筛选防除雀麦Bromus japonicus的高效除草剂,采用室内生物测定法研究了13种除草剂对雀麦的除草活性及5种除草剂的田间药效试验。结果表明,在田间推荐剂量的低剂量下,氟唑磺隆、啶磺草胺、氟噻草胺、甲基二磺隆、异丙隆、磺酰磺隆、丙苯磺隆7种除草剂对雀麦具有很高的防除效果,21 d鲜重抑制率分别为88.30%、86.32%、83.97%、78.47%、76.76%、72.83%、71.39%,高剂量下的21 d鲜重抑制率达98.57%、95.36%、91.58%、91.46%、89.47%、82.48%、82.20%;其中氟唑磺隆各剂量下的防效较其它除草剂高。而嘧啶肟草醚、苯唑草酮、炔草酯、吡氟酰草胺、唑啉草酯、精噁唑禾草灵6种除草剂对雀麦防效较差。氟唑磺隆、啶磺草胺、氟噻草胺、甲基二磺隆、异丙隆5种除草剂的田间药效试验表明,氟唑磺隆对雀麦防效最高,高剂量下20 d株防效达85.04%,药后40 d株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.94%和84.17%,未见小麦有明显药害症状,建议田间推荐用量为21.00~42.00 g(a.i.)/hm~2。表明雀麦对不同除草剂的敏感性存在差异,在供试的13种除草剂中氟唑磺隆对雀麦防效最高,较为安全,为防除雀麦的理想除草剂。     

Nonpathogenic Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and Benzothiadiazole Protect Cotton Seedlings Against Rhizoctonia Damping-Off and Alternaria Leaf Spot in Cotton

ABSTRACT Recent reports have shown induction of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot using nonpathogenic strains of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (np-BNR). This study evaluates the biocontrol ability of several np-BNR isolates against root and foliar diseases of cotton in greenhouse trials, provides evidence for induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a mechanism in this biocontrol, and compares the disease control provided by np-BNR with that provided by the chemical inducer benzothiadiazole (BTH). Pretreatment of cotton seedlings with np-BNR isolates provided good protection against pre- and post-emergence damping-off caused by a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4). Seedling stand of protected cotton was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of nonprotected seedlings. Several np-BNR isolates significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of BTH and np-BNR provided significant protection against seedling rot and leaf spot in cotton; however, the degree of disease reduction was comparable to that obtained with np-BNR treatment alone. Significant reduction in leaf spot symptoms caused by Alternaria macrospora occurred on cotyledons pretreated with np-BNR or sprayed with BTH, and the np- BNR-treated seedlings had significantly less leaf spot than BTH-treated seedlings. The results demonstrate that np-BNR isolates can protect cotton from infections caused by both root and leaf pathogens and that disease control was superior to that observed with a chemical inducer.     

Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani Associated with Soybean in Brazil

Rhizoctonia solani causes pre- and post-emergence damping-off, root and hypocotyl rot and foliar blight in soybean. Foliar blight has resulted in yield losses of 31–60% in north and northeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to characterize isolates of R. solani associated with soybean in Brazil. Among 73 Rhizoctonia isolates examined, six were binucleate and 67 were multinucleate. The multinucleate iso1ates were characterized according to hyphal anastomosis reaction, mycelial growth rate, thiamine requirement, sclerotia production, and RAPD molecular markers. Four isolates that caused hypocotyl rot belonged to AG-4 and using RAPD analysis they grouped together with the HGI subgroup. Another isolate that caused root and hypocotyl rots was thiamine auxotrophic, grew at 35°C, and belonged to AG-2-2 IIIB. All 62 isolates that caused foliar blight belonged to AG-1 IA. RAPD analysis of R. solani AG-1 IA soybean isolates showed high genetic similarity to a tester strain of AG-1 IA, confirming their classification. The teleomorph of R. solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris was produced in vitro by one AG-1 IA isolate from soybean. The AG-4 and AG-2-2 IIIB isolates caused damping-off and root and hypocotyl rots of soybean seedlings cv. FT-Cristalina, under greenhouse conditions. The AG-2-2 IIIB isolate caused large lesions on the cortex tissue, that was distinct from the symptoms caused by AG-4 isolates. The AG-1 IA isolates caused foliar blight in adult soybean plants cv. Xingu under the greenhouse and also in a detached-leaf assay.     

短密木霉新菌株BF06对黄瓜土传病害的防治效果与促生作用

连作导致枯萎病等土传病害发生日益严重,已成为我国黄瓜生产的重要限制因素。采用化学防治和农业措施防治土传根部病害,操作都较为困难,迫切需要开发环境友好的生物防治技术。本研究从森林土壤分离鉴定一株短密木霉菌株BF06,通过对峙培养发现该菌株可以附着和缠绕病原菌的菌丝,对引起黄瓜枯萎病、茎基腐病、菌核病、根腐病和疫病的病原菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum,Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae,and Phytophthora cryptogea具有较强的拮抗作用。温室盆栽试验发现短密木霉菌株BF06可以迅速附着定殖于黄瓜根部表面,对上述5种黄瓜根部病害的防效达60%以上,对黄瓜枯萎病和茎基腐病的防效分别为90.4和88.8%。此外,利用植物组织培养基培养观察发现BF06显著地促进幼苗黄瓜侧根的形成和生长。本研究的结果表明短密木霉菌株BF06是一种可以有效防治黄瓜根部病害的新生防资源。     

Pyoluteorin production byPseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is involved in the suppression ofPythium damping-off of cress but not of cucumber

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is an effective biocontrol agent of various soilborne pathogens. It controls damping-off or root rot caused byPythium ultimum on cucumber, wheat and cress. Strain CHA0 synthesizes several antibiotic metabolites such as hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and pyoluteorin. The role of pyoluteorin in the suppression of damping-off was investigated. Two Tn5 mutants (CHA660 and CHA661) of strain CHA0 were isolated which had lost the capacity to produce pyoluteorin but still produced 2,4-diacteylphloroglucinol and HCN. These mutants still inhibitedP. ultimum on malt agar (which favours the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) but had partially lost the ability to inhibit this pathogen on King's B agar (which favours the production of pyoluteorin). The two pyoluteorin-negative mutants showed a reduced capacity to suppress damping-off of cress caused byP. ultimum but were as effective in the protection of cucumber against this pathogen as the wild-type strain.These results indicate that, depending on the plant, pyoluteorin production plays a role in the suppression of damping-off by strain CHA0 without being a major mechanism in disease suppression. We suggest that the contribution of pyoluteorin to the biocontrol activity of strain CHA0 is determined by the quantity of this antibiotic produced in the rhizosphere, which might depend on the root exudates of the host plant.     

木霉菌对黄瓜生理特性及立枯病防治效果的影响

黄瓜立枯病是由立枯丝核菌（Rizoctonia solani,简称Rs）侵染引起的苗期土传病害。本研究采用前期筛选获得的对黄瓜立枯病菌Rs具有较强拮抗作用的木霉菌,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 437、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 670和752,通过盆栽试验和田间试验,测定对黄瓜幼苗的生长和生理特性、产量、品质以及立枯病防效的影响。结果显示：3株木霉菌均能显著促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,提高黄瓜幼苗的生理活性和保护性酶活性,对黄瓜立枯病的防效均在75%以上;木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、全株鲜重、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积,以及抗逆性酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶均显著高于对照。木霉与病原菌Rs共同处理的黄瓜幼苗,上述生长和生理生化指标均显著高于病原菌Rs单独处理。其中木霉670处理的黄瓜幼苗各项检测指标高于木霉437和752。此外,木霉菌处理的黄瓜单瓜重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、Vc含量、可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的增加。上述结果说明,本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理特性和保护性酶活性,促进了幼苗生长,提高了对黄瓜立枯病的抗性,改善了黄瓜产量和品质。     

芦苇内生真菌Choiromyces aboriginum Mü1w1c6的拮抗作用及其生物防治潜力

Choiromyces aboriginum Mü1w1c6是一株分离自芦苇的拮抗内生真菌。通过离体平板对峙培养检测和光学、电子显微镜观察,以及测定在活体植物上的拮抗活性,研究芦苇内生真菌Choiromyces aboriginum Mü1w1c6与病原菌及其寄主植物黄瓜之间的相互作用。对峙培养显示出较强的营养和空间竞争能力,对病原菌菌丝生长抑制率多高于60％,对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani的抑制率达到100%。显微观察证明它与多种病原菌有缠绕等重寄生现象。在互作研究中,C.aboriginum Mü1w1c6可成功定殖于黄瓜苗的根部,预先接种能有效抑制瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum在黄瓜根部组织细胞内的扩展和定殖,对P.aphanidermatum引起的黄瓜苗期猝倒病有良好的防效,接种一次内生菌防治效果为44.29%,接种两次生防效果高达88.49%。结果表明,C.aboriginum Mü1w1c6对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的拮抗活性,对黄瓜苗期猝倒病具有较好的生防潜力。     

太阳能消毒与植物根际促生菌(PGPR)联合对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果

为明确太阳能土壤消毒与植物根际促生菌(PGPR)联合对黄瓜根腐病防治效果, 在对温室进行太阳能土壤消毒之后, 采用蘸根和灌根的方式测定了解磷?抑菌效果较好的3个菌株JPG-5?LWG-5和YB-4对黄瓜根腐病的田间防治效果及其对黄瓜根围养分的影响?结果表明:1)YB-4 300倍蘸根对黄瓜根腐病防治效果最高, 病指防效为89.49%, 显著高于LWG-5 300倍和JPG-5 500倍的防治效果?2)LWG-5 500倍灌根对黄瓜根腐病防治效果最高, 为89.47%, 显著高于LWG-5 800倍和JPG-5 500倍防治效果?3)不管是灌根还是蘸根, JPG-5 500倍和YB-4 300倍均能显著提高黄瓜根围有效磷含量, 分别为99.68?86.81 mg/kg和84.30?86.56 mg/kg?因此, PGPR菌株在田间促进养分转化效果和对根腐病的防治效果综合评判, 用YB-4 300倍蘸根?JPG-5 500倍灌根和LWG-5 500倍灌根效果较好?     

Performance of three endophytic actinomycetes in relation to plant growth promotion and biological control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium aphanidermatum</Emphasis>, a pathogen of cucumber under commercial field production conditions in the United Arab Emirates

In the current study, the performance of three endophytic actinomycetes identified as Actinoplanes campanulatus, Micromonospora chalcea and Streptomyces spiralis previously shown to reduce seedling damping-off, and root and crown rots of mature cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in pots under greenhouse conditions were further evaluated to determine their potential as biological control agents and as plant growth promoters in the field under the conditions of commercial production of cucumbers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). When applied individually or in combination to cucumber seedlings, the three isolates significantly promoted plant growth and yield and reduced seedling damping-off and root and crown rots of mature cucumber plants. Individually the performance level of S. spiralis was relatively the best followed by A. campanulatus and then by M. chalcea. The three isolates (which were not inhibitory to each other) performed better, both as biological control agents as well as plant growth promoters, when applied together than when they were inoculated individually. The ability of these three isolates to colonize the internal tissues of roots, stems and leaves under field conditions, and to persist up to 8 weeks after seedling inoculation, showed that they can easily adapt to an endophytic habit systemically within healthy cucumber plants. As the three endophytic actinomycete isolates also colonized the rhizosphere and showed outstanding rhizosphere competency it is clear that they are facultative and not obligate endophytes. The success with the three inoculants indicated that they could well be used in place of the fungicide metalaxyl which is currently recommended for the management of Pythium diseases in the UAE. This is the first successful field use of endophytic actinomycetes as promising plant growth promoters and biological control agents against Pythium diseases of cucumber.     

抗生素2507对蔬菜卵菌病害的防治作用及稳定性研究

应用防治黄瓜苗期疫病生物测定法对分离获得的1368个放线菌菌株进行初步筛选。把防治效果达80 %以上的菌株作为初筛入选菌株 ,结果选出16个菌株进入复筛 ;然后对其产生的抗生素2507在温室进行防治黄瓜疫病试验和田小区防治小白菜霜霉病试验。结果表明 ,抗生素2507在温室人工接菌情况下 ,防治黄瓜疫病的效果可达95%以上 ,田间小区防治小白菜霜霉病的效果达到87.5%。抗生素2507具有较好的稳定性 ,能耐酸碱和储存     

Selection of bacterial antagonists for the biological control of Rhizoctonia solani in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Spore-forming bacteria isolated from oilseed rape (OSR) roots were tested for biological control activity against Rhizoctonia solani damping-off of OSR, using a simple slurry coat formulation. From a total of 239 strains which were tested, Bacillus subtilis 205 was selected as the most promising biocontrol agent (BCA). A known isolate of B. subtilis (NCIMB 12376), which had previously shown activity against R. solani in cotton, was used as a standard comparison throughout. In an in vivo screening, pre-emergence damping-off disease control by B. subtilis 205 was excellent, with plant stands being almost as high as non-diseased controls. However, post-emergence survival was less good, although the surviving plants exhibited significantly reduced hypocotyl rot. Growth-room trials which assessed the effect of ambient temperature on the biological control efficacy of B. subtilis strains 12376 and 205 showed that isolate 205 was more effective at lower temperatures. Disease control by isolate 205 at 15°C/10°C (day/night) suggests that this bacterium could operate under autumn sowing field conditions. Further investigations also indicated that the addition of iron (III) to the BCA formulation may enhance disease control by both bacilli. The potential of bacterial BCAs for the control of seedling diseases is discussed.