镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物的敏感性与其致病力相关分析

试验采用菌丝生长速率法测定了大蒜根系分泌物对3种供试植物病原镰刀菌的抑菌活性, 并进一步分析了18株从腐烂蒜瓣上分离的尖孢镰刀菌和12株从小麦赤霉病样分离的禾谷镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物的敏感性及致病力之间的关系。研究结果表明, 大蒜根系分泌物对供试镰刀菌均具有抑制活性, 但从腐烂蒜瓣上分离的尖孢镰刀菌对根系分泌物的敏感性低于其他菌株。致病力分析结果表明, 供试的18株尖孢镰刀菌均能使蒜瓣发病, 但致病力与其对根系分泌物的敏感性无明显相关性; 供试的禾谷镰刀菌中对根系分泌物不敏感的4株菌株能侵染蒜瓣, 但敏感性高的菌株不能侵染蒜瓣, 且根系分泌物对禾谷镰刀菌的抑制率与禾谷镰刀菌致病力之间呈显著的负相关。这表明大蒜根系分泌抑菌物质是根系抵御镰刀菌侵染的重要机制, 但一些菌株能对根系分泌物产生抗性, 从而侵染大蒜。综上所述, 大蒜根系分泌物对镰刀菌具有抑制活性, 可以利用大蒜和其他作物间作或轮作控制镰刀菌枯萎病的发生和蔓延, 但长期利用大蒜轮作或间作控制土传病害可能面临镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物产生抗性, 导致防效降低的风险。     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草镰刀菌根腐病的控制作用

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性,采用琼脂法培养大蒜,利用气相色谱—质谱技术（GC-MS）测定其主要成分,研究大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病的影响。对菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发的测定表明,当大蒜根系分泌物粗提物浓度为1 g/mL时,其菌丝生长抑制率为30.56%,孢子萌发抑制率高达100.00%。大蒜根系分泌物主要成份2,6—二异丙基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯分别对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有较强的抑菌作用。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的防控效果较好,其浓度为5 mmol/L,接菌21 d后其病情指数为55.00,防控效果达32.38%。大蒜根系分泌物及主要成分对尖孢镰刀菌所引起的烟草根腐病有显著的抑制作用,这为研制含大蒜成分的植物保护剂和间作套种大蒜防控烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病提供科学参考。     

大蒜与黄瓜轮作控制黄瓜疫病及其化感作用初探

传统农业种植中常将目标作物与化感作物轮作控制土传病害,但对化感作物控病机制研究较少。本文研究了温室大蒜与黄瓜轮作对黄瓜疫病的控制效果,并进一步研究了大蒜组织挥发物和浸提液对甜瓜疫霉Phytophthora melonis及黄瓜种子萌发的影响,以期为利用大蒜与黄瓜轮作控制黄瓜疫病提供理论指导。结果表明,大蒜与黄瓜轮作可以有效降低黄瓜疫病的发生;大蒜不同组织挥发物和浸提液对P.melonis的各生长阶段都表现出显著的抑菌活性,其中蒜瓣的抑菌活性最强,挥发物(紫皮蒜/白皮蒜)在含量0.5 g/皿时对菌丝生长的抑制率均为100%;蒜瓣浸提液(紫皮蒜/白皮蒜)在浓度1.67 mg/mL时对菌丝生长的抑制率分别为32%和45%;在浓度0.25 mg/mL时对游动孢子萌发的抑制率分别为98%和53%。另外,大蒜挥发物和浸提液在低浓度或含量对黄瓜种子的萌发并无显著抑制效果,但在中高浓度或含量会表现出延缓生长的现象。综上所述,大蒜不同组织产生和释放的化合物对P.melonis具有抑制活性,在生产上可以利用大蒜或大蒜秸秆与黄瓜轮作控制黄瓜疫病的发生。     

豆蚜为害对黄芪叶片总叶绿素及营养物质含量的影响

为了明确豆蚜与寄主黄芪的互作关系及机理,本研究在人工气候箱内培育黄芪幼苗至15~20 cm左右时,分别接入10日龄成蚜10、20、30头/株和40头/株,并以0头/株作为空白对照,在豆蚜持续取食2、4、6 d和8 d后,分别采集黄芪叶片,测定总叶绿素和营养物质的含量。结果表明,随着虫口密度的增加和取食时间的延长,黄芪叶片内总叶绿素和营养物质含量均发生变化。其中总叶绿素含量随着虫口密度增加和取食时间延长均逐渐下降。在40头/株虫口密度处理下,处理2 d,总叶绿素含量降低至11.06 mg/g,比对照降低41.97%。在相同处理时间下,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量随着虫口密度的增加而降低;在10、20头/株和30头/株虫口密度处理下,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量随取食时间的延长先下降,后升高,再下降,但在40头/株虫口密度处理下,随取食时间延长,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量逐渐下降,处理8 d,其含量为8.39 mg/g和27.33 mg/g,分别比对照下降41.86%和37.79%;在相同处理时间下,游离氨基酸含量随着虫口密度的增加而降低;在10头/株虫口密度处理下,随取食时间的延长先下降,后上升,再下降,其他虫口密度处理下,游离氨基酸含量随取食时间的延长,均呈逐渐递减趋势;在30和40头/株虫口密度处理下,为害2 d,游离氨基酸含量为8.49 μmol/g和7.69 μmol/g,分别比对照降低40.30%和45.92%,以后(4~8 d)其含量与处理2 d时无显著差异(P＞0.05)。综上,随着虫口密度增加和取食时间的延长,黄芪叶片内叶绿素和营养物质含量均发生变化,这对中草药黄芪的蚜虫防治具有参考价值。     

黄瓜根分泌物中的7,8-苯并黄酮及其对枯萎病发生的影响

分别提取黄瓜枯萎病感病品种津研4号和抗病品种中农10号的根分泌物,感病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液能够刺激枯萎病菌的菌丝生长,而抗病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液则抑制病原菌生长。利用LC-MS/MS技术分别对感病品种和抗病品种根分泌物中的差异物质进行分析鉴定。与感病品种津研4号相比,抗病品种中农10号根分泌物中含有7,8-苯并黄酮(7,8-BF),含量为0.02μg/株。50μg/mL的7,8-BF能够显著抑制黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,而100μg/mL的7,8-BF能显著抑制抗感品种侧根形成,但是抗病品种的耐受力高于感病品种。用7,8-BF处理黄瓜种子,枯萎病侵染程度显著降低。当7,8-苯并黄酮浓度为50μg/mL时,感病品种病情指数从71.7降为30.8,达到中抗水平。     

丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及对纹枯病的防治效果

为明确丙环唑对水稻纹枯病的防治作用,通过离体抑菌试验,温室盆钵试验和田间试验研究了丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用和对纹枯病的防治效果.离体抑菌试验表明,丙环唑能够强烈抑制水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的菌丝生长,EC50为0.045 μg/mL,并能够强烈抑制菌核产生,但不能抑制菌核萌发.温室试验表明,纹枯病菌经丙环唑处理后,致病力随药剂浓度提高而显著减弱;丙环唑可以很好地被水稻叶片和根系吸收,并输送到水稻的茎部和叶鞘;丙环唑对水稻纹枯病具有保护和治疗作用,400 μg/mL丙环唑处理水稻,抑制病斑长度分别达到82.16％和76.61％,并随药剂处理浓度的降低而降低;丙环唑对立枯丝核菌有较长的持效期,800 μg/mL处理水稻11 d后再接种的防效为40.10％.田间药效试验表明,25％的丙环唑乳油在有效剂量150 g/hm2下3次喷药后14 d的防效达到89.15％,丙环唑在本试验剂量范围内对水稻安全.表明丙环唑对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用,可为生产上防治水稻纹枯病和科学用药提供依据.     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病的影响

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈法和盆栽试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及其主要成分对烟草青枯病的影响。结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物浓度为1 g/mL时,对烟草青枯病菌抑制效果最好,其抑菌率为53.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成分的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为：2,6-二异丙基苯酚＞二烯丙基二硫＞2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚＞邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。其中,2,6-二异丙基酚对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用最强,在1和5 mmol/L时的抑菌率分别为99.66%和100.00%;在盆栽试验中也具有较好的防治效果,接种后7 d和14 d后,其防效分别为34.75%和31.35%。因此,大蒜根系分泌物及其成分均对烟草青枯病有明显的抑制作用。本研究揭示了大蒜作为轮作或间作作物对烟草青枯病的防控机理,以及大蒜根系分泌物和2,6-二异丙基酚作为烟草青枯病防治剂的潜力。     

戊唑醇对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用及在水稻上的应用

戊唑醇是一种高效、广谱、内吸性强的三唑类杀菌剂。研究表明,在离体条件下其对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn菌丝生长具有很强的抑制作用,EC50值为0.509 μg/mL。无论在天然培养基(LBA)还是在半组合培养基(AEA)上,戊唑醇均会抑制菌核的产生,且菌核的产量随着药剂浓度的增加而降低;虽然其对菌核的萌发无影响,但对菌核萌发后菌丝的生长有强烈的抑制作用。温室试验结果表明,立枯丝核菌菌碟经戊唑醇处理后,其对分蘖期水稻植株的致病力随着药剂浓度的提高而下降;戊唑醇可很好地被水稻叶片和根系吸收,并输送到水稻的茎部;对水稻纹枯病具有保护和治疗作用,EC50值分别为58.03和62.53 μg/mL;对立枯丝核具有较长的持效期,800 μg/mL处理水稻7 d后再接种的防效为41.46%。田间药效试验表明,43%的戊唑醇悬浮剂在有效剂量116.10 g/hm2下两次喷药后15 d的防效达71.97%。该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对水稻安全。     

新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺对水稻恶苗病的防治研究（英文）

藤仓镰孢菌Fusarium fujikuroi是引起水稻恶苗病的主要致病菌,氟唑菌酰羟胺(pydiflumetofen)是一种新型的琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(SDHI)类杀菌剂。氟唑菌酰羟胺对藤仓镰孢菌的生物活性及其对水稻恶苗病的防治效果尚不明确。本研究从江苏和浙江两省不同地区分离鉴定出100株藤仓镰孢菌,通过菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法建立了藤仓镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线,测定了该药剂对藤仓镰孢菌的生理影响及其对水稻恶苗病的防治效果。结果表明:氟唑菌酰羟胺对100株藤仓镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC50值的范围为0.012 5～0.111 8μg/mL,平均值为0.050 3 (±0.002 9)μg/mL;对100株藤仓镰孢菌孢子萌发的EC50值的范围在0.000 1～0.024 5μg/mL之间,平均值为0.003 8 (±0.000 5)μg/mL。用0.05μg/mL (EC50值)或1.3μg/mL (EC90值)的氟唑菌酰羟胺处理藤仓镰孢菌菌丝体后,菌丝体顶端分支增多、产孢量下降、细胞膜和细胞器(如线粒体)受损、细胞内含物渗漏增加,胞外多糖产量无变化,而过氧化物酶活性下降。用200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂按有效成分10、15和20 g的剂量拌种处理100 kg水稻种子,对水稻恶苗病的防治效果分别为94.77%、98.60%和100%。研究结果说明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对藤仓镰孢菌高活性,对水稻恶苗病具有优异的防治效果。     

薇甘菊化感作用的初步研究

薇甘菊(M ikania m icrantha)提取物乙醇部分对水稻、萝卜、黄瓜、菜心具有不同程度的化感作用,总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象,且随着溶液浓度增大而抑制作用增强。其中干物质为0.1 g/m l的乙醇部分溶液对菜心的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长抑制作用最为明显;干物质为0.01 g/m l溶液对水稻的根长生长有明显的促进作用;干物质为0.002 g/m l溶液对水稻、菜心的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长也有一定的促进作用。     

Effect of rice growth stages and silicon on sheath blight development

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon (Si) and rice growth stages on tissue susceptibility to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) under controlled conditions. Rice plants (cv. Rio Formoso) were grown in pots containing low-Si soil amended with Si at 0, 0.48, 0.96, 1.44, and 1.92 g pot(-1) and inoculated with R. solani at the following days after emergence: 45 (four-leaf stage), 65 (eight-leaf stage), 85 (tillering), 117 (booting), and 130 (panicle exsertion). For plants inoculated with R. solani at all growth stages, Si concentration in straw increased as rate of Si increased from 0 to 1.92 g pot(-1). Concentration of calcium in the straw did not differ among plant growth stages. Although incubation period was not affected by the amount of Si added to the soil, this variable was shorter at booting and panicle exsertion stages. As the rates of Si increased in the soil, the total number of sheath blight lesions on sheaths and total area under the relative lesion extension curve decreased at all plant growth stages. The severity of sheath blight was lower at booting and panicle exsertion stages as the rates of Si increased in the soil. In general, plants grown in Si-nonamended pots and inoculated with R. solani were more vulnerable to infection at all growth stages, but especially at 45 days after emergence. Plant dry weights for inoculated plants increased as the Si rates increased from 0 to 1.92 g pot(-1). The greatest dry weight increases occurred for plants inoculated at booting and panicle exsertion stages. Si fertilization is a promising method for controlling sheath blight in areas where soil is Si deficient and when cultivars that exhibit an acceptable level of resistance to sheath blight are not available for commercial use.     

Effects of garlic (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium sativum</Emphasis>) juice containing allicin on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> and downy mildew of cucumber caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoperonospora cubensis</Emphasis>

The volatile antimicrobial substance allicin (diallylthiosulphinate) is produced in garlic when the tissues are damaged and the substrate allicin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulphoxide) mixes with the enzyme alliin-lyase (E.C.4.4.1.4). Allicin undergoes thiol-disulphide exchange reactions with free thiol groups in proteins and it is thought that this is the basis of its antimicrobial action. At 50 μg ml^-1, allicin in garlic juice inhibited the germination of sporangia and cysts and subsequent germ tube growth by Phytophthora infestans both in vitro and in vivo on the leaf surface. Disease severity in P. infestans-infected tomato seedlings was also reduced by spraying leaves with garlic juice containing allicin over the range tested (55–110 μg ml⁻¹) with an effectiveness ranging from approximately 45–100%. Similarly, in growth room experiments at concentrations from 50–1,000 μg ml⁻¹, allicin in garlic juice reduced the severity of cucumber downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis by approximately 50–100%. These results suggest a potential for developing preparations from garlic for use in specialised aspects of organic farming, e.g. for reducing pathogen inoculum potential and perhaps for use under glass in horticulture.     

Effect of Biochar on Immobilization of Cadmium and Soil Chemical Properties

A pot experiment was conducted at Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. To conduct the experiment, eight kilograms of air-dried soil were taken in each pot and the amendment biochar was added and mixed properly at different levels like 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w), respectively. All pots were spiked with Cd solution at the concentration of 10?mg kg^?1. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Fourteen days old nursery plants of rice Oryza sativa L. were transplanted into pots. Five rice plants were grown in each pot. After transplantation of rice plant, the nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers (Urea and DAP) were incorporated at the standard rate. Standing water condition was kept for rice grown in pots. Rice plants were harvested after 70 days germination. Soil samples were collected from each pot after plant harvesting. After soil analysis, the given data elaborated that the concentration of Cd in soil was stabilized by the amendment from 8.7?mg kg^?1 (0%) to 4.2?mg kg^?1 (4%). Among the other soil parameters the minimum soil pH (7.31), EC (0.151?dSm^?1), soil organic matter (0.63%), N (0.13%), P (4.72?mg kg^?1) and K (55.6?mg kg^?1) were noted at 0% biochar application, while maximum pH (8.23), EC (0.231?dSm^?1), soil organic matter (1.67%), N (0.25%), P (8.96?mg kg^?1) and K (93?mg kg^?1) were found in the pot treated with 4% biochar. Hence, it was concluded that Cd was significantly immobilized with 4% biochar application.

     

不同生态型杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验初步研究采自上海市青浦区、浦东新区、嘉定区等地的籼型和偏籼型杂草稻以及采自崇明区的粳型杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。结果表明,在水稻营养生长期,不同籼型、偏籼型杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜质量、分蘖数、倒二叶长、倒二叶宽均未有明显影响;而籼型和偏籼型杂草稻密度对产量构成因子有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、结实率等均能产生一定影响,而粳型杂草稻只对水稻有效穗数、结实率、千粒质量等产生一定影响,实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加呈下降趋势。青浦区、浦东新区、嘉定区等地的籼型、偏籼型杂草稻和崇明区粳型杂草稻导致水稻产量损失50%时的密度分别为8.19、12.82、15.45、19.82株/m~2。     

The phytotoxicity potential of olive processing waste on selected weeds and crop plants

The effect of sun-dried OPW (olive processing waste) on weeds and crop plants, was investigated at the Adnan Menderes University Research and Application Farm between 2006 and 2007. Sun-dried OPW was placed in pots in doses of 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 grams per pot, which is equivalent to doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg m⁻²; pots with no OPW served as controls. In these experiments, ten seeds each of wild oat (Avena fatua), sterile oat (Avena sterilis), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), and sesame (Sesamum indicum) were sown in pots; for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), seedlings were planted in pots. Seedlings of both weeds and crop plants were counted in order to assess the effects of sun-dried OPW on plant emergence. One plant was left per pot for observation of the effects of sun-dried OPW treatments on weed and crop plant growth. The results showed that OPW can be used to suppress the growth of all the weeds listed above, in pots containing V. faba, P. sativum and S.indicum plants and without any negative effects on crop growth.     

黄花棘豆甲醇提取液对油菜、燕麦、反枝苋和狗尾草萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过室内生测法,研究了不同浓度的黄花棘豆甲醇提取液对油菜、燕麦、反枝苋和狗尾草萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：黄花棘豆植株地上部分和地下部分的甲醇提取液对4种受体的萌发和幼苗生长均有影响,显著抑制了4种受体萌发和生长。同时随着浓度的降低,其抑制作用逐渐减弱,表现出较强的浓度效应。其中浓度为0.100 g/mL的黄花棘豆甲醇提取液对油菜、燕麦、反枝苋和狗尾草的种子萌发、幼苗生长和根生长抑制作用最为明显。     

链霉菌Sa-21对烟草黑胫病的防效及抑菌作用研究

烟草疫霉引起的烟草黑胫病,是烟草生产上的重要病害之一。为了明确链霉菌Sa-21防治烟草黑胫病的应用潜力,用盆栽试验测定了链霉菌Sa-21的生防效果,并用生长速率法等手段探讨了链霉菌Sa-21对烟草疫霉的抑菌作用。盆栽试验表明,链霉菌Sa-21菌株发酵液对苗期和成株期烟草黑胫病有较好的控制效果,最高防效可达98.39%。菌株Sa-21粗浸膏对烟草疫霉菌丝生长的抑菌中浓度为56.1 μg/mL,50 μg/mL的粗浸膏处理后可以降低50%的菌丝生物量。菌株Sa-21粗浸膏对烟草疫霉孢子囊的产生、游动孢子释放、休止孢萌发以及细胞膜透性均有抑制作用,100 μg/mL的粗浸膏基本能够完全抑制孢子囊的产生,并且对游动孢子释放的抑制率达50%以上;粗浸膏浓度为150 μg/mL时,对休止孢萌发的抑制率达94.35%;随着粗浸膏浓度增加,菌丝细胞膜的透性也会加大。研究结果表明,链霉菌Sa-21代谢物对烟草疫霉的生长繁殖产生抑制作用,并为链霉菌Sa-21生防菌剂的开发及其对烟草黑胫病的防治提供了理论依据。