麦田蜘蛛常见种的识别

麦田蜘蛛为麦类害虫的重要捕食性天敌。麦类作物既是农田蜘蛛的重要越冬场所,又是农田蜘蛛早春的繁殖基地。因此,加强对麦田蜘蛛的保护,不仅可以直接充分发挥对麦类害虫的控制作用,而且对增加后继作物田内蜘蛛的种群数量有着重要的意义。     

麦类根输导组织坚韧度与抗旱性的关系

研究了抗旱性不同的９种小麦属和１种大麦属在水分胁迫条件下根输导组织的坚韧度与地上部分水分状况及气体交换状况的关系。抗旱性较强的麦类，其根部的纤维素和木质素含量均高于抗旱性较差的麦类，经过－０．９３ＭＰａ的水分胁迫１０ｈ后，输导组织坚韧度较大的麦类根和茎的直径变化很小，而输导组织坚韧度较差的麦类根和茎的直径在水分胁迫后都显著降低。随着水分胁迫强度的增大，根部输导组织坚韧度较差的麦类，叶片相对含水量明     

甘肃麦类作物蓟马种类

作者于1982—1987年参加全省麦类作物害虫调查,本文记述了危害麦类作物的蓟马16种。提供了分布与成虫田间识别检索表和防治方法。     

中国麦类蚜虫鉴别

蚜虫是麦田中的一大类重要害虫。其危害性极大,不仅通过大量取食植株汁液造成麦类植林生长迟缓,而且传播多种病毒,时常造成麦类作物的大量减产。近年来,由于大气环境的一系列变化,气温升高、干旱频繁等气候因子的影响,使麦蚜发生有逐年严重的趋势,同时种类组成也有了一些变化。为了更好地为农业生产服务,使麦类蚜虫的普查和测报工作更加准确无误,本文给出了目前已知的我国麦类蚜虫的种类系统检索。     

寄生麦类作物的胞囊线虫种类,分布及其鉴定特征

寄生麦类作物的胞囊线虫种类、分布及其鉴定特征郑经武，林茂松，方中达（南京农业大学植保系２１００９５）很多属的植物寄生线虫可在麦类作物上寄生及危害，影响麦类作物的产量及品质。其中以胞囊线虫属ＨｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａＳｃｈｍｉｄｔ，１８７１的胞囊线虫发生最普...     

欢迎订阅2013年《麦类作物学报》

《麦类作物学报》是由教育部主管、西北农林科技大学和国家小麦工程技术研究中心联合主办的专业性学术期刊,也是全国唯一的一份麦类作物专刊。主要刊载麦类作物(小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦等)遗传育种、生理生化、栽培管理、食品加工、产品贸易等方面有创见性的学术论文、领先水平的科研成果、学术报告、有新意的文献综述以及学术动态等。读者对象为国内外农业科技人员、农业院校师生及高级农业技术推广和管理人员。     

危害美国小麦的3种检疫性病原真菌

本文介绍了我国进境检疫性有害生物名录中新增加的危害美国小麦的3种病原真菌(麦类条斑病菌、小麦基腐病菌、麦类壳多胞斑点病菌)的分类地位、分布、寄主、为害情况、生物学特性和防治措施,以供口岸人员检疫参考.     

苏北沿海麦类作物后期病虫综合防治技术

苏北沿海麦类作物后期病虫综合防治技术沈金凤（江苏省大丰市种子公司２２４１００）沈书龙姜春义沈田辉王晓玲金中时张吉林（江苏省大丰市植保站江苏大丰市麦类作物常年植面积６３万亩左右,其中小麦３３万亩。据统计,每年后期因病虫危害损失仅小麦达５００～６００万斤...     

麦田后期害虫的天敌考查

近年来,湖北省小麦面积,特别是棉麦套种面积逐年增加,麦类害虫有上升趋势,摸清麦田后期的天敌种类及其发生特点,对于开展麦类害虫以及棉花苗期害虫的天敌保护和利用都有着十分盈要的意义。为此,我们从1981—1982年开展了此项研究,现将结果初报如下。     

麦类赤霉病研究进展

由镰刀菌引起的麦类赤霉病是大麦和小麦最重要的病害之一。本文综述了近年来在麦类赤霉病致病病原菌种及分子鉴定、病原菌产毒及毒素化学型分子检测、大、小麦赤霉病病原菌种群结构、病原菌抗药性及新药剂研发、病害流行预测和品种抗病性研究等方面的进展。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.