气候变化下基于GIS的农田恶性杂草旱雀麦在中国的分布与发展趋势

为确定旱雀麦在我国的空间分布及其对气候变化的响应,以期进一步开展生态防控,本研究利用旱雀麦在中国的地理分布数据,结合当前气候数据和未来气候变化情景（RCP8.5情景下2050s,2070s）,建立最大熵模型（MaxEnt模型）,确定影响旱雀麦分布的主导环境因子。应用地理信息系统（GIS）对中国地区旱雀麦的适生区进行划分,以ROC曲线作为模拟的准确性评价指标。结果表明,MaxEnt模型模拟效果极好（AUC=0.965）;当前气候条件下,旱雀麦适生面积为2.5534×10⁶ km²,主要集中分布于青海省东北部、甘肃省与青海省接壤的地区、四川省的西北部,以及新疆的西北部;其中影响旱雀麦分布的主要环境因子为海拔、bio12（年降水量）、bio9（最干季度平均温度）和bio15（降水量季变异系数）,其贡献率分别为45.0%、17.5%、9.7%、9.7%,累计贡献率达81.9%;在RCP8.5情景下,未来2个时期,旱雀麦潜在高适生区分布面积与当前相比增加了12.2%~23.3%,但RCP8.5情景下2070s较RCP8.5情景下2050s旱雀麦的潜在高度适生区分布面积减少了8.9%。综上所述,气候变化情景下旱雀麦的潜在分布面积呈现出扩大趋势,且RCP8.5情景下2070s较RCP8.5情景下2050s的适生区分布面积有缩减趋势。     

气候变化情景下四川省猕猴桃溃疡病菌潜在地理分布模拟

近年来,猕猴桃溃疡病在四川各猕猴桃主产区严重发生,造成严重经济损失。本研究采用MaxEnt模型分析四川省猕猴桃溃疡病菌潜在分布,并预测2030年代、2050年代、2070年代和2080年代的RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5等3种气候变化情景下适生区变化。预测结果运用ROC曲线评价模拟准确性。结果表明:所建立13个模型的训练数据和测试数据AUC (areas under curve)值均高于0.9,达到极高的精度。当前气候条件下,猕猴桃溃疡病菌在四川的高适生区主要位于成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、广元市、巴中市、达州市和雅安市,中适生区在四川21地市州均有分布。2030年代-2080年代,气候变化情景下,与当前情景相比,高适生区和低适生区区域均显著增加,中适生区区域先增加后减少,不同适生区几何中心位置和迁移规律均有所不同但总体上均向北移动。     

气候变化情景下基于MaxEnt的麦瘟病在全球及中国的适生性分析

麦瘟病是小麦生产上的一种毁灭性真菌病害, 过去仅在南美洲流行?2016年该病害在亚洲的孟加拉国首次出现, 给世界尤其我国小麦生产带来重大潜在威胁?本研究基于麦瘟病当前在全球(包括孟加拉国)的分布数据和生物气候数据, 采用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件, 预测了当前气候条件下麦瘟病在全球特别是在我国的潜在适生区, 以及RCP2.6?RCP4.5?RCP6.0和RCP8.5 4种气候变化情景下2030s?2050s和2070s麦瘟病在中国潜在适生区分布范围, 进而以刀切法分析了影响其分布的主要气候因子, 并采用ROC对预测结果进行检验?结果表明, 在当前和未来不同气候情景下, 麦瘟病在中国的中风险和高风险区面积将呈增加趋势, 未来情景下与当前气候情景下相比, 中风险和高风险区的面积比例增加范围为0.08%~1.63%, 其中温度和湿度条件对麦瘟病的潜在分布区影响最大?此研究结果对于我国麦瘟病的检疫和防控提供了技术支撑?     

气候变化对新疆意大利蝗潜在分布的影响

意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)是新疆草原主要优势蝗虫之一,每年给新疆畜牧业经济带来严重损失,气候变化对其潜在分布影响的预测对其科学防治有重要意义。本研究采用意大利蝗的分布数据和生物气候数据,结合MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件,预测了BCC_CSM1.1气候模式下政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次工作报告(IPCC AR5)采用的RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种气候情景在2021-2040年(2030s)、2041-2060年(2050s)和2061-2080年(2070s)的意大利蝗新疆潜在适生区分布范围。结果表明:在BCC_CSM1.1的各情景下,意大利蝗适生区在北疆及天山一带分布格局基本保持不变,但高度适生区面积都有所增加,其中在天山和阿尔泰山地区,意大利蝗中、高度适生区范围将向更高海拔区域蔓延,在北疆阿勒泰地区高度适生区明显增加。极端水分条件和水热条件对意大利蝗在新疆潜在分布发挥主要作用,其中4月、10月、3月和11月降水量对意大利蝗在新疆潜在分布影响最大,因其直接影响土壤相对含水量和土壤温度,从而决定意大利蝗卵的存活量。     

气候变化情景下革苞菊属在中国的潜在地理分布北大核心CSCD

革苞菊属(Tugarinovia Iljin)为阿拉善荒漠特有属,预测气候变化对革苞菊属潜在地理分布的影响对其保护至关重要。本研究基于革苞菊属当前在中国的34个分布点和22个环境变量,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟当前和未来(2050s、2070s)3种共享社会经济路径下(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5)革苞菊属在中国的分布格局变化,采用ROC曲线下方的面积AUC值检验模型预测效果,以刀切法和综合贡献率分析影响其分布的主要环境因子。结果表明:(1)MaxEnt模型模拟准确度较高(AUC=0.992);海拔、最暖季度降水量、最冷季度降水量和年平均温度是影响革苞菊属地理分布的主导环境因子。(2)当前革苞菊属适生区面积和高适生区面积范围均较小,适生区面积为37.08×10^(4)km^(2),高适生区面积为6.89×10^(4)km^(2),主要沿着阴山和贺兰山一带呈破碎化分布。(3)未来3种气候情景下革苞菊属高适生区面积总体呈增加趋势,且在SSP5-8.5气候情景下增加幅度较大;其适生区质心主要向东(阿拉善左旗)迁移。     

裂尾剑线虫在中国的适生性分析

裂尾剑线虫是一种具有高度杂食性和传毒性的农林有害生物,可危害多种果蔬和农作物,能传播南芥菜花叶病毒和草莓潜隐环斑病毒等多种植物病毒。本文利用最大熵模型MaxEnt对裂尾剑线虫在中国的适生区域进行预测,并利用刀切法对影响裂尾剑线虫分布的环境因子进行评估。结果表明裂尾剑线虫在我国适生区面积约占全国面积的31.8%;其中高、中、低度适生区分别占全国面积4.2%、7.7%和19.9%。我国适生区主要集中于北纬38°以南,东经92°以东,高度适生区集中在北纬22°～32°之间。bio11最冷季平均温度、bio19最冷季降水量、bio3等温性、bio17最干季降水量、bio10最暖季平均温度、bio8最湿季平均温度是影响裂尾剑线虫潜在地理分布的主要环境因子。各地检疫部门需加强检疫,防止裂尾剑线虫传入我国。     

基于MaxEnt模型预测蒜芥茄在中国的潜在地理分布

为明确蒜芥茄（Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.）在我国的适生性,根据蒜芥茄在全球最新分布数据和气候环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型结合ArcGIS软件对其在我国的潜在地理分布进行预测,并对相关环境因子对预测结果的影响进行分析。研究结果显示：蒜芥茄在我国的适生区包括华南全部地区,华中、华东大部分地区,西南、西北部分地区以及华北零星地区。未来气候条件与历史气候条件下的适生范围基本一致,适生程度在不同气候情景下存在一定差异。对预测结果的重要性排前三的环境变量是温度季节变化bio4、最冷季度平均温度bio11、最暖季度平均温度bio10。研究结果可为蒜芥茄在我国的发生提供早期预警和有效防控提供科学指导。     

气候变化对河北坝上不留茬农田土壤风蚀扬尘排放速率的影响

基于全球气候模式NorESM1-M产生的RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5气候变化情景数据,利用国家原环境保护部推荐的土壤风蚀扬尘计算方法,模拟分析了未来气候变化对河北坝上砂粘壤土、粘壤土、壤粘土、砂壤土、砂粘土和风沙土不留茬农田土壤风蚀扬尘总可悬浮颗粒物（Total suspended particle, TSP）、 PM₁₀和PM_2.5的季节和年排放速率影响。结果显示：气候变化影响下坝上地区气温上升,年降水量和风速波动较大,不同情景下变化趋势不同。RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景与基准情景下比较,不同土壤风蚀扬尘TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5季节排放速率在春季分别高15%、47%、28%和46%,夏季分别高1%、14%、3%和7%,秋季分别高17%、54%、45%和38%,冬季分别低36%、42%、39%和44%。在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景下与基准情景下比较,按月排放累加计算,各土壤风蚀扬尘TSP、PM_10<...     

基于MaxEnt模型预测苹红缢管蚜在中国的适生区

为评估苹红缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae入侵我国的潜在地理分布范围,基于其在全球的118个分布点和筛选的9个环境变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件对苹红缢管蚜于当前和未来气候条件下在我国的潜在适生区进行预测。结果表明,基于苹红缢管蚜的全球分布数据,MaxEnt模型预测的平均AUC值为0.919,预测结果准确性较高。当前气候条件下,苹红缢管蚜在我国的总适生区面积占全国陆地面积的48.73%,其中高、中、低适生区的面积分别占全国陆地面积的5.92%、13.30%和29.51%,高适生区主要位于河南、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、贵州、江西、浙江、福建、广西、台湾等省区。未来RCP2.6和RCP8.5气候情景下,苹红缢管蚜在我国的总适生区面积增加并呈逐渐向东北方向迁移扩散的趋势,其中低适生区面积逐渐增加,高、中适生区面积逐渐减少,原先中南部的高适生区逐渐转变为低适生区或非适生区,但新疆维吾尔自治区北部、吉林省与辽宁省边界处的高适生区面积呈逐渐增加趋势。表明苹红缢管蚜在我国的适生范围极为广泛,具有较高的入侵风险,应加强进境口岸对该虫的检疫监管力度。     

气候变化背景下未来中国气候生产潜力时空动态格局

基于气温及降水数据,运用Thornthwaite Memorial模型,分析了气候变化背景下中国未来(2021-2099年)RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景相对于基准期(1986-2005年)气候生产潜力的时空分布及动态变化特征。结果表明:基准期、未来RCP4.5及RCP8.5情景下中国气候生产潜力(CPP)年均值分别为754.14、878.48、920.34g/(m~2·a)。未来CPP呈显著增加趋势,但并未发生突变。其中,RCP4.5情景下年均增加124.34g/(m~2·a),只21世纪前半叶显著增加;RCP8.5情景下年均增加166.20g/(m~2·a),21世纪前半、后半叶均显著增加,且后半叶增幅更大。未来RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下中国CPP呈年代际递增趋势,20年代最低,分别为841.90、849.94g/(m~2·a),90年代最高,分别为894.43、1001.44g/(m~2·a);随着年代增加距平百分率由负到正,增幅逐渐变大。在空间上CPP总体呈现出从西北向东南逐渐递增的带状分布。未来CPP在大部分区域都增加,增幅在北部大于南部,大部分地区增幅在300g/(m~2·a)以下,只有西北部分地区增幅超过600g/(m~2·a),最高达14倍。在西、南部少数地区,未来CPP将下降,最大降幅为293g/(m~2·a)(93%)。该研究对于未来合理利用气候资源、科学应对气候变化、实施可持续发展战略具有一定的指导意义。     

Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging

Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21~(st) century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains(TKM) based on the general circulation model(GCM) simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5(CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging(BMA) technique. Results show that(1) BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables;(2) at the end of the 21~(st) century(2070–2099) under RCP8.5, compared to the control period(1976–2005), annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%;(3) precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and(4) snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.     

Runoff of arid and semi-arid regions simulated and projected by CLM-DTVGM and its multi-scale fluctuations as revealed by EEMD analysis

Runoff is a major component of the water cycle,and its multi-scale fluctuations are important to water resources management across arid and semi-arid regions.This paper coupled the Distributed Time Variant Gain Model(DTVGM)into the Community Land Model(CLM 3.5),replacing the TOPMODEL-based method to simulate runoff in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.The coupled model was calibrated at five gauging stations for the period 1980–2005 and validated for the period 2006–2010.Then,future runoff(2010–2100)was simulated for different Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP)emission scenarios.After that,the spatial distributions of the future runoff for these scenarios were discussed,and the multi-scale fluctuation characteristics of the future annual runoff for the RCP scenarios were explored using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition(EEMD)analysis method.Finally,the decadal variabilities of the future annual runoff for the entire study area and the five catchments in it were investigated.The results showed that the future annual runoff had slowly decreasing trends for scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 during the period 2010–2100,whereas it had a non-monotonic trend for the RCP 4.5 scenario,with a slow increase after the 2050 s.Additionally,the future annual runoff clearly varied over a decadal time scale,indicating that it had clear divisions between dry and wet periods.The longest dry period was approximately 15 years(2040–2055)for the RCP 2.6 scenario and 25 years(2045–2070)for the RCP 4.5 scenario.However,the RCP 8.5 scenario was predicted to have a long dry period starting from 2045.Under these scenarios,the water resources situation of the study area will be extremely severe.Therefore,adaptive water management measures addressing climate change should be adopted to proactively confront the risks of water resources.     

Economic losses from reduced freshwater under future climate scenarios: An example from the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

As important freshwater resources in alpine basins, glaciers and snow cover tend to decline due to climate warming, thus affecting the amount of water available downstream and even regional economic development. However, impact assessments of the economic losses caused by reductions in freshwater supply are quite limited. This study aims to project changes in glacier meltwater and snowmelt of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains under future climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 (RCP, Representative Concentration Pathway), RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) by applying a hydrological model and estimate the economic losses from future meltwater reduction for industrial, agricultural, service, and domestic water uses combined with the present value method for the 2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s. The results indicate that total annual glacier meltwater and snowmelt will decrease by 65.6% and 74.5% under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by the 2090s relative to the baseline period (1980-2010), respectively. Compared to the RCP2.6 scenario, the projected economic loss values of total water use from reduced glacier meltwater and snowmelt under the RCP8.5 scenario will increase by 435.10×10⁶ and 537.20×10⁶ CNY in the 2050s and 2090s, respectively, and the cumulative economic loss value for 2099 is approximately 2124.00×10⁶ CNY. We also find that the industrial and agricultural sectors would likely face the largest and smallest economic losses, respectively. The economic loss value of snowmelt in different sectorial sectors is greater than that of glacier meltwater. These findings highlight the need for climate mitigation actions, industrial transformation, and rational water allocation to be considered in decision-making in the Tianshan Mountains in the future.     

Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran

Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future.     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

A look into the past,present and future potential distributions of Talinopsis frutescens,a North American endemic lineage closely related to Cactaceae

Talinopsis frutescens(Anacampserotaceae,a family that is close related to Cactaceae)is a succulent species endemic to North America.The aim of this study was to explore,using Ecological Niche Modeling(ENM),changes in potential distribution ranges considering different climate scenarios:past conditions during the Last Inter Glacial(LIG)and the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),the present and projections for 2070(RCP 2.6 to 8.5).A pattern of contraction is observed during the LIG,which agrees with other studies focused in species from arid environments.This pattern was followed by a migration towards the south during the LGM and a possible recent expansion to the north as is observed in the present scenario.All future projections show the same contraction and fragmentation patterns,resulting in three discontinuous areas:the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert,the southern-central part of the Mexican Plateau,and the smallest one in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley.Our projections for future scenarios agree with other studies and support that global climate change tends to alter the current distribution of arid environment species.     

Impact of rainfed and irrigated agriculture systems on soil carbon stock under different climate scenarios in the semi-arid region of Brazil

Understanding the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is of fundamental importance in land use and management, whether in the current researches or in future scenarios of agriculture systems considering climate change. In order to evaluate SOC stock of the three districts (Delmiro Gouveia, Pariconha, and Inhapi districts) in the semi-arid region of Brazil in rainfed and irrigated agriculture systems under different climate scenarios using the Century model, we obtained RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios derived from the Eta Regional Climate Model (Eta-HadGEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5) from the National Institute for Space Research, and then input the data of bulk density, pH, soil texture, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall into the soil and climate files of the Century model. The results of this study showed that the Eta-HadGEM2-ES model was effective in estimating air temperature in the future period. In rainfed agriculture system, SOC stock under the baseline scenario was lower than that under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, while in irrigated agriculture system, SOC stock in the almost all climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and models (Eta-HadGEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5) will increase by 2100. The results of this study will help producers in the semi-arid region of Brazil adopt specific agriculture systems aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.