河西绿洲灌漠土长期施肥效应及土壤生产力演变

张掖绿洲灌漠土连续21 a长期肥料试验结果表明:与无肥处理产量下降相对照,施肥的增产效果逐年提高,平衡施肥增产幅度显著大于单施氮肥。单施氮肥处理土壤生产力水平由第1轮作周期的89.8%降为第7轮作周期的28.5%;在不施用有机肥条件下,种植到第3轮作周期时作物开始对施钾有反应,施钾增产率为5.5%~22.7%;氮磷钾化肥长期配合施用,作物产量水平持续不减,土壤生产力平均达93.5%,表明氮磷钾化肥配合施用并不破坏土壤生产力。有机肥与氮肥配合施用,其交互作用为正效应;有机肥与磷、钾化肥配合施用交互作用为负效应。不施任何肥料时,绿洲灌漠土土壤生产力平均下降59.6%(第1~4轮作周期);到第5~7轮作周期时,土壤生产力下降幅度保持在16.7%~22.7%相对较低且稳定的水平;化肥对作物产量的贡献份额平均为50.5%;有机肥贡献份额为21.6%;土壤自然肥力贡献份额平均为19.0%。     

新疆南部地区棉花施肥现状及评价

从2002-2003年调查塔里木盆地南缘策勒县和北缘尉犁县农户棉田水肥管理现状看。策勒县和尉犁县施肥品种有较大差异,策勒县施肥对有机肥依赖程度达41%,高于尉犁县(11%～24%),尉犁县化肥施肥品种比策勒县丰富,提供的养分也更均衡;策勒县和尉犁县平均施N总量达到426～430kg·hm-2,远超过推荐适宜施N量,过量施N农户占总农户的39%～73%,同时,仍有6%～8%的农户施N量低于推荐量;策勒平均施P素化肥量达89kg·hm-2,已经超过推荐量,被调查的农户42%施P过量,施P不足的仅占3%。如果考虑有机肥提供的P,过量施P的比例高达76%。尉犁被调查的农户施P量总体偏高,而且分布比较分散,有51%的农户过量施P,同时也有21%的农户施P量处于亏缺状态。策勒县被调查农户虽然均未施K素化肥,但所施有机肥提供了大量K素,过量的比例高达71%。尉犁县单位面积平均施K量总体处于严重亏缺状态,有88%的农户施K量不足,如果考虑有机肥提供的K素,仍然有63%的农户施K量低于推荐范围。P,K肥的投入对有机肥的依赖程度较大。     

培肥模式对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米生长及土壤呼吸的影响

针对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米培肥模式单一及碳排放理论薄弱的问题,依托大田试验研究了不施氮肥对照(CK)和等氮(纯N 200 kg·hm~(-2))条件下3个不同氮源(单施化肥,N;商品有机肥配施化肥, NM;单施有机肥, M)对玉米生长、产量、土壤呼吸速率及碳排放量的影响。结果表明:土壤呼吸速率随玉米生育时期的推进呈先增大后减小的趋势,开花期是土壤呼吸的峰值期,土壤呼吸速率达5.38μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);土壤碳排放总量与玉米干物质积累、生长速率、叶面积指数及净同化率均呈极显著正相关关系;玉米产量、碳排放量和碳排放效率在商品有机肥配施化肥和单施化肥处理间无显著差异,分别较对照增加了121.2%、41.9%、54.5%和151.4%、31.9%、92.9%。说明商品有机肥配施化肥在增加了碳排量的同时增加了玉米的产量,进而提高了碳排放效率。     

生物有机肥与化肥配施对华北潮土区冬小麦田土壤线虫群落的影响

为了研究华北潮土区生物有机肥与化肥配施对冬小麦田土壤线虫群落结构的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地设置了单施化肥(A1)、单施生物有机肥(A2)、减量50%生物有机肥与化肥配施(A3)、常量生物有机肥与化肥配施(A4)、增量50%生物有机肥与化肥配施(A5)5个施肥处理。结果表明:整个调查期共鉴定出6目、17科、26属土壤线虫,食细菌性线虫和植食性线虫在各处理中均为优势营养类群。不同处理的土壤线虫数量为A4A5A3A2A1,其中A4处理显著高于A1处理(P0.05)。生物有机肥-化肥配施处理中食细菌性线虫和捕食-杂食性线虫的相对丰度分别提高了1.67%～7.00%和1.00%～18.67%,食真菌性线虫和植食性线虫的相对丰度分别降低了2.33%～12.00%和0.34%～10.34%。从土壤线虫生态指数来看,优势度指数(λ)和富集指数(EI)不受施肥措施的影响。生物有机肥-化肥配施可增加土壤线虫类群多样性,A5处理的线虫WI、MI、SI和J指数分别为2.85、2.18、60.83和1.05,均高于其他处理,表明配施过程中增施生物有机肥可丰富土壤线虫食物网结构,提高土壤环境的稳定性和土壤健康程度。生物有机肥-化肥配施在一定程度上促进了线虫的繁殖,提高了线虫种类多样性,并通过增强线虫食物网的稳定性以降低其受干扰程度。     

绿洲农田不同施肥方式对冬小麦产量的效应分析

为了明确如何合理配施有机无机肥,才能提高绿洲农田土壤肥力,本文对土壤养分长期定位实验田种植冬小麦所生长的灰漠土进行了养分及有机质的分析,探讨了N、P、K及其与有机肥的不同配比对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:灰漠土中本身K素含量较为丰富,可以满足冬小麦正常生长需要;有机质、N素与冬小麦产量成极显著相关,其含量的增加对冬小麦产量的提高具有极其重要的作用;单施化肥对当季冬小麦产量提高作用明显,但在长期效应上存在不足。故生产上需要将无机肥和有机肥结合施用,才能有效提高土壤肥力,提高和稳定冬小麦产量。     

黄土旱塬长期施肥对小麦产量及养分平衡的影响

基于长期定位试验,研究不同肥料施用对小麦产量及养分平衡的影响.结果表明,合理施肥可以明显提高小麦的产量,增加小麦对养分的吸收量,同时达到培肥地力的效果.氮、磷配施增产效果显著,增幅为111.7%;在单施氮肥、单施磷肥的基础上施有机肥,分别比单施氮肥和单施磷增产32.7%、155.7%.氮、磷及有机肥配施时氮、磷、钾总吸收量均最多,分别增加303.5%、128.6%、238.8%.肥料单施,土壤中的部分养分会出现亏缺,单施氮肥,土壤中磷素亏损100%;单施磷肥,氮素亏损100%.肥料配施,氮素、磷素都出现不同程度的盈余.农业生产中该区要重视施用有机肥及肥料的合理配施.     

钾肥与生物有机肥配施防治香蕉枯萎病效果初探

通过盆栽试验研究了生物有机肥与氯化钾和硫酸钾配施防治香蕉枯萎病的效果。试验结果表明,两种肥料配施促进了香蕉苗生长,降低了香蕉枯萎病病情指数,提高了防病效果,生物有机肥与KCl和K2SO4配施防病效果比单施生物有机肥分别高60%和90%。利用T-RFLP分析土壤细菌DNA多样性,生物有机肥与钾肥配施提高了细菌三个遗传多样性指数,增加了土壤中芽胞杆菌种类。FAME分析也发现生物有机肥以及与钾肥配施促进革兰氏阳性细菌和放线菌繁殖,抑制革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌生长。生物有机肥与钾肥配施,优势互补,改善了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于提高防病效果。     

：氮肥和有机肥配施对盐碱地酿酒高粱生长、氮素利用效率及土壤N2O排放的影响

采用田间小区试验,依照等氮替换原则,设不施氮肥处理,优化氮肥施用量180 kg·hm^-2单施化肥、40%有机肥替代化肥、60%有机肥替代化肥,常规氮肥施用量240 kg·hm^-2单施化肥、40%有机肥替代化肥、60%有机肥替代化肥共7个处理,探究河套灌区盐渍土氮肥与有机肥配施对酿酒高粱生长特性、氮素利用效率及土壤N₂O排放的影响。结果表明：(1)相同施氮量下,60%有机肥替代化肥处理成熟期土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量较单施化肥处理分别增加10.52%～12.77%、36.36%～50.64%、41.58%～51.33%。(2)相同施氮量下,40%有机肥替代化肥处理高粱产量均高于其他施肥处理,增产6.63%～15.72%。(3)施氮量180 kg·hm^-2 40%有机替代处理较其他施肥处理氮肥利用率提高1.98%～22.84%,氮肥偏生产力提高3.49～17.19 kg·kg^-1;施氮量240 kg·hm^-2 40%有机替代处理较其他施肥处理氮肥农学利用率提...     

黄土高原旱地小麦氮磷钾与有机肥优化配施试验

试验研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料、水分利用率的影响.结果表明:氮磷配施对产量的贡献率最高,产量达5 099.8 kg/hm2,增产率达21.5%,较氮、磷肥单施产量分别增产14.0%和18.4%,具有正交互效应;单施有机肥较NM、PM、NPM增产率分别达到6.63%、4.12%、11.3%.化肥配施可显著提高旱地小麦的肥料利用率和水分利用效率,氮磷有机肥配施肥料氮、磷肥的利用率分别较氮、磷肥单施提高1.71和12.55个百分点;氮磷配施可同时提高氮肥、磷肥肥效,此时氮贡献率为15.53%,磷贡献率达12.26%,且水分利用率提高了24.1%,耗水系数降低了17.57%.     

肉蛋白生物有机肥对胡麻干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

以不施肥为对照,通过田间试验,研究了单施化肥、单施肉蛋白生物有机肥和不同比例肉蛋白生物有机肥与化肥配施对胡麻干物质积累分配规律、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:肉蛋白生物有机肥增加了株高和茎粗,促进了胡麻干物质积累进程,现蕾期以后30%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥(T4)处理的干物质积累速率明显增加,盛花期、子实期、成熟期分别比不施肥CK(T1)增加102.33%、55.16%、58.68%(P0.05);肉蛋白生物有机肥提高了胡麻产量,单位面积实际产量T4处理比不施肥CK(T1)、单施化肥(T2)和单施肉蛋白生物有机肥(T3)处理分别增加了73.66%、17.49%、13.74%(P0.01);不同比例肉蛋白生物有机肥与化肥配施改善了胡麻品质,T4处理下胡麻含油率最佳,60%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥(T5)的处理胡麻籽粒亚麻酸及亚油酸含量较高。综合考虑,30%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥的效果最佳。     

Effects of organic and synthetic fertilizer sources on pest and predatory insects associated with tomatoes

The effects of organic (composted cow manure) and synthetic (NPK) fertilizers on pests (aphids and flea beetles) and predatory arthropods (anthocorids, coccinellids and chrysopids) associated with tomatoes were evaluated in a 2-year randomized complete block field experiment. Our data suggested that the application of either organic or synthetic fertilizers could increase pest populations on tomatoes. However, there were lower populations of aphids on tomatoes grown with the organic fertilizer than on those grown with the synthetic fertilizers in the second year of the experiment, indicating that organic fertilizers may have the potential to reduce pest attacks in the long term. Anthocorid populations were larger on tomato plants with high aphid populations in the synthetic than in the organic fertilizers-treated plots. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 6, 2003.     

不同氮肥处理对糜子产量及品质的影响

以晋黍9号为材料,研究了普通尿素和缓释尿素对糜子产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施氮处理的糜子蛋白质含量都显著大于对照,而淀粉含量都显著小于对照;产量以PN2(普通尿素150 kg·hm-2)最高,增产幅度为28.48%;产量与穗数和单株粒重达到极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.81和0.62;糜子产量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.83,与籽粒淀粉含量呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.44。本试验条件下,糜子产量的增加主要是通过增加穗数和单株粒重来实现的。以普通肥料N150 kg·hm-2为最适施氮量。研究表明不是所有土壤类型都适合施用缓释尿素,研究区为砂质土,保水保肥能力差,通气性好,施用普通尿素比缓释尿素效果好。     

宁夏干旱区玉米锌锰配肥产量效应研究

试验采用二因素二次饱和D最优设计方法,对锌锰施用量的配合及基与干旱区玉米产量间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,锌锰肥对玉米均有增产量效应,锌肥作用尤为明显,锌肥的增产效应明显大于锰肥。同时筛选出了锌锰肥配合优化组合方案,玉米产量3800kg／hm^2以上的锌锰配合优化组合方案为：锌3．3008kg／hm^2,锰4．608kg／hm^2。     

柑橘喷施叶面肥对柑橘木虱､柑橘潜叶蛾和炭疽病发生的影响

柑橘生产上叶面肥的使用很普遍?为了评估喷施叶面肥对柑橘新梢期的主要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella发生?为害的影响, 本文分别在养虫笼和网室条件下调查了以上2种害虫对喷不同叶面肥(尿素?复合氨基酸和葡萄糖)砂糖橘苗木的选择和为害, 以及柑橘炭疽病发生情况?试验结果表明:从木虱成虫选择性和产卵两个方面来看, 不同喷施处理的砂糖橘对木虱的吸引作用表现为尿素>复合氨基酸>葡萄糖>清水对照, 其中尿素和复合氨基酸处理吸引作用显著高于对照?喷施3种叶面肥后潜叶蛾为害程度均显著高于对照, 以葡萄糖处理的为害率和受害指数最高?另外, 尿素和复合氨基酸处理苗木的柑橘炭疽病病叶率和病情指数显著高于对照, 复合氨基酸处理病叶率显著高于葡萄糖?说明喷尿素?复合氨基酸叶面肥对柑橘木虱有较强的吸引作用, 同时加重柑橘炭疽病?另外, 与对照相比, 喷施3种叶面肥均能加重潜叶蛾的为害, 尤其是葡萄糖?     

温室番茄有机组合肥筛选及其肥效、土壤环境和果实品质效应

为解决长期施用传统化肥温室土壤环境质量和番茄品质下降以及有机物料对乡村生态环境污染的问题,以玉米秸秆、牛粪、食用菌渣、番茄专用肥和生物菌肥为原料,采用正交试验方法筛选配方,在室内合成有机物料组合肥,开展了有机物料组合肥对温室番茄土壤环境效应和番茄品质影响的田间试验。结果表明：有机物料组合肥配方组合比例为秸秆粪便菌渣肥∶番茄专用肥∶生物菌肥=0.9709∶0.0243∶0.0048,最大利润施肥量为60 t·hm^-2。有机物料组合肥施用量与温室番茄种植田总孔隙度、＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、饱和持水量、阳离子交换量、可溶性盐、有机质、有机碳、有机碳密度、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、番茄株高、茎粗、单果重、单株果重和产量呈正相关关系,与容重和pH值呈负相关关系。连续3 a施用有机物料组合肥与传统化肥相比,温室番茄种植田容重、可溶性盐、pH值、真菌分别降低7.91%、12.34%、9.22%、10.26%,Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb分别降低16.28%、27.12%、16.60%、20.05%,番茄硝酸盐、可滴定酸、施肥成本分别降低6.64%、19.57%、11.02%,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、阳离子交换量分别增加8.73%、8.96%、8.45%、16.87%、17.89%,田间持水量、自然含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量、贮水量分别增加12.57%、10.51%、8.73%、8.96%、8.45%、5.30%,有机质、有机碳和有机碳密度分别增加17.28%、17.27%、8.25%,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、Mn、Zn、Mo分别增加1.74%、1.31%、0.95%、1.82%、1.96%、9.09%,细菌、放线菌数量、脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性分别增加14.35%、6.80%、7.56%、5.71%、11.73%、10.43%,番茄可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、Vc、可溶性固形物分别增加6.68%、8.96%、10.76%、17.29%,单果重、单株果重、产量、增产值、施肥利润、肥料投资效率分别增加6.67%、5.26%、5.43%、27.80%、38.30%、55.14%。施用有机物料组合肥改善了温室番茄种植田质量和番茄品质,提高了土壤有机质、酶活性和经济效益。     

贵州典型黄壤辣椒生长、品质及光合特性对新型肥料的响应

为探究新型肥料在贵州黄壤区辣椒上的施用效果,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了普通复合肥(FHF)、保水型(BSX)、稳定性(WDX)、包膜型(BMX)缓释肥和长效氮肥(CXDF)五种新型肥料施用对贵州辣椒生长、品质及光合特性的影响,并通过相关分析明确影响辣椒产量的主导因素,以期为适宜的新型肥料品种筛选及其在辣椒种植中的推广应用提供参考依据。结果表明∶与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,施用新型肥料使辣椒株高增加0.72%~3.76%,但对辣椒茎粗影响不大。新型肥料显著提高辣椒分蘖数和产量,分蘖数和单株产量较FHF处理分别增加2.65%~19.75%和12.26%~29.77%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)产量最高,达到300.35 g·株~(-1)。不同类型新型肥料对辣椒品质影响存在差异,与普通复合肥(FHF)相比,保水型缓释肥(BMX)可使辣椒硝酸盐含量显著降低23.93%、还原糖增加10.65%、Vc增加38.61%,长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低12.64%,稳定性缓释肥(WDX)处理的Vc含量显著增加56.21%,而包膜型缓释肥(BMX)和长效氮肥(CXDF)处理的Vc含量则明显著降低。相关分析结果表明,辣椒株高、分蘖数以及净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均与辣椒产量存在显著或极显著的线性相关,而综合考虑多个影响因子并利用逐步回归分析进行拟合后得到逐步回归分方程为Y=52.316X7-1.714X_6+640.888(X_6为胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、X_7为蒸腾速率(Tr),相关系数r为0.924**),说明收获期辣椒叶片的胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与蒸腾速率(Tr)对辣椒产量的影响起到了主导作用。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州典型黄壤上辣椒生长、品质以及光合特性的影响效果是显著的,综合来看以稳定性(WDX)和包膜型(BMX)缓释型的施用效果最优。     

Integrated Control of Powdery Mildew on Field-grown Mango Trees by Foliar Sprays of Mono-potassium Phosphate Fertilizer, Sterol Inhibitor Fungicides and the Strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl

Foliar sprays of solutions of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, K2HPO4 (DKP) and potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, KH2PO4 (MKP), commercial systemic fungicides, and an alternating treatment with phosphate fertilizer and systemic fungicides inhibited development of the powdery mildew fungus, Oidium mangiferae, on flowers and bloom clusters of field-grown mango trees. The effectiveness of the alternation treatments with an appropriate systemic fungicide and 1% solution of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) in controlling powdery mildew on bloom clusters was similar to that of the commercial treatment with the systemic fungicides. However, application of the systemic fungicides alone, on the same dates on which they were applied in the alternation treatment, without application of the phosphate treatment was significantly less effective in controlling the disease than either the phosphate or the alternation treatment. This indicates that the use of phosphate fertilizer has a significant role in disease control and that it can reduce the number of fungicide treatments necessary against powdery mildew by up to 50%. These results were confirmed in large-scale demonstration trials conducted in commercial orchards in 1994 and 1995. Our 1997 findings also revealed that tank-mix treatments of 1% MKP solution with half the recommended quantity of sterol inhibitor fungicide applied at 14-day intervals provided a protection against powdery mildew comparable with or superior to that given by the standard fungicides-based treatment applied at 7-day intervals. Tank-mix treatments of MKP (1%) with sterol inhibitor at the recommended rate or with the new strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl (BAS 490F, strobi), or the BAS 490F alone, were the most effective, and provided >95% protection against O. mangiferae, compared with the control. Phosphate solutions were found not to be phytotoxic to plant tissue. These treatments affected the yield of mango trees: a significantly lower yield was observed on control untreated trees, probably because of powdery mildew infection on flowers. The inhibitory effectiveness of phosphate salts makes them a potential major component of an integrated pest management program.     

Motivating rice farmers in the Mekong Delta to modify pest management and related practices through mass media

A participatory planning process was applied to develop a media campaign to motivate rice farmers in the Mekong Delta to modify pest management practices together with seed and fertilizer inputs. Locally named ‘Ba Giam Ba Tang’ or ‘Three Reductions, Three Gains’, campaigns were launched in two provinces, Can Tho and Tien Giang. In both provinces, farmers' practices changed significantly. Their insecticide sprays reduced by 13–33% while their seed rates dropped ～10% and nitrogen rates, ～7% and proportion of farmers using insecticides declined by ～11%. These practices were supported by modifications in belief attitudes that favored high inputs. Farmers who reported significant reductions in the three inputs also changed their perception of yield loss. The campaigns in Can Tho and Tien Giang had significant multiplier effects. They stimulated several provincial governments as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to provide additional resources to reproduce the materials and campaign process for local use which eventually reached more than 3 million farmers in south and central Vietnam.     

Effect of potential bioinoculants and organic manures on root‐rot and wilt,growth, yield and quality of organically grown Coleus forskohlii in a semiarid tropical region of Bangalore (India)

Based on earlier results obtained in pot experiments, 2‐year field experiments were conducted with five bioinoculants and neem cake under organic field conditions (with vermicompost as a nutritional supplement) to evaluate their potential to control root‐rot and wilt (a complex problem involving Fusarium chlamydosporum and Ralstonia solanacearum) of the medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. Plants treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasciculatum), neem cake or Pseudomonas fluorescens showed significantly increased plant height (15–31%), plant spread (25–33%), number of branches (63–67%) and dry root (129–200%) yields, and reduced disease incidence (47–50%) compared to controls. Increases in yields were reflected by increases in N (51–81%), P (17–76%) and K (44–74%) uptake. The forskolin content of the roots was found not to be affected by any of the bioinoculants, but forskolin yield (calculated) was increased significantly by treatment with G. fasciculatum (227%), neem cake (222%) or P. fluorescens (159%).     

磷肥下移深度对苜蓿根颈含氮保护物质及其抗寒性的影响

为探讨磷肥下移深度对苜蓿越冬器官生理特性的影响,本试验于2020年7月1日播种,以‘北极熊’紫花苜蓿品种为供试材料,设置5个磷肥下移深度处理：施地表、距离地表7.5、15、22.5、30 cm（分别以S₀、S₁、S₂、S₃、S₄表示）,并以不施肥为对照（CK）,于越冬期对苜蓿根颈进行模拟低温处理（4℃、-10℃、-20℃和-30℃）,测定相对电导率、含氮保护物质含量（可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸含量）。结果表明：随着低温胁迫温度的下降,苜蓿根颈相对电导率表现为持续增长,可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量均在-10℃下达到最大值,分别较4℃处理增长了65.18%～144.67%、46.24%～133.33%和27.13%～57.01%。苜蓿根颈相对电导率在S₂施磷深度为15 cm处理下数值最小,较CK降低了24.87%～57.21%;苜蓿根颈可溶性蛋白含量在S₂施磷深度为15 cm处理...