黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化特征及其剖面类型分析

通过主成分分析和Q型聚类方法,研究了黄河三角洲地区典型地块土壤盐渍化特征,并对该地区土壤盐分剖面构型的分类进行了探讨。结果表明:研究区土壤含盐量普遍较高,总体上盐分分布呈较强的表聚性和变异性;土壤积盐可由盐分含量、离子组成特征、碱化特征以及外源影响因子4个主成分来反映,其累计贡献率达86.21%。聚类分析结果表明,研究区土壤盐分剖面可以明显分为表聚型、底聚型和平均型3类,在数量上以表聚型和底聚型为主;其中表聚型分布于研究区东部和南部,底聚型分布在西部和西北部;不同盐分剖面类型反映了植被类型和土地利用方式的差异,人为农业措施是形成底聚型和平均型盐分剖面的最直接因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的分区、改良、管理以及合理利用提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

EM38在黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化快速检测中的应用研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍障碍问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,电磁感应仪EM38检测与田间采样相结合,分析土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的回归模型,并对运用电磁感应仪EM38划分土壤盐渍剖面类型进行探讨。结果表明:研究区表层土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度,剖面各土层电导率间存在着关联性;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系和对数相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,对深层土壤电导率、EMv的解译精度要高于EMh;利用电磁感应仪EM38可将研究区土壤盐渍剖面准确划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型三种类型,其中表聚型与底聚型是研究区最主要的盐渍剖面类型,进一步的统计分析证明了采用电磁感应仪EM38对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果具有较高的精度与可信度。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要参考意义。     

节水改造前后土壤盐分剖面特征及其空间分布——以内蒙古河套灌区中游临河区为例

综合运用地质统计学、聚类分析、描述性统计和表聚系数，系统研究并对比总结了节水改造前后内蒙古河套灌区中游临河区土壤剖面盐分特征和空间分布规律。结果表明：节水改造前后灌区土壤剖面盐分均可分为均布型和表聚型2类。根据不同土层的相似性，灌区0～100 cm的采样层可分为0～20 cm和20～100 cm两个层次；从整个研究区来看，节水改造前，土壤含盐量有从西部和东部向中部逐渐降低的趋势。节水改造后，有由西向东逐渐增加的趋势。节水改造措施的实施，使得研究区土壤剖面盐分类型向均布型发展，且整体上土壤盐分有所降低。该研究结果为河套灌区节水改造后土壤盐渍化的改良、土地利用分区和灌溉制度的建立提供理论基础和实践依据。     

伊犁绿洲土壤盐渍化与浅层地下水水化学特征分析

根据2009年伊犁河流域土壤盐分与地下水条件的监测和取样分析资料,运用相关分析法与主成分分析法,对伊犁河流域土壤盐分与地下水埋深、矿化度、电导率、p H值与主要离子之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:1研究区土壤盐分垂直分布呈现强烈表聚性;研究区内58.18%地下水样为淡水,40.00%为微咸水,1.82%为咸水,地下水矿化度平均值为2.50 g·L-1左右,属于微咸水;研究区地下水矿化度、电导率与主要离子组成呈现强烈的空间变异性。2研究区垂直河道方向的各采样线土壤盐分与地下水矿化度的变化趋势基本相似;地下水埋深与矿化度受到灌区农业活动的影响,导致研究区土壤次生盐渍化。3主成分分析结果表明,影响研究区土壤含盐量的地下水环境因子可以归纳为地下水矿化度、EC、Cl-、Mg2+、Na+与地下水埋深。     

喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征分析

土壤盐渍化是喀什葛尔河流域农业发展面临的主要问题之一。采用相关分析法与主成分分析法分析了喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征。结果表明:土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,盐渍化程度为重度及中度盐渍化;土壤总盐与SO24-、K+、Na+呈显著正相关,揭示了土壤盐分大小与SO24-、K+、Na+有关;表层的总盐、各盐分离子含量均高于其余土层,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现表聚性;盐分离子按质量分数大小在土壤剖面基本上呈自上而下的垂直分异特点;盐分组成中,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-为主;8月份表层、0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm、80～100cm总含盐量均高于2月份。主成分分析结果表明,SO24-、K+、Na+作为研究区土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子。     

基于主成分分析的宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征研究

为探明宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土的盐分状况,并构建滴灌利用龟裂碱土过程中具有代表性和限制性的盐分特征因子,利用经典统计和主成分分析方法对龟裂碱土原状土剖面和滴灌利用下的土壤盐分特征进行了研究。结果表明,龟裂碱土剖面盐分离子含量总体呈现"T"字型分布,0~40 cm土壤SAR值较大,均高于15(mmol/L)0.5,土壤pH值9.5左右;Cl-和Na+是该土壤中最主要的阴阳离子;HCO3-含量在100 cm以下的土层中逐渐增加;土壤可溶性总盐(TSS)与Cl-和Na+的相关性较大,相关系数分别为0.967和0.910(P<0.01),TSS与饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)亦存在着显著的正相关(P<0.01);主成分分析表明影响土壤利用的4个主成分依次为土壤盐化状况、土壤结构状况、土壤碱化特征以及除Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+等离子之外的其它离子含量状况,其累积方差贡献率为87.18%。由此可见,在宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土具有干旱区盐碱土壤盐分表聚特征,在利用过程中仍需要首先降低土壤盐度,通过改变离子组成减小土壤碱度,改善土壤结构。     

玛河灌区膜下滴灌棉田表层土壤盐分空间变异性

应用区域采样点数据,结合地统计学与空间简单克里金插值等分析方法,分析了玛纳斯河流域中游平原灌区膜下滴灌棉田表层土壤盐分的空间变异性。结果表明:棉花采收后表层土壤含盐量变异系数为35.617%,表现为中等强度变异性,服从正态分布;具有强二阶趋势效应,灌区中部趋势影响力变化剧烈;块金系数小于25%,具有很强的空间相关性,其变异主要受空间结构性因素的影响;沿等高线方向表现为各向异性,垂直等高线方向表现为各向同性;棉花采收后表层土壤含盐量具有明显的连续变化,灌区内不存在盐土、重度盐化土和中度盐化土,轻度盐化土在整个灌区占主导地位并广泛分布于各子灌区,非盐化土主要分布在南部山前地区和东北局部地区。     

吐鲁番市非灌溉期农田土壤盐分特征分析

对吐鲁番市的大河沿河、塔尔朗河、煤窑沟和黑沟上、中、下游灌区进行土样采集,测定吐鲁番市沿四条河流在非灌溉期内(3月、10月)土壤含盐量及主要离子含量,并分析土壤盐渍化类型、程度及土壤盐分与主要离子之间的相关关系。结果表明:研究区土壤有部分出现盐渍化趋势,且土壤次生盐渍化趋势较高;吐鲁番市土壤含盐量高低与各离子(即CL-、CO3-、HCO3-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)含量大小有密切的关系;土壤盐分剖面分布具有表聚型;四条河流灌溉区土壤盐渍化类型的主要成分为硫酸盐渍土。     

松嫩平原苏打盐渍土碱化特征与影响因素

松嫩平原盐渍土属内陆苏打盐渍型,盐分组成中以苏打(Na2CO3)和小苏打(NaHCO3)为主。该类型土壤兼有不同程度的盐化和碱化特征。在中重度苏打盐渍土的典型区域,选择了不同土壤剖面,测定计算了土壤pH、总碱度、碱化度(ESP)和钠吸附比(SAR)等主要碱化特征参数,并分析了这些参数在0-200cm土壤剖面上的变化特征。对苏打盐渍土碱化特征的形成因素进行了分析讨论。     

渗水地膜覆盖条件下原生盐碱荒地盐分累积特性研究

渗水地膜覆盖是一项新的农艺技术,其保墒性可有效地控制地表蒸发从而抑制土壤盐分表聚,其单向渗水性可在一定程度上控制土壤水分运移从而控制土壤盐分累积。本试验在朔州市应县原生盐碱荒地区,设覆盖渗水地膜、覆盖普通地膜和不覆盖三种处理方式,跟踪观测2007年10月19日到2008年10月30日不同覆盖措施条件下原生盐碱荒地的土壤盐分分布状况。结果表明:渗水地膜具有更为明显地抑制盐分表聚的作用,土壤剖面的盐分变化量和透过地膜进入土壤中的水量存在负相关关系,可利用渗水地膜来控制土壤盐分累积,基于透过地膜的水量叠加可以逐步减小土壤剖面的总含盐量,进而达到逐步淋洗脱盐的效果。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

西天山伊犁河灌区土壤盐分时空变异特征

根据2009年伊犁河灌区土壤临测和取样分析资料,运用半方差函数与克里格插值法,对伊犁河灌区灌溉期与非灌溉期土壤盐分含量变异特征进行了分析.结果表明:研究区耕层土壤53.68%样地呈非盐渍化土壤,18.38%为轻度盐渍化,13.97%为中度盐渍化,8.82%为重度盐渍化,5.15%为盐士.土壤盐渍化类型主要为硫酸盐渍土为...     

伊犁河谷察南灌区土壤盐分空间变异研究

以伊犁河谷察南灌区为研究区,运用EM38电导率仪测定及室内分析相结合的手段,获取土壤电导率值及0~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土壤盐分含量。一方面对各土层土壤盐分含量进行了简单的盐渍化分级统计,另一方面应用地统计学方法,对土壤盐分特征因子进行半方差函数分析及空间插值分析。初步研究表明:察南灌区土壤电导率变异系数为1.31,各土层土壤盐分含量变异系数分别为1.31、1.10、1.49,均呈现空间强变异;0~30cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土层土壤中,盐化土所占比例分别为25.37%、21.79%、12.11%,形成了比较明显的盐渍化趋势;在空间分布上,土壤电导率及土壤盐分含量自灌区西北至东南方向总体呈现减小的趋势。另外,研究发现灌区各土壤盐分因子具有强烈的空间相关性,空间变异格局主要是结构性因素作用的结果。     

甘肃沿黄灌区土壤盐渍化特征及其成因

沿黄灌区在甘肃经济发展中占有举足轻重的地位，但盐碱荒地的开发利用、次生盐渍化防治和水资源的不合理利用一直是制约农业发展的关键因素之一。通过对甘肃沿黄灌区耕地土壤盐分含量、离子组成与分布、土壤pH及地下水矿化度等特征，及盐碱地形成的气候、地形、土壤母质、人为因素进行系统分析。在此基础上，提出了5条改良措施与建议：① 实行盐碱地分区治理；② 调整农业产业结构；③ 强化盐碱地生物治理；④ 建全节水农业体系；⑤ 加强水盐运移动态监测，建立预警评价体系。     

新疆盐碱地生物改良的必要性与可行性

盐碱地资源的利用、盐渍化耕地的改良 ,在有盐碱地的地区 ,是农业生产发展的重要环节之一。新疆盐碱地总面积 2 181.4× 10 4 hm2 ,占全国盐碱土 (9913× 10 4 hm2 )面积的 2 2 .0 1% ;在 40 7.84× 10 4 hm2 耕地面积中 ,受不同程度盐化危害的面积占 30 .12 %。生物改良盐碱地 ,指利用耐盐植物直接种植 ,通过常规灌溉 ,不需要任何附加条件和设施 ,将土壤盐分控制在植物根系土层以下的土体中。新疆漫灌式种植生产有利于这种生物改良。生物改良盐碱地 ,灌溉水利用率高 ,又利于生态环境的良性循环和永久性建设。种植根系较多、较深的耐盐植物 ,土壤盐分在灌水条件 ,向下移动较深。     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

Soil properties that determine the mortality and growth of Haloxylon aphyllum in the Aral region,Kazakhstan

Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) is a native tree species tolerant of aridity and salinity. It is planted to alleviate environmental damage due to the formation of the Aralkum desert and improve vegetation of the Aral Sea region. To investigate the environmental factors that determine seedling mortality and growth after rooting, we focused on soil properties and topographic factors in a study plot. We found that a hard clay layer that was low in hydraulic conductivity underlay accumulated sandy sediments at different depths. The soil in low seedling mortality areas was consistently sandy and low in salinity from the surface to a depth of 100 cm. In areas of high seedling mortality (75–100%), soils with a high content of silt and clay, with high salinity were detected within 100 cm depths. This suggests that accumulated sand sediment over a depth of 100 cm is required for root development. Plant height was positively correlated with depth of the hard clay layer. Significant relationships with plant height were also detected in chemical and physical properties at 80–100 cm such as electric conductivity (ECe), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and sand ratio. However, these properties had no significant relationship at 0–20 cm or with the relative elevation of the plot, suggesting that the subsequent growth of seedlings depends more on the sub-soil environment than on-surface conditions. The assessment of sub-soil condition is recommended to make site selection for reforestation much more reliable.