苦瓜活性组分物质抑菌活性测定

以苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)种仁中提取的凝集素备提物和苦瓜籽粗蛋白对8种植物病原真菌,5种植物病原细菌进行了抑菌活性测定。结果表明:两种提取物对小麦赤霉病菌、棉花黄萎病菌和苹果炭疽病菌表现出较好的抑菌活性。凝集素备提物(0.67 mg/mL)对小麦赤霉病菌和棉花黄萎病菌的抑菌率分别为69.12%和64.86%;苦瓜籽粗蛋白(6.67 mg/mL)对苹果炭疽病菌的抑菌率达68.61%。两种提取物对大白菜软腐病菌、花生青枯病菌、水稻白叶枯病菌和根癌农杆病菌等植物病原细菌均无抑菌活性,苦瓜籽粗蛋白(0.1 g/mL)对水稻细条病菌有一定抑制作用。     

连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的测定

通过超声波提取法和液液分配萃取法制备连钱草萃取物,采用生长速率法测定连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：连钱草的石油醚萃取物和氯仿萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌、棉花立枯病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌等4种植物病原真菌均有较强的抑制活性,其中氯仿萃取物对棉花立枯病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.619 3mg/mL。石油醚萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.837 3、3.517 8、1.496 0、2.3517mg/mL,氯仿萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.619 3、4.458 6、1.689 8、1.556 3mg/mL。     

对甲氧基肉桂醛的抗真菌活性及田间药效分析

通过对植物香料产物对甲氧基肉桂醛的抗真菌活性研究,发现该化合物对鞭毛菌亚门卵菌纲、子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门的8种植物病原真菌,番茄晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani AG-1IA)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、草莓褐色轮斑病菌(Phomopsis obscurans)、草莓炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)具有高效、广谱的特性;田间药效试验表明其对黄瓜霜霉病和水稻纹枯病具有较高的防治效果。这为其在植物病害防治中的应用以及进一步开发提供了依据。     

苜蓿假盘菌基因组DNA提取方法

以保定苜蓿上分离的苜蓿假盘菌为试验材料,采用SDS、SDS-CTAB及氯化苄3种方法提取基因组DNA,并进行比较。结果表明:3种方法均能提取到DNA,其中氯化苄法效果最佳,获得的DNA纯度高,此法操作简单、经济;其次是SDS-CTAB法,但DNA有所降解;而SDS法效果最差。此外还较详细地研究了采用氯化苄法提取缓冲液pH值、液氮和蛋白酶K对DNA提取效果的影响。     

藤黄灰链霉菌ECO 00001菌株中寡霉素A和C的分离鉴定及其活性

运用生物活性追踪和色谱分离方法,从藤黄灰链霉菌ECO 00001菌丝体丙酮粗提物中分离得到两个活性化合物.经波谱分析,鉴定为大环内酯类抗生素寡霉素C和A.采用孢子萌发抑制法和菌丝生长抑制法测定寡霉素C和A对5种植物病原真菌的离体抗菌活性.当寡霉素C和A的浓度分别为15 μg/mL和5 μg/mL时,对百合灰霉病菌、百合炭疽病菌、烟草赤星病菌、稻瘟病菌及水稻恶苗病菌的孢子萌发抑制率均为100%;当浓度分别为100 μg/mL和50 μg/mL时,对上述5种病原真菌的抑菌圈直径均在10mm以上,化合物Ⅱ对5个供试植物病原真菌的抑制活性强于化合物Ⅰ.     

中华真地鳖抗菌物质的抑菌活性测定

以研磨法从中华真地鳖五龄若虫体内提取得到抗菌物质,分别采用比浊法和菌碟法测定了其对多种细菌和植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,该抗菌物质对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白菜软腐菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等4种细菌生长均有一定的抑制作用,对数期延迟1~4h,菌的浓度、繁殖速度减缓。对7种植物病原真菌的抑菌试验表明,该抗菌物质对玉米茎基腐病菌、小麦根腐病菌、棉花枯萎病菌抑制效果较好,抑制率分别为50.0%、49.2%、45.2%;而对白菜黑斑病菌和玉米大斑病菌活性较差,抑制率仅为28.3%和24.5%。     

当归内生真菌抗植物病原菌的活性研究

[目的]从当归内生真菌中筛选抗小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌等植物病原菌的有益菌株,并筛选代谢产物中的抑菌活性部位.[方法]采用平板拮抗法对抗性菌株进行初步筛选,采用抑制菌丝生长法以及抑制孢子萌发法筛选有益内生真菌代谢产物中的抑菌活性部位.[结果]抗小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌的内生真菌较多,分别占24.3％和28.6％.对小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄灰霉病菌以及水稻纹枯病菌生长抑制作用较强的内生真菌包括5个属8个菌株,其中6个菌株只对1种病原菌菌丝生长有抑制作用.此外,对4种植物病原真菌孢子萌发具有抑制作用的内生真菌超过20％,其中内生真菌Myxormia sp.2和Myxormia sp.4的提取物对4种植物病原真菌孢子萌发的抑制作用显著,抑制率达到90％以上.通过对有益内生真菌代谢产物的分析表明,乙酸乙酯提取部位对植物病原真菌菌丝体和孢子萌发的抑制作用相对较强.[结论]具有抗菌活性的当归内生真菌及其次生代谢产物具有丰富的多样性.     

小麦白粉病菌基因组DNA的微量提取及ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

为了寻找适合小麦白粉菌基因组DNA微量提取的方法,本试验利用改进的CTAB法、电钻微量研磨一管法、FastPrep DNA试剂盒法和Chelex-100法分别提取小麦白粉菌基因组DNA。比较得出,在微量提取时,CTAB法的提取率较高;在分生孢子量较多时,FastPrep DNA试剂盒方法提取的DNA质量较高,这两种方法提取的DNA均适用于ISSR-PCR。采用正交设计L16(45)法优化了适合于小麦白粉病菌群体的ISSR体系,确定了25μL时优化的反应体系:1×buffer、模板DNA0.5ng、dNTP0.14mmol/L、TaqDNA聚合酶1U、引物1.4μmol/L、Mg2+1.8mmol/L。利用该体系筛选出了一批多态性较好的ISSR引物,为小麦白粉病菌遗传多样性研究奠定了基础。     

狭叶十大功劳抑菌活性及其对水稻细菌性条斑病室内防效研究

采用甲醇溶剂浸渍法提取了3种十大功劳茎干的化学成分,从中选择抑菌作用最强的植物,测定了其甲醇提取物对8种植物病原细菌和16种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。在温室盆栽条件下测试了狭叶十大功劳提取物对水稻细菌性条斑病的防治效果。结果表明,相比阔叶十大功劳和长柱十大功劳,狭叶十大功劳提取物的抑菌作用更强,且对6种植物病原细菌和16种植物病原真菌均具有抑菌活性。其中,对水稻细菌性条斑病病菌和白叶枯病病菌等细菌以及玉米大斑病病菌、玉米小斑病病菌、甘蓝黑斑病病菌和香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病病菌等病原真菌的抑菌作用最强。此外,狭叶十大功劳提取物对水稻细菌性条斑病有较好的防治效果,达57.45%。     

辛菌胺对15种植物病原菌的离体抗菌活性研究

分别采用菌丝生长速率法和吸光度法测定了辛菌胺对10种植物病原真菌和5种植物病原细菌的离体抗菌活性，结果表明辛菌胺具有广谱的抗菌活性，其中在真菌方面对番茄叶霉病菌的活性最高，EC50N4．3180μg／mL，对其他几种真菌的活性相对较低，但EC∞均〈100μg／mL；辛菌胺对细菌均表现出较高的抑制活性，其中对棉花角斑病菌的活性最高，EC50为0．1749μg／mL，对另外4种细菌的EC50值也均〈5μg／mL。     

Sensitive real-time PCR detection of Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry plants

Xanthomonas fragariae , the causal agent of angular leaf spot on strawberry, is a quarantine organism in strawberry propagation material in the European Union. For the reliable screening of planting material for latent infections, a real-time PCR assay based on Taqman® chemistry for the detection of X. fragariae was developed. Primers and probe sequences were based on a DNA fragment amplified by a previously reported X. fragariae -specific technique. The sequence of this genomic fragment had no significant similarity with any published GenBank sequence. Specificity of the designed assay was tested with an extended range of X. fragariae collection strains and isolates, with other Xanthomonas spp. and with unidentified bacterial isolates from strawberry plants. A nested PCR, which until now was the reference method for sensitive detection in planta , cross-reacted with the reference strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris . In combination with an elaborated DNA extraction procedure, the Taqman® PCR enabled reliable detection down to 300 colony forming units in a 100 mg strawberry leaf sample. The assay offers a new tool for epidemiological research and for sanitary control of plant material with low level or latent infections of X. fragariae .     

磁性纳米粒子的制备及在转基因大豆检测中的应用

利用热分解法和表面4-羧基苯硼酸修饰,制备了用于转基因大豆提取基因组DNA的纳米粒子。制备的纳米粒子分散性好,磁响应性高。对比磁性纳米粒子和植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取转基因大豆基因组DNA的提取效果,结果表明,磁性纳米粒子提取转基因大豆基因组DNA的浓度明显高于试剂盒,实时荧光PCR检测转基因大豆的Ct值低于植物基因组提取试剂盒。     

应用高通量测序技术对进境澳大利亚小麦病原真菌的检测研究

相比较其他检测技术,高通量测序技术具有高效、快速等特点,并拥有全面分析复杂核苷酸群体的功能,本文运用高通量测序技术对进境澳大利亚4批次小麦种子和筛下物上的病原真菌进行检测,通过基因组DNA提取、高通量测序、生物信息学分析后得到分类OTU共622个,基于不同分类水平,分属于5个门、64个目、201个属。检测显示,种子与筛下物携带的病原真菌的种类和比例有较大差异,并且筛下物携带的病原真菌数量和种类远多于种子携带的病原真菌。     

Bacterial leaf blight of strawberry (Fragaria (x) ananassa) caused by a pathovar of Xanthomonas arboricola, not similar to Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy & King. Description of the causal organism as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. fragariae (pv. nov., comb. nov.)

A new bacterial disease of strawberry is described. This disease, called bacterial leaf blight of strawberry, is characterized by dry, brown necrotic leaf spots and large brown V-shaped lesions along the leaf margin, midrib and major veins. Symptoms are different from angular leaf spot of strawberry caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas fragariae . Strains of the bacterial leaf blight pathogen were characterized in a polyphasic approach by biochemical tests, fatty acid analysis, protein electrophoresis, serology, PCR, pigment analysis, ice-nucleation activity, AFLP analysis, DNA:DNA hybridization, pathogenicity and host range tests, and compared with a number of reference strains of X. fragariae and other Xanthomonas species. Bacterial leaf blight strains formed a homogeneous group in all tests, completely different from X. fragariae . They were the only strains causing leaf blight of strawberry upon artificial inoculation into strawberry. Fatty acid and protein electrophoretic analysis showed that the strains belong to the phenon X. campestris ( sensu latu , including pathovars now classified as belonging to X. arboricola ). AFLP analysis and DNA:DNA hybridization further clarified their taxonomic position as belonging to X. arboricola. The name X. arboricola pv. fragariae is proposed for the bacterium causing leaf blight of strawberry with strain PD2780 (LMG 19145) as pathovar type strain. Criteria for routine identification are given and the taxonomic status is discussed.     

Molluscicidal and antifungal activity of Erigeron speciosus steam distillate

The steam-distilled fraction of the aerial parts of Erigeron speciosus (Lindl) DC was tested for activity against strawberry plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, C fragariae Brooks, C gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc, and the intermediate host snail Planobdella trivolvis that harbors the trematode, Bolbophorus confusus, that infests and causes severe infections in pond-raised catfish in the Mississippi Delta region of the USA. Bioautography on silica TLC plates demonstrated antifungal activity in the steam distillate. Preliminary bioassays of the steam distillate indicated the presence of phytochemicals toxic to P trivolvis. The bioactive compounds methyl 2Z, 8Z-deca-2,8-diene-4,6-diynoate and its 2E, 8E isomer were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic techniques and identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy.     

Isolation of high-quality DNA from cotton and its fungal pathogens

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed to extract high quality complex genomic DNA from different cotton tissues (leaves and seeds) as well as...     

一种提取荒漠拟步甲昆虫基因组DNA的新方法

昆虫基因组DNA的提取是研究昆虫功能基因的关键环节。一些荒漠昆虫个体较小,不易除去的外壳会造成多糖污染,用普通动物组织DNA提取方法效果不佳。通过紫外分光光度测定、凝胶电泳检测、PCR反应及限制性酶切分析表明,CTAB-NaCl法是一种适用于拟步甲科小个体昆虫提取基因组DNA的好方法,蛋白质、多糖及RNA影响很低,完全能够满足后续DNA研究的需求。与传统方法相比简便快速,且成本低,尤其适用于拟步甲科昆虫DNA的分离。     

Using the TxtAB operon to quantify pathogenic Streptomyces in potato tubers and soil

The phytotoxin thaxtomin, produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces species, is the only known pathogenicity determinant for common scab diseases of potato and other root and tuber crops. Genes encoding thaxtomin synthetase (txtAB) are found on a pathogenicity island characteristic of genetically diverse plant pathogenic Streptomyces species. In this study, an SYBR Green quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers designed to anneal to the txtAB operon of Streptomyces was developed to quantify pathogenic bacterial populations in potatoes and soil. The real-time PCR assay was specific for pathogenic Streptomyces strains. The detection limit of the assay was 10 fg of the target DNA, or one genome equivalent. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were linearly correlated with the concentration of the target DNA (correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.99) and were not affected by the presence of plant DNA extracts, indicating the usefulness of the assay for quantitative analyses of the pathogenic bacteria in plant tissues. The amount of pathogenic Streptomyces DNA in total DNA extracts from 1 g asymptomatic and symptomatic tubers was quantified using the assay and ranged from 10(1) to 10(6) pg. A standard curve was established to quantify pathogenic Streptomyces in soil. Using the standard curve, numbers of pathogenic Streptomyces colony forming units were extrapolated to range from 10(3) to 10(6) per gram of soil from potato fields where common scab was found. This real-time PCR assay using primers designed from the txtAB operon allows rapid, accurate, and cost effective quantification of pathogenic Streptomyces strains in potato tubers and in soil.     

Real-time PCR detection systems for Flavescence dorée and Bois noir phytoplasmas in grapevine: comparison with conventional PCR detection and application in diagnostics

A new real-time PCR detection system was developed for grapevine yellows (GY) using TaqMan minor groove binder probes and including two amplicons for group-specific detection of Flavescence dorée (FD) and Bois noir (BN) phytoplasmas, plus a universal phytoplasma amplicon. FD and BN amplicons were designed to amplify species-specific genomic DNA fragments and the universal amplicon to amplify the 16S ribosomal DNA region. Efficiency of PCR amplification, limit of detection, range of linearity and dynamic range were assessed for all three amplicons. The specificity of detection systems was tested on several other isolates of phytoplasmas and bacteria and on healthy field grapevine and insect samples. No cross-reactivity with other phytoplasma strains, plant or insect DNA was detected. The assay was compared with conventional PCR on more than 150 field grapevine, insect and field bindweed samples. Real-time PCR showed higher sensitivity as phytoplasmas were detected in several PCR-negative and in all PCR-positive samples. A data-mining analysis of results from both detection approaches also favoured real-time PCR over conventional PCR diagnostics. The developed procedure for detection of phytoplasmas in grapevine also included amplification of plant DNA co-extracted with phytoplasmic DNA, providing additional quality control for the DNA extraction and PCR amplification for each sample. The newly developed assay is a reliable, specific and sensitive method easily applicable to high-throughput diagnosis of GY.     

Molecular detection of Phytophthora capsici in infected plant tissues, soil and water

A species-specific PCR assay was developed for rapid and accurate detection of the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici in diseased plant tissues, soil and artificially infested irrigation water. Based on differences in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Phytophthora spp. and other oomycetes, one pair of species-specific primers, PC-1/PC-2, was synthesized. After screening 15 isolates of P. capsici and 77 isolates from the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota and Oomycota, the PC-1/PC-2 primers amplified only a single PCR band of c . 560 bp from P. capsici . The detection sensitivity with primers PC-1/PC-2 was 1 pg genomic DNA (equivalent to half the genomic DNA of a single zoospore) per 25- µ L PCR reaction volume; traditional PCR could detect P. capsici in naturally infected plant tissues, diseased field soil and artificially inoculated irrigation water. Using ITS1/ITS4 as the first-round primers and PC-1/PC-2 in the second round, nested PCR procedures were developed, increasing detection sensitivity to 1 fg per 25- µ L reaction volume. The results suggested that the assay detected the pathogen more rapidly and accurately than standard isolation methods. The PCR-based methods developed here could simplify both plant disease diagnosis and pathogen monitoring, as well as guiding plant disease management.