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不同分子量壳多糖对植物病菌的拮抗作用及其诱导提高寄主植物抗病性 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用固体培养基体外抑菌法研究了分子量为1002、2350、5060的三种壳多糖对22种植物病原菌的拮抗作用.结果表明:三种壳多糖对供试植物病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用,随壳多糖浓度的增加对不同病原菌的抑制作用增强,壳多糖的分子量对植物病菌的抑制作用没有显著影响.壳多糖对活体植株染病的防治效果与壳多糖的使用次数呈正相关,水溶性壳多糖(分子量为2350)对活体植株染病的防治效果最好.壳多糖可诱导植物产生与抗病有关的过氧化物酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶,而这些酶的产生随着处理次数的增加依次增加,分子量为2350的壳多糖诱导作用最佳,可使过氧化物酶活性增加4倍以上,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性增加2倍以上. 相似文献
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pHBA对菜心炭疽病的诱导抗性及植株生理特性的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以菜心品种为材料,设置不同浓度对羟基苯甲酸(pHBA)处理,并通过人工接种炭疽病菌,研究pHBA对菜心炭疽病的诱导抗性作用机理。结果表明,在菜心生长发育过程中根系可以分泌出pHBA。pHBA对菜心的生长、产量形成和炭疽病的发生有明显的影响。适宜浓度的pHBA处理可促进菜心生长,提高植株对炭疽病的抗性,显著地降低病情指数(DI),提高菜薹产量,但当pHBA积累到一定浓度时,就对菜心植株产生自毒作用,提高DI和降低菜薹产量。炭疽病菌的感染破坏了植株细胞膜,增强细胞膜透性水平,诱导产生病程相关蛋白(几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)和细胞壁物质(木质素、富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白(HRGP))。适宜浓度的pHBA处理可抑制炭疽病菌对细胞膜透性的伤害,加强诱导提高几丁质酶活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性、木质素含量和HRGP含量,引起细胞壁木质化加强,增加了菜心植株对炭疽病的诱导抗病能力,从而阻止病原菌进一步侵入和扩散,抑制炭疽病菌对菜心产量造成的损失。 相似文献
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大豆花叶病毒(SMV)是影响大豆生产的主要病害之一,在全球范围内对大豆生产造成影响。赤霉素(GA)是重要的植物激素之一,喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病反应的影响尚不清楚。通过测定喷施外源GA后接种SMV的野生大豆植株内源水杨酸(SA)含量,抗氧化酶活性及抗病基因表达,发现与对照相比,喷施外源GA的野生大豆植株的株高、根长、叶面积、植株干重、内源水杨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗病相关基因GmPR-1、GmPR-10和GmNPR1的表达显著增加。说明在病毒侵染野生大豆之前喷施GA可以促进植株的生长,诱导植株抗病反应,降低病毒危害。 相似文献
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大豆花叶病毒(SMV)是影响大豆生产的主要病害之一,在全球范围内对大豆生产造成影响。赤霉素(GA)是重要的植物激素之一,喷施外源GA对SMV侵染的野生大豆抗病反应的影响尚不清楚。通过测定喷施外源GA后接种SMV的野生大豆植株内源水杨酸(SA)含量,抗氧化酶活性及抗病基因表达,发现与对照相比,喷施外源GA的野生大豆植株的株高、根长、叶面积、植株干重、内源水杨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗病相关基因GmPR-1、GmPR-10和GmNPR1的表达显著增加。说明在病毒侵染野生大豆之前喷施GA可以促进植株的生长,诱导植株抗病反应,降低病毒危害。 相似文献
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诱导抗性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究与应用 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
近年来,有关果蔬产品采后诱导抗性的研究较多,生物和非生物因子(如微生物、化学物质、物理因素以及天然物质等)都能够诱导果蔬产品采后的抗性。生物因子研究较多的是拮抗菌,许多生物拮抗菌都具有自生和诱导果实产生抗病相关酶活性的作用,可以有效抑制病原菌的生长。物理诱导主要包括γ-射线、离子辐射、紫外光照和热水处理等,热水浸泡柑橘果实能有效控制贮藏期间的腐烂;低剂量紫外光照射桃、芒果、草莓、葡萄和甜椒等果蔬产品可明显减轻采后病害。用于果蔬产品的化学诱导剂主要有β-氨基丁酸(BABA),苯丙噻重氮(ASM),水杨酸(SA),茉莉酸(JA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)等。将SA与生物拮抗菌配合,可诱导甜樱桃果实过氧化物酶(POD),苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,提高果实贮藏期间的抗病性;ASM在开花前处理哈密瓜也具有一定的抗病诱导效果;用BABA处理葡萄柚后,能刺激果实伤口附近PAL活性增加,增强了果实对绿霉病菌侵染的抵抗力;作为植物生长调节剂的JA及其酯化物MJ,对植物抗病性也具有明显的诱导作用,JA和MJ被认为是植物在病原菌侵染防御反应中细胞信号转导的一种关键物质;用MJ处理采后的苹果和桃果实能增强贮藏期间的抗病性,其诱导强度与果实的成熟度密切相关;将钙盐与生物拮抗菌配合使用,也显著提高拮抗菌的抑病效果。另外,在自然抗病物质中壳聚糖的使用较多,用它处理柑橘果实可提高贮藏期间绿霉病的防治效果。这些生物和非生物因子的诱导抗性机理主要涉及到寄主的细胞结构变化和生理生化反应。本文较详细地论述了诱导果蔬产品采后抗性的因子及其可能的诱导机理。 相似文献
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硅对瓠瓜酚类物质代谢的影响及与抗白粉病的关系 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
研究了硅酸盐和诱导接种白粉菌对瓠瓜叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化和木质素含量的影响.结果表明,诱导接种提高了瓠瓜叶片的PAL、PPO、POD活性,加硅后接种处理植株叶片酶活性更明显增加;接种后瓠瓜叶片中木质素含量增加,加硅处理植株叶片木质素含量是不加硅处理的1.43倍.说明酚类物质代谢在植物抗病机制中起着重要作用,硅能提高酚类代谢的酶活性.1.7mmol/L的硅能显著降低瓠瓜白粉病的病情指数,提高其对白粉病的抗病能力. 相似文献
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Jonathan Gressel 《Pest management science》2009,65(11):1164-1173
A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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植物病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性的发生现状 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来, 随着杀菌剂在农作物病害田间防治中的大量使用, 植物病原菌的多药抗性(multidrug resistance, MDR)现象发生越来越普遍。本文综述了在草坪币斑病、灰霉病、小麦叶枯病和苹果青霉病等病害防治中, 病原菌对杀菌剂多药抗性发生的情况。以及在紫外诱导和杀菌剂离体驯化下, 致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、指状青霉Penicillium digitatum的多药抗性发生情况。分析了导致植物病原菌多药抗性产生的外排转运蛋白过表达、解毒酶代谢和靶标位点变化等相关机制, 并在此基础上提出了多药抗性预防和治理的策略, 以期为田间杀菌剂的高效利用, 延缓药剂的抗性风险提供科学参考。 相似文献
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我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。 相似文献
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Anne‐Sophie Walker Annie Micoud Florent Rémuson Jacques Grosman Michel Gredt Pierre Leroux 《Pest management science》2013,69(6):667-678
Resistance to fungicides is an evolutionary process resulting from the selection of advantageous genotypes in naturally diverse populations. Seven fungicide modes of action are authorised to control grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea on grapevine in France, and five of them have encountered specific resistance, with variable frequencies in populations and possible consequences for field fungicide efficacy. Moreover, multidrug resistance is caused by fungicide efflux and allows a weak resistance towards six unrelated modes of action. Here, a review is given of the fungicide resistance status of B. cinerea in France, particularly in the vineyards of Champagne, which are the most affected. Recently developed resistance and recent findings concerning the associated resistance mechanisms are focused upon in particular. Finally, antiresistance strategies are presented, and examples of managed resistance are discussed in a more general manner with the aim of extending this knowledge to other crops and countries undergoing similar resistance problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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H J Beckie R E Blackshaw J Y Leeson P W Stahlman T A Gaines E N Johnson 《Weed Research》2018,58(3):177-187
This study describes the seedbank persistence of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) Kochia scoparia at two sites in western Canada and examines if GRK. scoparia from western Canada and mid‐western United States (USA) differ from their susceptible counterparts in seed germination and early growth characteristics at low‐temperature regimes. Site or depth of seed burial (surface, 2.5 cm, 10 cm) did not affect seed viability over time and time to 50% and 90% loss of viability averaged 210 and 232 days respectively. Glyphosate‐resistant K. scoparia generally germinated later and had lower cumulative germination than glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) K. scoparia from Saskatchewan, Canada; and Kansas, USA; but not Colorado, USA. Similarly, time to 10% first leaf of GSK. scoparia from Saskatchewan and Kansas tended to be sooner than that of GRK. scoparia, with a greater percentage of GS vs. GR seedlings of populations from all regions having attained first leaf by the end of the experiment. The short seedbank longevity and delayed and reduced germination and time to first leaf of GRK. scoparia may potentially be exploited to maximise management efficacy through delayed preseeding weed control or alternatively by early seeding date to enhance crop competitiveness. 相似文献