干旱区盐渍化土壤高光谱遥感信息分析与提取

以干旱区典型区域新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,以环境小卫星高光谱影像及野外实测土壤含盐量为主要数据源,进行光谱反射率及其变换形式与土壤含盐量的相关性分析,筛选盐渍化土壤响应最敏感波段,利用多元线性回归分析方法,建立基于HSI影像的研究区土壤含盐量定量反演模型。结果表明:研究区土壤含盐量与HSI波段的敏感性随着波长的增加而增强,位于近红外波段范围(797.826-923.913nm)的相关系数R普遍较高,基本在0.7左右。土壤光谱反射率对数的倒数一阶微分变换在628.261nm和923.913nm的波段组合为最佳敏感波段,所构建的土壤含盐量反演模型为最优模型,模型方程为Y=-11.731-114.996X628.261-186.637X923.913,模型及检验的决定系数R2都在0.85以上,均方根误差RMSE约为2.7。该模型的建立为地区土壤含盐量信息的提取及监测提供了参考。     

新疆阜康荒地土壤有机质高光谱特征及其反演模型研究

针对干旱区荒地土壤贫瘠且有机质含量少,难以快速、准确测定的问题,以阜康中部荒地土壤为研究对象,对64个样点野外光谱进行测定和室内土壤样品农化分析,在原始反射率(R)基础上,利用ENVI5.1软件提取光谱反射率一阶微分(R')、倒数的对数(lg(1/A))、倒数的对数一阶微分(lg(1/A)')、去包络线(CR)等4种光谱反射率,分析了5种光谱反射率的变换形式与土壤有机质含量的相关性,基于全波段(450～2 350 nm)和显著性波段(相关系数通过P=0.01水平检验),利用偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)建立土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型。结果表明:(1)对不同有机质含量的土壤光谱去包络线后,光谱曲线吸收特征差异更加显著,且土壤有机质含量越多,土壤光谱反射率越低。(2)土壤反射率经过数学变换后提高了与有机质含量的相关系数。(3)在全波段的PLSR中,CR、R'和lg(1/R)'模型的RPD均大于2.0,表明预测能力极好。其中以CR的预测精度最为突出,其模型R2和RMSE分别为0.79、4.12,RPD为2.18。在显著性波段的PLSR中,虽然R'和CR的模型RPD均大于2.0,可以准确预测有机质含量,但CR的R2,RPD更高;基于全波段PLSR模型精度均略优于显著性波段,但其使用数据量大,增加了计算量。同时,其CR模型的RPD仅比显著性波段模型的高0.03。因此,选择显著性波段CR模型作为估测该荒地土壤有机质含量的模型更为简洁、科学、可行。     

基于SPA-MLR方法的土壤含水量光谱预测模型研究

以人工调配的不同含水量土壤的高光谱数据为基础,运用11种常规的变换方法对原始光谱反射率进行变换,使用连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征波段,然后建立多元线性回归(MLR)模型,并对不同模型进行评价比较,旨在选择监测土壤含水量的最佳高光谱模型,实现土壤含水量高光谱监测。结果表明,随着土壤含水量的增加光谱反射率先升高后降低;使用SPA提取的特征波段为3~5个,且不同变换处理后提取的特征波段存在差异。利用特征波段建立MLR回归模型,表明原始光谱经一定数学变换处理可以提高土壤含水量高光谱监测精度,其中对数的一阶微分变换处理(T_8)后建立的SPA-MLR模型监测精度最高,其校正模型表现为R~2=0.957,RMSE=2.16,RPD=4.74,验证模型表现为R~2=0.903,RMSE=3.41,RPD=2.95。故基于反射率对数一阶微分变换处理所建立的SPA-MLR模型可以更好地实现土壤含水量的高光谱监测。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的三江源区表层土壤全氮空间格局反演

利用Landsat 8 OLI影像反演三江源区玉树、称多及玛多县的表层土壤全氮含量空间分布格局,选取光谱反射率(R)、光谱反射率的倒数(1/R)、光谱反射率倒数的对数〔lg(1/R)〕3个光谱指标,与表层土壤(0~30 cm)全氮实测数据进行相关性分析,筛选相关性最高的光谱指标,以达到显著性相关水平波段的主成分分量建立回归模型。结果表明:OLI影像的B1~B4和B7的R、1/R、lg(1/R)均与实测全氮数据达到显著性相关水平,以lg(1/R)变换最为明显;利用这5个波段lg(1/R)的第一、第二主成分建立负二次多项式回归模型,其中建模样本的R2为0.621,RMSE为2.075,验证样本的R2为0.730,RMSE为1.493,RPD为1.849,反演模型精度较高,稳定性较好。利用OLI影像可较好的估算表层土壤全氮含量的空间分布格局。     

基于室内高光谱数据的多种类型土壤有机质估算模型比较

基于高光谱数据的土壤有机质反演是土壤遥感及精准农业的重要研究内容,然而不同的光谱处理及建模方法使得模型的估算能力及精度差异明显,限制了模型之间的通用性。为了构建陕西省土壤有机质含量估算的最优模型,以陕西省9种主要土壤类型的216个土样的光谱反射曲线和土壤有机质含量为数据基础,将光谱反射曲线进行一阶微分d(R)、倒数对数log(1/R)、倒数对数一阶微分d[log(1/R)]和包络线去除N(R)4种变换,结合一元线性回归(SLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机回归(SVR)3种建模方法构建了不同的土壤有机质含量估算模型。结果显示:不同类型土壤的反射光谱曲线总体态势基本一致,吸收特征位置基本相同,且土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率呈负相关态势;基于d [log(1/R)]光谱变换构建的SVR估算模型精度最高,建模集和验证集的判断系数(R~2)分别为0.9210、0.8874,验证均方根误差(RMSE)为2.18,相对分析误差(RPD)达到2.8751,是估算陕西省土壤有机质含量的最优模型,PLSR次之,SLR最差。     

基于高光谱的渭北旱塬区棉花冠层叶面积指数估算

以棉花冠层高光谱反射率与冠层叶片叶面积指数(LAI)为数据源,在分析LAI与原始高光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率、光谱提取变量和植被指数相关性的基础上,采用一元线性与多元回归的方法构建了棉花LAI高光谱估算模型,并进行精度估算。结果显示,在可见光范围内随着生育期的推进及施氮量的增加冠层光谱反射率逐渐降低,在近红外范围内从苗期到花铃期随着施氮量增加反射率逐渐增加,花铃期到吐絮期反射率明显降低;各生育期冠层光谱的提取变量与LAI的相关性不强,全生育期各种光谱提取量及植被指数与LAI的相关性高于不同生育期;棉花冠层叶片LAI在反射光谱1 461 nm处相关系数达到最大值(r=-0.726);对于一阶微分光谱,LAI的敏感波段发生在742 nm处,r=0.744;以敏感波段742 nm一阶微分光谱反射率建立的逐步回归估算模型精度最高,RMSE=0.94,RE=26.27%,r=0.78。说明以全生育期为基础,采用一阶微分光谱敏感波段,并根据实际条件选择有效的估测模型,可以进行棉花LAI的预测。     

开都河流域下游绿洲盐渍化土壤高光谱特征

土壤光谱反射特性是土壤遥感的物理基础.通过野外调查采样、土壤盐分实验分析与土壤高光谱数据采集,对土壤高光谱数据一阶和二阶导数微分变换处理,分析土壤样品的光谱特征,建立土壤光谱和土壤盐分含量间的相关关系,对研究区盐渍化土壤含盐量进行定量反演.研究结果表明:1)从土壤光谱反射率的形态特征来看,土壤的光谱反射率曲线总体上变化较为平缓,光谱特征形态较为相似,且基本平行.2)研究区土壤光谱反射率曲线的形状大致可由300 ～ 600nm、600 ～ 800nm、800～1000nm、1000 ～ 1400nm、1400 ～1900nm、1900 ～ 2100nm、2100～ 2500nm七个折线段和560nm、900nm、1400nm、1900nm、2200nm五个特征吸收点来控制.3)利用光谱反射率一阶导数微分的盐渍化土壤含盐量多元线性回归预测模型的预测效果均优于利用反射率原型和反射率二阶导数微分,其中氯化物-硫酸盐型RMSE=0.33,硫酸盐型RMSE=0.31,硫酸盐-氯化物型RMSE=0.22.     

基于高光谱的区域土壤质地预测模型建立与评价——以河套灌区解放闸灌域为例

为了运用光谱反射率快速确定土壤质地,对河套灌区6种不同类型土壤质地在室内进行光谱反射率测试,分别运用一元线性回归、逐步多元回归及BP神经网络三种方法建立光谱反射率与土壤砂粒含量及粉粒含量的拟合模型,并利用估测数据对样品进行土壤质地的模拟。结果显示:三种预测模型精度及其预测能力均较为满意,其中BP神经网络的拟合效果最好,砂粒,粉粒估测模型的决定系数R2均为0.86,外部检验决定系数R2分别为0.88,0.90。利用BP神经网络预测得出的粒径含量对样本质地重新判定,发现达到91.74%的样本符合类别分类要求。研究结果为利用高光谱图像大范围确定土壤质地奠定了基础,对于未来区域模型模拟和土壤水力参数推求具有重要指导意义和应用价值。     

基于高光谱与电磁感应技术的干旱区绿洲土壤含水量反演研究

为实现干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的快速、准确监测,利用采集自渭干河-库车河绿洲的84个表层(0~10cm)土壤样本,通过利用电磁感应仪(EM38)将所测解译后数据代替实测土壤含水量数据,将高光谱反射率重采样为Landsat8卫星遥感波段反射率,在选取光谱特征参数、提取敏感波段的基础上,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法建立土壤含水量模型,将最优估算模型应用于遥感影像,实现研究区土壤含水量遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)利用EM38所测水平模式土壤表观电导率与土壤含水量拟合效果最优,能够代替实测土壤含水量进行后续建模分析。(2)相比3种单一的光谱特征指数,利用多种光谱特征指数所建土壤含水量估算模型的建模效果更优,其干、湿各季建模集决定系数R~2大于0.7,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.5%,RPD均大于2,能够作为有效手段估算干旱区绿洲土壤含水量。(3)不同季节土壤含水量遥感反演值与实测值决定系数R~2均大于0.6,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.6%,显示了较高的预测精度,证明利用电磁感应技术与高光谱相结合能够实现对干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的精准、高效监测。     

新疆北部不同类型土壤光谱特征及对有机质含量的预测

对北疆地区淡栗钙土、冷钙土、石灰性黑钙土、石膏灰棕漠土等4种土壤类型的反射光谱进行分析,研究土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率之间的关系。结果表明,石灰性黑钙土的反射率明显低于其它土壤类型。有机质含量高于14 g·kg^-1时光谱反射率与有机质含量呈负相关,有机质含量很低（<8 g·kg^-1）时,土壤的光谱反射率与有机质含量之间呈正相关。分别采用593.6 nm波段的原始光谱反射率、661 nm波段的反射率去除包络线和547.4 nm波段反射率的一阶微分与土壤有机质含量建立回归模型,经检验三种模型均能较好地预测有机质的含量,其中光谱的一阶微分预测精度相对较高,可较好地预测北疆主要类型土壤的有机质含量。     

Derivation of salt content in salinized soil from hyperspectral reflectance data: A case study at Minqin Oasis,Northwest China

Soil salinization is a serious ecological and environmental problem because it adversely affects sustainable development worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. It is crucial and urgent that advanced technologies are used to efficiently and accurately assess the status of salinization processes. Case studies to determine the relations between particular types of salinization and their spectral reflectances are essential because of the distinctive characteristics of the reflectance spectra of particular salts. During April 2015 we collected surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth) at 64 field sites in the downstream area of Minqin Oasis in Northwest China, an area that is undergoing serious salinization. We developed a linear model for determination of salt content in soil from hyperspectral data as follows. First, we undertook chemical analysis of the soil samples to determine their soluble salt contents. We then measured the reflectance spectra of the soil samples, which we post-processed using a continuum-removed reflectance algorithm to enhance the absorption features and better discriminate subtle differences in spectral features. We applied a normalized difference salinity index to the continuum-removed hyperspectral data to obtain all possible waveband pairs. Correlation of the indices obtained for all of the waveband pairs with the wavebands corresponding to measured soil salinities showed that two wavebands centred at wavelengths of 1358 and 2382 nm had the highest sensitivity to salinity. We then applied the linear regression modelling to the data from half of the soil samples to develop a soil salinity index for the relationships between wavebands and laboratory measured soluble salt content. We used the hyperspectral data from the remaining samples to validate the model. The salt content in soil from Minqin Oasis were well produced by the model. Our results indicate that wavelengths at 1358 and 2382 nm are the optimal wavebands for monitoring the concentrations of chlorine and sulphate compounds, the predominant salts at Minqin Oasis. Our modelling provides a reference for future case studies on the use of hyperspectral data for predictive quantitative estimation of salt content in soils in arid regions. Further research is warranted on the application of this method to remotely sensed hyperspectral data to investigate its potential use for large-scale mapping of the extent and severity of soil salinity.     

准噶尔盆地人工林地土壤全盐的高光谱反演

随着高光谱遥感技术的快速发展,通过其定量估测土壤化学成分具有很好的可行性。使用ASD Pro FieldSpec3便携式光谱仪,测量准噶尔盆地人工林地风干土壤样品的可见光-近红外光谱,利用土壤反射光谱值预测全盐的含量。首先,通过皮尔森相关系数分析方法,计算土壤全盐与土壤反射光谱之间的相关性,其中土壤光谱值的二阶导数与土壤全盐的相关系数最高为0.806,均方根误差最小为1.508。其次,在基于光谱反射率的基础上,通过多元统计回归分析,表明土壤光谱在1 130 nm、1 430 nm和1 930 nm波段的全盐反演模型预测的效果较好,可以利用这3个波段建立回归方程,对土壤全盐进行反演估算。     

A new method of searching for concealed Au deposits by using the spectrum of arid desert plant species

With the increase of exploration depth, it is more and more difficult to find Au deposits. Due to the limitation of time and cost, traditional geological exploration methods are becoming increasingly difficult to be effectively applied. Thus, new methods and ideas are urgently needed. This study assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of using hyperspectral technology to prospect for hidden Au deposits. For this purpose, 48 plant (Seriphidium terrae-albae) and soil (aeolian gravel desert soil) samples were first collected along a sampling line that traverses an Au mineralization alteration zone (Aketasi mining region in an arid region of China) and were used to obtain soil Au contents by a chemical analysis method and the reflectance spectra of plants obtained with an Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) FieldSpec3 spectrometer. Then, the corresponding relationship between the soil Au content anomaly and concealed Au deposits was investigated. Additionally, the characteristic bands were selected from plant spectra using four different methods, namely, genetic algorithm (GA), stepwise regression analysis (STE), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and correlation coefficient method (CC), and were then input into the partial least squares (PLS) method to construct a model for estimating the soil Au content. Finally, the quantitative relationship between the soil Au content and the 15 different plant transformation spectra was established using the PLS method. The results were compared with those of a model based on the full spectrum. The results obtained in this study indicate that the location of concealed Au deposits can be predicted based on soil geochemical anomaly information, and it is feasible and effective to use the full plant spectrum and PLS method to estimate the Au content in the soil. The cross-validated coefficient of determination (R²) and the ratio of the performance to deviation (RPD) between the predicted value and the measured value reached the maximum of 0.8218 and 2.37, respectively, with a minimum value of 6.56 μg/kg for the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) in the full spectrum model. However, in the process of modeling, it is crucial to select the appropriate transformation spectrum as the input parameter for the PLS method. Compared with the GA, STE, and CC methods, CARS was the superior characteristic band screening method based on the accuracy and complexity of the model. When modeling with characteristic bands, the highest accuracy, R² of 0.8016, RMSE of 7.07 μg/kg, and RPD of 2.20 were obtained when 56 characteristic bands were selected from the transformed spectra (1/lnR)' (where it represents the first derivative of the reciprocal of the logarithmic spectrum) of sampled plants using the CARS method and were input into the PLS method to construct an inversion model of the Au content in the soil. Thus, characteristic bands can replace the full spectrum when constructing a model for estimating the soil Au content. Finally, this study proposes a method of using plant spectra to find concealed Au deposits, which may have promising application prospects because of its simplicity and rapidity.     

土壤初始含盐量对水分入渗特性的影响

研究土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响,对盐碱地治理具有重要意义。在室内分别进行初始氯化钠含量为3.6、4.5、5.3、5.7 g•kg^-1和9.0 g•kg^-1的一维垂直土柱淋洗试验。根据试验数据,采用多元回归法,建立了湿润锋、累积入渗量与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系,回归相关系数分别为0.992、0.922,回归模型拟合程度较好;根据累积入渗量得到了入渗率与时间和土壤含盐量之间的量化关系。实验和分析计算表明：土壤初始含盐量对入渗特性的影响大于时间对入渗特性的影响,相同时间土壤初始含盐量越高,入渗湿润锋、累积入渗量和入渗率值越小。     

不同质地土壤玉米出苗适宜墒情研究

通过室内盆栽试验,研究不同质地土壤、不同底墒(即初始含水量,下同)、不同底墒增加量下玉米的出苗率,分别就砂土、壤土和黏土三种质地给出了底墒、底墒增加量和出苗率之间的回归方程,并通过方程计算得出三种质地土壤在不同底墒的条件下,达到80%的出苗率所需的底墒增加量。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土含盐量与电导率的关系

分别测定了吉林省大安市苏打碱土含盐量与电导率以及地下水含盐量与电导率,分析了含盐量与电导率的关系。结果表明,土壤含盐量与电导率、地下水含盐量与电导率之间具有良好的线性相关性,土壤浸出液电导率(y)与土壤含盐量(x)之间的回归方程为:y=0.201 0.092x(r=0.991,n=50,p<0.0001);地下水电导率(y)与含盐量(x)之间的回归方程为:y=-0.393 1.523x(r=0.997,n=18,p<0.0001)。利用方程计算的土壤含盐量与实测值之间符合较好,相对误差大多在7%以下;根据电导率计算的地下水含盐量与实际测量值之间的相对误差一般在5%以下。说明在数据统计分析基础上建立的这两个经验公式适用性较好,可以用于该区苏打碱土土壤及地下水电导率与含盐量之间的换算。     

宁夏中部干旱带降水渗透深度预测模型研究

为掌握降水在宁夏中部干旱带天然草场土壤中的渗透情况,引入根据土壤含水量增量变化确定渗透深度的方法,并运用回归、逐步回归和相关分析等多种统计手段,建立了不同土壤质地下降水渗透深度预测统计模型。结果表明:(1)运用回归方法建立的渗透深度预测模型(R~2在0.60~0.67)比逐步回归预测模型(R~2在0.49~0.58)显著性好,两种预测模型中降水量或降水日数的回归系数在置信度为0.05水平下均通过显著性检验。(2)通过对两种预测模型预测结果与实测值的相关分析,回归预测结果、逐步回归预测结果和实测值之间的相关系数达0.70以上,特别是两种模型预测结果相关性显著(相关系数0.88~0.93),从模型简单可用的角度考虑,最终选用逐步回归预测模型。(3)兴仁沙壤土条件下预测效果较好(81%~100%的样本相对误差均在30%左右或以下),同心壤土预测效果中等(55%~60%的样本相对误差小于30%),盐池粗砂土条件下效果一般(约50%左右样本相对误差在30%及以下)。(4)同时,文中预测模型试验验证了不同土壤质地对降水渗透深度的影响,当相同的降水过程下,降水渗透深度大小顺序为粗砂土沙壤土壤土。     

利用光谱特征参数估算病害胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量

为了探索建立炭疽病胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型,促进遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用,通过获取不同发病程度的杉木冠层光谱及相应的叶绿素含量,将冠层光谱数据、一阶微分数据与相应的叶绿素含量分别进行了相关分析。采用逐步回归、主成分回归及偏最小二乘回归方法构建叶绿素含量的估算模型。叶绿素含量与原始光谱在可见光(614～698nm)和近红外区(724nm之后)达到极显著相关,且在近红外区基本趋于稳定;与一阶微分光谱在424～486nm、514～532nm、552～682nm、698～755nm和762～772nm波段全部达到极显著相关;3种建模方法均消除了参数间多重共线性的影响,模型的决定系数全部达到极显著水平,其中逐步回归模型精度最高,相对误差和均方根误差分别为10.71%和0.194。研究表明受到不同程度炭疽病胁迫的杉木冠层光谱反射差异较大,可利用高光谱信息定量估算病害胁迫下的杉木叶绿素含量,且估算精度较高。     

Optimal bandwidth selection for retrieving Cu content in rock based on hyperspectral remote sensing

Hyperspectral remote sensing technology is widely used to detect element contents because of its multiple bands,high resolution,and abundant information.Although researchers have paid considerable attention to selecting the optimal bandwidth for the hyperspectral inversion of metal element contents in rocks,the influence of bandwidth on the inversion accuracy are ignored.In this study,we collected 258 rock samples in and near the Kalatage polymetallic ore concentration area in the southwestern part of Hami City,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China and measured the ground spectra of these samples.The original spectra were resampled with different bandwidths.A Partial Least Squares Regression(PLSR)model was used to invert Cu contents of rock samples and then the influence of different bandwidths on Cu content inversion accuracy was explored.According to the results,the PLSR model obtains the highest Cu content inversion accuracy at a bandwidth of 35 nm,with the model determination coefficient(R²)of 0.5907.The PLSR inversion accuracy is relatively unaffected by the bandwidth within 5-80 nm,but the accuracy decreases significantly at 85 nm bandwidth(R²=0.5473),and the accuracy gradually decreased at bandwidths beyond 85 nm.Hence,bandwidth has a certain impact on the inversion accuracy of Cu content in rocks using the PLSR model.This study provides an indicator argument and theoretical basis for the future design of hyperspectral sensors for rock geochemistry.