西北黄土区主要作物茬口对土壤理化性质和冬油菜农艺性状的影响

为了探讨不同茬口对土壤肥力及后茬油菜产量的影响,以休闲田为对照,研究了西北黄土区冬油菜、马铃薯、玉米、冬小麦、春小麦、蚕豆等6种主要农作物茬口土壤耕作层肥力效应及其对后茬白菜型冬油菜产量和农艺性状的影响,结果表明：（1）不同作物茬口土壤养分含量总体表现为越冬作物>休闲田>春播作物,除固氮作物蚕豆茬口碱解氮含量较高外,冬油菜茬口土壤营养各项指标、土壤微生物种群结构及土壤物理性状均显著优于其它作物茬口,其有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比休闲田增加32.6%、12.1%,5.9%、7.2%、11.6%、99.8%、44.2%,其次为蚕豆、冬小麦茬口和休闲田,玉米和春小麦茬口肥力状况较差;与休闲田相比,冬油菜、冬小麦和蚕豆茬口耕层（0~20 cm）土壤容重分别降低10.14%、5.80%和5.80%,而冬油菜茬口土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水量分别提高7.33%、4.12%和5.65%,马铃薯、玉米、春小麦茬口均有不同程度下降,冬小麦与蚕豆茬口无明显差异;（2）前茬对白菜型冬油菜农艺性状的影响主要表现在株高、根量、全株角果数、角果粒数及千粒重等指标,其中蚕豆茬口白菜型冬油菜比休闲田增产4.50%,冬小麦茬口与休闲田相当,而马铃薯、玉米、春小麦、冬油菜茬口分别较休闲田减产11.05%、15.04%、16.27%、21.14%。白菜型冬油菜的最佳前茬是豆类作物,休闲田和冬小麦茬口次之,但白菜型冬油菜连作可能会产生自毒作用或病害加重,从而造成显著减产。     

不同生态条件下白菜型冬油菜性状差异分析

在4个生态区种植11个不同抗寒性白菜型冬油菜品种,探讨北移种植后冬油菜生育期进程、农艺性状、品质等的变化特征及与主要生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:与原种植区(天水)相比,冬油菜北移后其生育期进程发生明显改变,主要表现在冬前生育期缩短,越冬期延长;越冬后返青期~成熟期生育期总天数不变,但早期(返青期~终花期)生育期进程加快,而角层期延长。北移种植后冬油菜株高、分枝部位降低,主花序变短、单株角果数减少,分枝数增加,株型变差;角粒数、千粒重增加,角、粒性状改善。含油量、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸含量增加,亚油酸、廿碳烯酸、硫苷含量降低;油酸、亚麻酸含量与纬度、海拔呈显著正相关,与降雨量、年均温度、最冷月温度呈显著负相关;廿碳烯酸、硫苷与油酸、亚麻酸表现相反。冬油菜北移后株型变差,角、粒性状改善;冬前生育期变短,越冬期延长,返青后生育期加快,而角层期延长,有利于粒重增加;籽粒含油量增加,高纬度、高海拔有利于油酸、亚麻酸积累,而高降雨量、低温有利于廿碳烯酸积累。     

北方强冬性区白菜型冬油菜临界安全越冬率及产量补偿效应分析

以3个不同抗寒性的白菜型冬油菜品种为材料,在模拟不同越冬条件下,探讨越冬率对强抗寒性白菜型冬油菜产量、株型性状、角粒性状、生育期等的影响。结果表明:当越冬率在30%～100%范围内,随越冬率的增加,白菜型冬油菜产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,陇油7号、冬油2号越冬率为85%时产量分别为4 462.2 kg·hm~(-2)和4 057.0 kg·hm~(-2),达到最高值;天油4号越冬率为90%时产量最高,为3 591.8 kg·hm~(-2)。方差分析表明,陇油7号和天油4号越冬率大于75%,冬油2号越冬率大于70%时,越冬率变化对其产量水平无显著影响,而越冬率低于这一阈值时,其产量显著降低。回归分析表明,白菜型冬油菜越冬率与其产量的关系符合线性模型;相关性分析表明,白菜型冬油菜越冬率变化与植株分枝部位呈显著正相关(P0.05),与单株分枝数、角果长度和数量、粒数和粒重、单株重量等呈显著负相关(P0.05),种子、角果和侧枝的干鲜质量及蔗糖含量与越冬率变化呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.01或P0.05)。因此,冬前播种密度保持在65万株·hm~(-2)时,我国北方强冬性区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬临界值范围为70%～75%,不同品种的安全临界越冬率存在差异;在一定范围内,增加白菜型冬油菜的分枝和结实性能,对返青群体不足导致的产量损失具有补偿效应。     

灌浆天数对北方白菜型冬油菜产量和品质的影响

为了研究北方白菜型冬油菜在灌浆成熟过程中产量和品质性状的特征特性变化,以白菜型冬油菜陇油12号和09鉴8为材料,分析冬油菜在终花后10、20、30、40、45 d的植株、角果、籽粒形态和干鲜重,产量和品质性状的变化。结果表明,随着籽粒灌浆成熟,植株和角果颜色呈墨绿—青绿—黄绿—蜡黄—肤白色变化。角果中籽粒大小呈小—大—小变化,种子颜色呈绿色—褐绿相间—褐色—紫色—黑色变化。植株、角果、籽粒鲜重呈先增加后降低的单峰变化曲线,基本呈抛物线状,且分别在终花后20、30、40 d鲜重达到最大,而植株、角果、籽粒干重呈先增加后保持不变的变化趋势。同时千粒重、单株产量、经济系数也呈先增加后保持不变的S型增长曲线,且在终花后30 d达到最大,之后保持不变。相关分析表明,灌浆时间长短与籽粒鲜重、千粒重、经济系数呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.991、0.962、0.968(P0.01);与单株产量、含油率呈显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.947、0.940(P0.05);与蛋白质呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.886(P0.05)。通过主成分分析方法打分,各处理的综合得分排名为40 d45 d30 d20 d10 d,因此,籽粒灌浆天数对白菜型冬油菜的产量和品质影响明显。综合评价得出,蜡黄期(约终花后40 d)产量和品质等性状达到最佳,是收获的最适宜时期。     

白菜型冬油菜抗倒伏性评价及其与株型性状的相关分析

于2018—2019年以44份不同抗倒性的白菜型冬油品系(种)为试材,依据改良倒伏系数(ILC)法对其抗倒伏性进行聚类分析和评价,探讨白菜型冬油菜株型、茎秆力学特性、干物质积累量等对其倒伏性的影响。结果表明:依据ILC可将白菜型冬油菜参试材料聚为3类:Ⅰ类为强抗倒性材料,包含2个品系(种);Ⅱ类为中等抗倒性材料,包含15个品系(种);Ⅲ类材料抗倒性最弱,包含27个品系(种)。聚类结果与田间倒伏分级结果基本吻合,两者呈极显著正相关(r=0.452~(**)),表明利用ILC评价白菜型冬油菜的抗倒伏性具有可靠性。与Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类材料相比,抗倒性强的Ⅰ类材料株高显著变矮,重心高度显著降低,其平均株高和重心高度比倒伏Ⅲ类材料分别降低19.8 cm和17.8 cm。白菜型冬油菜茎秆抗折力在三类材料间均存在显著差异,抗倒伏Ⅰ类参试材料平均茎秆抗折力是Ⅲ类材料的2.59倍。白菜型冬油菜倒伏系数与株高(r=0.346~*)、地上部鲜质量(r=0.344~*)、重心高度(r=0.579~*)呈显著正相关,与茎秆抗折力(r=-0.518~*)呈显著负相关。与Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类材料相比,Ⅰ类参试材料根长增长38%～41%,根鲜质量增大71%～102%,分枝部位降低32%～44%,一次分枝数增加10%左右、单株角果数增加30%～38%、角果长度增长1%左右、每角粒数增加11%～14%,千粒重增加21%～23%。白菜型冬油菜参试材料抗倒伏性存在显著差异,植株高度、重心高度、地上部鲜质量、茎秆抗折力等是影响其抗倒伏性的关键因素,株高较小、重心高度较低、茎秆抗折力大的白菜型冬油菜品种更高产抗倒伏。     

化学药物GSC不同浓度对白菜型冬油菜主要性状的影响

以白菜型冬油菜品种鉴94为材料,研究化学药物GSC的不同浓度对白菜型冬油菜主要性状的影响。结果表明,GSC处理两次后,导致植株生长势变弱,而对结实力无显著影响;对油菜花冠和花瓣的生长有一定抑制作用,随着化学药物浓度的增加,花冠直径和花瓣面积呈减小趋势,雄蕊长度逐渐缩短,雌蕊无显著变化,T7浓度处理(第一次0.5 mg·L^-1和第二次0.6 mg·L^-1浓度处理)后,花丝萎缩,花药干瘪,出现大量不育花粉。GSC可以诱导白菜型油菜产生雄性不育,随着GSC浓度的增加,不育株数和失活花粉数也逐渐增加,在T7浓度,植株不育株率达86.49%,失活花粉率达89.30%;同时用此浓度处理后花粉囊发育不良,绒毡层细胞提前解体或随花粉粒退化一同消失,小孢子团紧贴内壁,数量变少。试验说明化学药物GSC对白菜型冬油菜具有一定的杀雄效果,同时杀雄效果与药物浓度有一定关系。     

北方旱寒区冬油菜种植密度对生态条件的响应

在北方旱寒区不同生态条件下开展了冬油菜适宜种植密度试验,研究了种植密度对冬油菜越冬率、生育期、产量及农艺性状的影响.结果表明,越冬率随种植密度增大而降低;密度对生育期存在一定的影响;随着种植密度的增加,分枝部位增高,株高、植株总分枝数、主花序长度、千粒重、单株产量均降低.角粒数也受种植密度影响,随密度增大,角粒数基本呈抛物线状变化.冬油菜在新疆、酒泉、靖远和北京地区适宜种植密度范围不同,分别为60 ～ 120、60～75、60 ～ 90万株/hm2和60～90万株/hm2.北方旱寒区冬油菜适宜的种植密度范围在60 ～ 90万株/hm2.     

北方白菜型冬油菜花器特性及农艺性状与含油量的相关性

为研究北方白菜型冬油菜花冠直径与千粒重及含油量之间的相关性,以20份不同的白菜型冬油菜为材料，测定花器大小、农艺性状、种子含油量及蛋白质含量,并对控制花器特征基因mf6、apetala和myb进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果表明:花冠直径受雌蕊直径影响较大,主成分分析提取的3个主成分可综合为花器各性状长度、雌蕊直径和花器各性状宽度；以花冠直径为指示性状，将20份白菜型冬油菜花冠划分为3类群；相关性分析表明，花冠直径与千粒重呈极显著正相关，相关系数0.663；千粒重与含油量呈极显著正相关，与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。相较于小花，mf6在大花中相对表达量上调了151.63%，而apetala和myb分别下调了83.80%和72.70%。北方白菜型冬油菜品种间花器大小存在显著差异；在育种中可通过增加花冠直径来提高千粒重，进而增加油菜产油量，培育高含油量白菜型冬油菜品种。mf6、apetala和myb基因对白菜型冬油菜花器生长发育均具有一定调控作用。     

北方白菜型冬油菜的春化率、抗寒性和遗传多样性分析

以26份北方白菜型冬油菜为材料，通过观察记载冬前植物学性状、测定半致死温度(LT₅₀),分析冬油菜春播后的春化率与抗寒性的关系，并利用筛选出的SRAP、SSR和InDel标记对参试材料进行聚类和遗传多样性分析。结果表明，白菜型冬油菜植物学性状具有丰富变异，遗传多样性指数Simpson(D)变化范围为0.011～0.847,Shannon-Weaver(H)变化范围0.035～2.046,其中数值型性状叶柄长度的遗传多样性指数最大，非数值型性状生长习性的遗传多样性指数最小。参试材料春化率为6.59%～69.88%,半致死温度-3.52～-9.93℃。相关性分析表明，春化率与LT₅₀呈极显著正相关(P≤0.01),与生长习性呈显著正相关(P≤0.05),与叶色呈极显著负相关(P≤0.001)。遗传多样性分析表明，26份白菜型冬油菜共筛选出27对引物，共检测总等位基因数130个，有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为3.14,香农指数(I)平均为1.2073,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.6168,多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.5681。聚类和...     

不同覆盖处理对甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜越冬率及产量的影响

试验研究了地膜覆盖、土覆盖、农家肥覆盖处理对甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜的越冬率、生育期、产量的影响。试验结果表明,覆盖处理较露地栽培可缩短总生育期2~11 d,各生育时期也相应缩短。其中地膜覆盖效果最好,可缩短生育期11 d左右,农家肥覆盖与土覆盖处理分别可缩短生育期2 d与5 d。地膜覆盖、土覆盖、农家肥覆盖越冬率分别为95.45%、81.25%、80.77%,露地栽培越冬率为66.67%。覆盖处理较露地栽培的越冬率增加14.1~28.78个百分点。覆盖处理的株高、主花序长度、单株角果数、千粒重、单株产量以及角粒数等性状优于露地栽培。覆盖处理可提高产量,其中地膜覆盖产量达到5 358.3 kg/hm2,土覆盖为3 854.25 kg/hm2,农家肥覆盖产量为3 704.25 kg/hm2,分别较对照增产50.94%、8.57%和4.34%。覆盖对提高土壤温度有良好影响,无论地膜覆盖、土覆盖还是农家肥覆盖,土壤温度均高于露地栽培的处理。根据覆盖栽培越冬保苗效果、增产效果以及农事作业的可操作性,建议甘肃中部地区甘蓝型冬油菜栽培以地膜覆盖和土覆盖为主要覆盖方式。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Combined effect of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds andTrichoderma harzianum on the control of postharvest diseases of rambutan

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of the rambutan postharvest diseases stem-end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits(Nephelium lappaceum) against the three pathogens were compared: potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or cinnamaldehyde (30 ppm), each combined withTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40). The application of TrH 40 and potassium metabisulphite effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the overall quality and color of the fruit under low temperature storage at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. for 18 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was shown onG. microchlamydosporum. Cinnamaldehyde affected the growth and germination of TrH 40, whereas potassium metabisulphite did not. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

Identification and Characterisation of Bacteria Causing Soft-rot in Agave tequilana

Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms.     

Functional analysis of the 3′ end of avrBs3/pthA genes from two Xanthomonas species

The phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar (pv.) oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri each contain several avrBs3/pthA family genes. Structural features of these genes important for avirulence and/or virulence functions include a central region of multiple direct repeats and three nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic activation domain (AAD) at the 3′ end. To identify other regions critical to function in the 3′ ends of these genes, we constructed several chimeras using apl1 and apl2 from X. axonopodis pv. citri and avrXa10 and avrXa7 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and evaluated their functions by inoculation to citrus and rice. The apl1 and avrXa7 genes are major virulence determinants in citrus and rice, respectively, while the contributions of apl2 and avrXa10 to virulence are negligible or not measurable. Constructs that contained a 417 bp HincII-SphI fragment from the 3′ end of apl1 in combination with the repeats from avrXa7, avrXa10, and apl1 caused a canker phenotype on citrus. Interchange of the HincII-SphI fragment between avrXa7 and avrXa10 abolishes avrXa7 avirulence function and reduces its virulence but it does not affect avrXa10 avirulence function in rice. avrXa7 caused a hypersensitive response (HR) in citrus and replacement of it's 3′ end with that of apl1 resulted in loss of canker and induction of HR. Thus, the HincII-SphI fragment of the avrBs3/pthA gene family is important for avirulence and virulence functions in two different plant species, Oryza sativa and Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454