盐胁迫对不同基因型玉米生理特性和产量的影响

选用两种不同的玉米品种登海9号及浚单18,在不同大田盐浓度下生长,测定它们的产量以及在实验室通过不同浓度的盐胁迫测定它们的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力及生长量,以了解盐胁迫对不同基因型玉米生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在大田不同盐浓度土壤栽培的玉米,随着盐浓度的增加产量逐渐降低,并且盐敏感玉米浚单18的降低幅度大于抗盐品种登海9号。盐胁迫条件下,玉米的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力及生长量均随着盐胁迫浓度的提高而逐渐降低,并且耐盐品种登海9号的降低幅度小于盐敏感品种。     

陕西商州铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌耐铅锌胁迫能力及其生理生化特征

以从陕西商州铅锌尾矿区豆科植物中分离纯化的12株根瘤菌为对象,采用固体平板接种培养法研究了菌株耐铅、锌单盐与铅锌双盐胁迫的能力,同时用液体试管振荡培养法测定了菌株的生理生化特征。结果表明,该区域的豆科植物根瘤菌对铅、锌单盐胁迫具有良好的耐性,但对铅锌双盐胁迫的耐性明显低于单盐。耐性菌株在生理生化特性上存在广泛差异,对铅锌耐性越强的根瘤菌,其阳性生理生化特征也越多。实验初步筛选到了3株耐铅锌胁迫能力强的根瘤菌菌株CH3、MX7和HZ10,它们分别与豆科植物刺槐（Robinia pseucdoacacia）、天蓝苜蓿（Medicago lupulina）和多花胡枝子（Lespedeza floribunda Bunge）共生。研究可以得出耐性根瘤菌对铅锌胁迫的抵抗能力可能是建立在其具有多种生理代谢反应基础上的,即它们通过改变代谢途径以适应重金属的污染环境,对铅锌胁迫耐性强的根瘤菌菌株在重金属尾矿区的土壤和植被恢复中有潜在的开发应用价值。     

施氮对苜蓿根茎叶光合产物分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探究施氮对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响, 本试验在大田网室盆栽条件下, 以‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿品种为材料, 以牛角花齿蓟马Odontothrips loti为研究对象, 设4个施氮处理(N1, N2, N3, N4)和1个不施氮的对照, 评价不同施氮水平下苜蓿的受害程度, 并测定苜蓿根茎叶生物量和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:1)施氮后2个苜蓿品种的受害指数均升高; 受牛角花齿蓟马为害7 d后, 2个苜蓿品种的受害指数均在N2处理下最高, 分别比对照高39.93%和20.06%; 受害14 d后, ‘甘农3号’的受害指数在N3处理下最大, 比对照高28.51%, ‘甘农9号’的受害指数在N1处理下最大, 比对照高23.97%; 在同一施氮水平下, ‘甘农3号’的受害指数均明显高于‘甘农9号’。2)施氮后2个苜蓿品种根茎叶的生物量增加, 但叶茎比和根冠比降低, 生物量更多向茎秆中分配, 向叶片和根系中分配较少。3)苜蓿叶片中的可溶性糖含量随施氮量的增加而减少, 而茎秆和根系中的可溶性糖含量升高。施氮降低了苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马的抗性, 促进了苜蓿根茎叶的生长, 但根冠比下降, 致使苜蓿的再生能力和耐虫性下降; 施氮后苜蓿叶片中的可溶性糖含量下降, 使叶片合成防御物质的碳源不足, 进而导致苜蓿对蓟马的抗性降低。     

施磷对紫花苜蓿光合作用及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响及其相关的光合机制,本试验以西北广泛种植的感蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农3号’和抗蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农9号’为材料,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,调查评价了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的受害指数、生长指标和蓟马虫口数量,测定了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的光合气体交换参数、可溶性糖含量。结果表明:施磷后,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数均显著降低,株高和产量显著增加,蓟马虫口数量无显著变化;净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用率(WUE)显著升高,蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著降低;苜蓿心叶可溶性糖含量显著升高,但可溶性糖含量与蓟马虫口密度间无相关性,而与受害指数之间存在极显著的负相关关系。施磷有效地增强了苜蓿的光合作用,进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。在大田条件下,通过增施磷肥来控制苜蓿蓟马的危害是一种经济有效的绿色防控措施。     

柴达木盆地盐爪爪生理特性对盐胁迫的响应研究

通过研究柴达木盆地盐爪爪生理特性对盐胁迫的响应,为合理利用耐盐植物改良盐渍土提供科学依据。以盐爪爪种子及盆栽幼苗为试验材料,以清水为对照,设置10个1.0%~10.0%Na Cl溶液的培养基质浓度梯度,采用单因素随机区组设计,用3a时间对盐爪爪种子萌发、苗木生长及生理特性等耐盐性生化指标进行试验测定。结果表明:不同浓度盐胁迫对盐爪爪生长发育及生理特性都有一定程度的抑制,但不同浓度盐胁迫对盐爪爪生长发育及生理特性影响程度不同;随着盐浓度的增加,盐胁迫对盐爪爪生长发育及生理特性抑制作用越明显,7.0%盐浓度溶液作为对盐爪爪生长发育及生理特性抑制作用的拐点,是其适生耐盐最大阈值;在柴达木盆地荒漠化防治实践中应采取有效措施将水土环境的盐浓度控制在7.0%以下。     

含ACC 脱氨酶菌株Rs—5对棉苗生长及其耐盐性的影响

试验设置不同盐及不同Rs-5菌液浓度、不同菌液处理方式,通过盆栽试验,比较各种处理条件下棉苗的生长量和丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量等生理指标的变化.结果表明,Rs-5具有在盐胁迫条件下促进棉花幼苗生长并增加其耐盐性的作用,这种作用随盐浓度升高而增加, 当盐浓度在0.4%以上时,菌株Rs-5对棉苗生长量和耐盐性影响均达显著水平(P<0.05), 0.8%的盐浓度下均达极显著水平(P<0.01);同时Rs-5菌悬液处理效果最佳的浓度是OD_(600nm)=0.3(约10~8 U/ml),棉花的株高、根长和干重分别比无菌对照增加了8.9%,10.1%,17.5%,丙二醛含量降低了42.8%,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白分别增加17.9%,0.8%,151.4%.     

盐胁迫对不同基因型冬小麦发芽和出苗的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对4种不同基因型冬小麦种子发芽及出苗的影响。试验结果表明,50～150mmol/LNaCl处理对小偃6号和NR9405发芽的抑制作用较小,50、100mmol/LNaCl处理对陕229和RB6的发芽有一定促进作用;150～200mmol/L的盐浓度可能是影响小麦种子萌发的临界浓度。盐胁迫下,小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数下降,且活力指数对盐害反应最为敏感。盐胁迫抑制小麦发芽期间芽和根生长,且在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下根受抑制敏感程度大于芽;盐浓度上升则相反。小麦根数在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下增加,高盐浓度(>150mmol/L)下减少。盐胁迫下,小麦种子出苗延迟,出苗率下降。不同基因型小麦发芽过程对盐胁迫的反应不同。小麦种子耐盐性存在基因型差异,4个冬小麦品种中,小偃6号种子耐盐性相对较好,NR9405次之。陕229和RB6耐盐性相对较差。     

西北部分重金属矿区天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌生理生化特性及16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析

对分离自西北地区6个矿区采样点的68株天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌进行了生理生化特性和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.唯一碳源利用结果表明:供试菌株均能利用丁二酸钠等7种碳源,均不能利用马尿酸钠等4种碳源.在苯酚作为唯一碳源的培养基上生长试验表明:所有菌株可以在400 mg/L的苯酚培养基上生长;5株菌可以在700 mg/L浓度下生长;所有菌株都不能在800 mg/L浓度以上的苯酚培养基上生长.重金属耐受性结果表明:供试菌株对重金属有不同程度耐受性,筛选出1株具有优良重金属耐受性的菌株CCNWGS0037.16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析结果表明:所有菌株可以分为3种类型,全序列测定结果分析表明分别属于中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium).综合分析,矿区天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌多样性比较单一.     

NaCl胁迫对枸杞叶片甜菜碱、叶绿素荧光及叶绿素含量的影响

研究了在不同盐分胁迫下枸杞叶片甜菜碱含量、叶绿素荧光动力学参数和叶绿体色素含量的动态变化。结果表明,枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光参数(Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo、Fv/Fo)随盐浓度的增加呈现下降的趋势,叶绿体色素(chla、chlb、chla/chlb)含量在低盐浓度下(0.3%NaCl)呈升高趋势,高盐浓度(0.6%～0.9%NaCl)下则均下降,随胁迫时间的延长,以上各参数均呈先下降后上升的总趋势,而类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(car/chl)则随盐浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长逐渐上升。枸杞叶片甜菜碱含量在一定范围内随盐浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐积累的趋势。初步证明盐胁迫下枸杞叶片甜菜碱的积累与叶绿素荧光及叶绿体色素含量的变化有关,这也可能是枸杞抗盐的重要生理原因之一。     

解钾菌与盐胁迫对枸杞幼苗根系特征和生理代谢的影响

以‘宁杞1号’为试验试材,采用双因素裂区设计,以盐胁迫为主因素(100 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl),以解钾菌(B1,B2,B3)为副因素,对枸杞幼苗根系总长度、投影面积、表面积、体积、平均直径、根尖数、根系活力、活性氧含量、可溶性糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和转化酶(INV)活性进行测定,综合评价不同处理中枸杞根系的生长状况。结果表明,解钾菌与盐胁迫对枸杞幼苗根系超氧阴离子(■)含量和SOD、CAT、POD活性均无显著性影响,而对其他指标具有明显的影响。不同处理组合中,B1处理枸杞幼苗根系总长度最长,分别比CK(不添加NaCl和菌剂)、B2、B3、NaCl-CK、NaCl-B1、NaCl-B2、NaCl-B3处理长101%、89%、65%、112%、105%、122%、181%。B2处理中枸杞根系的投影面积、表面积和体积最大及转化酶活性最高;NaCl-B1处理中枸杞幼苗根尖数最大,根系活力最强,GSH-Px和SS活性最高;NaCl-B2处理中枸杞幼苗根系可溶性糖含量和SPS活性最高;NaCl-B3处理中枸杞幼苗根系H_2O_2含量最低,分别比ck、NaCl-CK、B1、NaCl-B1、B2、NaCl-B2、B3处理低24.3%、34.3%、3.9%、41.1%、17.3%、36.3%、14.3%。通过对枸杞幼苗根系17项指标进行综合评价,排在前三名的依次为NaCl-B1、B2、NaCl-B2处理。因此,解钾菌对枸杞幼苗根系的生长发育具有促进作用,无论是否存在盐胁迫,接种B1或B2单一菌种效果均优于其混合菌种B3。盐胁迫下,接种B1解钾菌更有利于枸杞根系的生长发育;非盐胁迫下,接种B2解钾菌更有利于枸杞根系的生长发育。     

Application of reverse-phase h.p.l.c. for the determination of partition coefficients

Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), using a C₁₈ analytical column, has been applied to the determination of partition coefficients for a range of agrochemicals and industrial chemicals. Using a correlation plot of the logarithm of the capacity factor (k) with the logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P_ow), partition coefficients were predicted with a 95% tolerance interval of ± log 0.80 of the literature ‘shake flask’ value for compounds of random structure over the log P_ow range 0–6. Individual regression lines were fitted for compounds of comparable size and functional grouping, which reduced any bias and thereby enabled more accurate predictions to be made. The reverse-phase h.p.l.c. method has a number of advantages over the traditional ‘shake-flask’ method. Quantitative methods are not required or do not have to be developed and only the determination of the retention time is necessary. Quick and precise determinations of retention times are facilitated by h.p.l.c. and further improvement can be obtained by automation of solvent mixing, solute injection and data processing. H.p.l.c. was used to generate partition coefficient data for highly hydrophobic materials and, because of its resolving power, data for mixtures and solvent fractions. Dual detection, using u.v. and r.i. in series, was necessary for some compounds, particularly unknown mixtures and impure compounds. Calculations of log P_ow based on the fragment-addition method using the structural data file, MACCS, was of considerable value in confirming experimentally derived values. In certain cases, calculated log P_ow values were considered more trustworthy than experimental values.     

PCR-based differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The pathogenic type (form and race) of Fusarium oxysporum, which generates wilt symptoms on tomato, was rapidly identified with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. We compared the partial nucleotide sequences of endo polygalacturonase (pg1) and exo polygalacturonase (pgx4) genes from isolates of F. oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and radicis-lycopersici (FORL) from Japan and designed specific primer sets (uni, sp13, sp23, and sprl) based on the nucleotide differences that appeared among the pathogenic types. PCR with the uni primer set amplified a 670∼672-bp fragment from all isolates of FOL and FORL. With the sp13 primer set, an amplicon of 445 bp was obtained only from isolates of FOL race 1 and 3. With the sp23 primer set, a 518-bp fragment was obtained from isolates of FOL race 2 and 3. The sprl primer set yielded a 947-bp fragment from isolates of FORL, but not from FOL. A combination of amplifications with these primer sets effectively differentiated the pathogenic types of F. oxysporum in tomato.     

醉蝶白粉病的发生规律与防治

研究明确醉蝶白粉病菌以闭囊壳、分生孢子和菌丝在病残体上或土壤中越冬。醉蝶开花至盛花期为发生高峰期 ,高温干燥的气候条件发病严重。发生程度与土壤肥力、田间种植密度等关系密切。加强管理 ,清洁田园和30%特富灵、6%乐必耕、75%百菌清、25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂等在定植后、开花前后喷药 ,每隔10d1次 ,连续5～6次 ,可基本控制该病发生。     

Dispersal of Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by Ants

ABSTRACT A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies.     

Attempted somatic hybridization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei

Attempts were made to produce somatic hybrids between isolates of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and f. sp. hordei. A mixed infection was produced on a common susceptible barley host, Fong Tien, using white-spored isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and yellow-spored isolates off. sp. hordei. Selection was made for non-parental spore colour on selective wheat and barley hosts, and variants thus isolated were analysed for virulence markers, and for isozyme and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) markers, all of which clearly differentiated the parental isolates. Two white-spored (non-parental) isolates were found on the selective barley host which otherwise resembled the parental f. sp. hordei isolate in virulence, isozyme and dsRNA markers. The most likely explanation of the origin of these isolates is mutation to white spore colour in the f. sp. hordei isolate.