不同配方土壤熟化调理剂对新修梯田土壤改良效果的影响

针对西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田土壤瘠薄、保水保肥能力差的特点,通过3年的田间定位试验,在氮磷肥平衡施用基础上,研究添施不同配方土壤熟化剂对新修梯田土壤理化性状、养分状况与作物产量等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)施用不同配方土壤熟化剂可降低新修梯田土壤容重,增大毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;且表层(0~10 cm)熟化效果好于底层(10~20 cm)。与试验前相比,表层土壤容重降低5.14%~18.49%,孔隙度和田间持水量分别增加9.14%~18.86%和10.96%~17.19%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加56.11%~114.19%、9.84%~78.69%、48.52%~268.50%、70.10%~427.53%;(2)与CK相比,A处理的培肥效果最显著,容重年均降低0.06 g·cm-3,孔隙度和田间持水量年均分别增加3.15、0.45%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的年增加速率分别提高2.48 g·kg~(-1)、0.2 g·kg~(-1)、7.82mg·kg~(-1)、129.23 mg·kg~(-1);其余培肥处理的效果为BC、D、ECK;(3)施用土壤熟化剂提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,以A配方的效果最好,2012、2013年马铃薯产量较CK分别提高37.69%、50.93%,2014年小麦产量较CK提高94.41%;3年A配方的水分利用效率较CK分别提高43.09%、48.71%、102.31%,且差异显著。综合可知,A配方(黑矾、腐植酸、氯化钾、微肥、DA-6用量分别为375、600、150、45、150×10-3kg·hm-2)对于改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤养分、水分利用效率和作物增产效应最佳,为西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田快速培肥较适宜的措施。     

有机无机肥配施对新垦盐碱荒地土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了有机无机肥配合施用对甘肃引黄高扬程灌区新垦盐碱荒地土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:有机无机肥配合施用能显著改善土壤物理性状,0~10、10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层平均容重分别降低了9.31%、6.16%和4.29%,总孔隙度分别提高了10.00%、7.56%和4.95%;有机无机肥配施降低了0~20 cm土层紧实度,且随着有机肥用量的增加,降低的幅度越大;施肥能改善新垦盐碱荒地土壤养分状况,与N0M0(CK)处理相比,耕层土壤有机质含量增加了5.2%~24.0%,全氮、磷、钾分别增加了20.83%~58.33%、10.85%~81.40%和2.80%~15.42%,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加了4.18%~113.42%、51.43%~312.38%和5.84%~32.22%。施肥能显著提高玉米籽粒产量,增幅在13.4%~168.8%;氮肥在作物产量增加中起到了主导作用,增幅达53.5%~130.7%,而有机肥的增幅只有8.8%~22.1%。同时,有机无机肥配施也能显著改善玉米植株性状,施氮肥300 kg·hm-2、有机肥24 t·hm-2处理的株高、穗长、行粒数最高,施氮肥600 kg·hm-2、有机肥24 t·hm-2处理的穗粗、穗行数和百粒重最高。     

宁夏主要枸杞产区施肥现状与土壤养分特征

为了摸清宁夏主要枸杞产区施肥现状和土壤养分丰缺状况,采用问卷调查的方式分别调查了宁夏中宁(n=112)和惠农(n=20)不同树龄枸杞施肥种类和施肥量等情况,并分别通过48和18个监测点的土样采集与测定,分析评价了其土壤养分含量现状。结果表明,中宁枸杞施肥采用有机无机配施,而惠农枸杞重施化肥,两地枸杞施用化肥种类以尿素、二铵和复合肥为主(投入农户比例达88.9%~100.0%)。中宁不同树龄枸杞N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分投入量分别为716~909、654~1043、149~194 kg·hm~(-2),惠农分别为549~552、276~285、69~74 kg·hm~(-2)。两枸杞产地0~30 cm耕层土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾平均含量差异不大,但中宁土壤速效磷平均含量(135.7 mg·kg~(-1))明显高于惠农(49.3 mg·kg~(-1))。两枸杞地土壤速效氮素残留以硝态氮为主,且随着树龄增加而增加。6~10年和≥10年中宁枸杞地土壤速效磷含量分别是≤5年的3.3和2.5倍,但两地土壤速效钾含量差异不大。因此,建议宁夏中宁和惠农枸杞生产中,应采用有机无机配施的原则,根据不同树龄枸杞和目标产量,合理控制氮、磷肥总量,适当增施钾肥。     

灌淤土农田土壤有机碳及碳库管理指数对施肥措施的响应

为了探讨施肥对灌淤土水旱轮作农田土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响特征,寻求合适的土壤增碳措施,在宁夏引黄灌区水稻-春小麦-春玉米轮作体系中,通过3 a田间定位试验研究了不施肥(CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥+有机肥配施(NPK+M)、化肥+玉米秸秆(NPK+S)和农民习惯施肥(CON)6个不同施肥措施对0~20 cm耕层土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,在同等氮素供应水平下,无论水田或旱地,NPK、M、NPK+M和NPK+S处理都能达到土壤增碳效果,3年的土壤培肥后,其土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别达10.03~10.60 g·kg~(-1)和3.00~4.35 g·kg~(-1),与试验前(9.92 g·kg~(-1)和2.48g·kg~(-1))相比分别提高了1.2%~6.8%和20.8%~75.2%,M处理显著高于CK。施用有机肥3 a以上,才能显著提高土壤碳库、碳库活度、活度指数和碳库管理指数。因此,从土壤总有机碳及其活性组分提升的角度考虑,应在平衡施用NPK的基础上,提倡水旱轮作农田长期增施有机肥来提高土壤碳库管理指数。     

培肥措施对侵蚀坡耕地春玉米产量与土壤养分的影响

针对宁南山区坡耕地土壤养分流失严重和作物产量较低的问题,通过剥离表层土壤0、10 cm和20 cm模拟不同侵蚀程度,研究单施化肥(NP)、有机无机配施(M+NP)和单施有机肥(M)、不施肥(CK)4个培肥措施对春玉米产量、耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、土壤有效磷和土壤速效钾含量的影响,从而提出侵蚀坡耕地增产和培肥效果俱佳的施肥模式。结果表明,相对于CK处理,M和M+NP处理均能改善不同侵蚀程度下坡耕地春玉米的穗长、穗行数、穗粒数和百粒重等农学性状,达到增产目的。随着坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的增加,春玉米的各产量构成因素和产量都出现显著降低趋势。相对于0 cm土层,表土剥离10 cm和20 cm侵蚀处理下春玉米分别显著减产了26.4%和38.5%。在同等侵蚀条件下,施肥措施能显著增加0~20 cm土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,而对土壤有机质含量影响不大;但随着土壤侵蚀程度的增加,土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾养分平均含量呈降低趋势。施用有机肥或有机无机配施还能降低土壤砂粒比例,提高粘粒含量,有效地改善土壤物理结构。     

不同前茬与施氮量对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响

研究了不同前茬(冬油菜茬、冬小麦茬)与不同施氮量(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N120,120 kg·hm~(-2);N240,240 kg·hm~(-2))对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:施氮显著增加了夏玉米产量,与不施氮比较,冬油菜茬和冬小麦茬分别增产9.76%~24.88%和12.56%~22.50%,且冬油菜茬的产量高于冬小麦茬6.40%~11.05%。同一茬口不同处理间夏玉米田土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量为N_(240)N_(120)N_0,N_0、N_(120)和N_(240)处理下冬油菜茬土壤TOC含量分别高于冬小麦茬1.07~1.70、1.07~1.93 g·kg~(~(-1))和0.77~1.60 g·kg~(~(-1))。两种前茬下,夏玉米出苗至成熟土壤易氧化有机碳(EOOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,冬油菜茬土壤EOOC和POC含量分别高于冬小麦茬0.09~4.91 mg·kg~(~(-1))和0.05~0.27 g·kg~(~(-1))。施氮对土壤EOOC和POC的贡献率分别为0.34%~3.45%和10.14%~51.41%。综上分析,施氮有利于增加半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量,并能促进土壤有机碳库的积累。在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,复播夏玉米以冬油菜茬为优,且施氮量以240 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响

为深入了解不同土地利用方式下土壤养分水平的差异及施肥和管理中存在的问题,选取陕西省周至县农耕区为研究区域,采用地统计分析和GIS相结合的方法,研究了猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种不同土地利用类型下土壤养分含量、养分相关性、空间变异特征及其分布格局。结果表明:猕猴桃园有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.55±3.13)g·kg~(~(-1)),(80.58±14.69)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(23.37±6.09)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(102.79±12.74)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.32±0.49;小麦—玉米农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.43±2.63)g·kg~(~(-1)),(78.80±11.39)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(24.83±6.06)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(95.03±11.75)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.41±0.58。猕猴桃园土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于小麦—玉米农田,仅有效磷含量比小麦—玉米农田偏低。研究区主要养分要素的变异系数都处于10%~100%,属于中等空间变异性。在猕猴桃园中,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾两两之间均呈极显著或显著正相关;在小麦—玉米农田,pH值与有机质表现出显著负相关。研究区土壤有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏高水平,有机质含量处于中等偏低水平,而速效钾含量总体缺乏。整体上猕猴桃园比小麦—玉米农田养分水平高,这主要与不同的田间管理和施肥状况有关。因此,今后应采取维持氮肥、控制磷肥、增加钾肥的措施,并十分重视有机肥的使用。此外,针对不同土地利用类型和土壤肥力状况进行分区培肥管理,普及科学施肥,提高肥料利用效率也是提升土壤肥力水平的重要措施。     

陇东黄土旱塬不同耕作方式及施肥处理对冬小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在陇东旱塬覆盖黑垆土的土壤上,通过3年冬小麦田间试验研究了不同耕作方式及不同施肥处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:传统深耕配施有机无机肥有利于作物高产和提高WUE;免耕年限增加不利于产量的增加;随着耕作年限的延长,传统耕作和免耕配施有机无机肥土壤有机质含量均有不同程度提高,传统耕作土壤有机质含量从试验前的11.75 g/kg提高到13.0 g/kg,提高了10.6%,免耕土壤有机质含量从试验前的11.75 g/kg提高到13.93 g/kg,提高了18.6%。从产量、WUE和土壤养分等方面综合分析,在陇东旱塬以传统深耕配施有机无机肥有利于增加作物产量,提高WUE,改善土壤肥力状况。因此,传统耕翻配施有机无机肥是目前陇东黄土旱塬培肥土壤和抗逆减灾最为有效的措施之一。     

有机无机肥配施对宁夏引黄灌区露地菜田土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探讨宁夏引黄灌区露地菜田土壤氨挥发损失特征,于2013年5—9月在该区域露地花椰菜-大白菜轮作体系下,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配施对土壤氨挥发速率、氨挥发损失通量及其损失率的影响。结果表明:露地花椰菜和大白菜基肥后,不同有机无机肥配施处理下土壤氨挥发损失高峰通常出现在第1~4天,而追肥后提前到1~2天,在高量施氮处理下,氨挥发延续时间在10天以上;花椰菜季大多数施肥处理的氨挥发损失发生在追肥阶段(占总氨挥发损失通量的50.2%~60.3%,单施有机肥和低氮处理除外),大白菜季各处理的氨挥发损失主要在基肥阶段(占总氨挥发损失通量的57.0%~73.6%);露地花椰菜基肥和追肥后,不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发最大速率分别在0.79~4.56、1.00~5.34 kg·hm-2·d-1之间,而露地大白菜季分别为3.49~13.09、1.54~7.03 kg·hm-2·d-1;不同有机无机肥配施下,花椰菜和大白菜全生育期内土壤氨挥发损失通量分别为5.15~35.82、11.11~70.60 kg·hm-2,其随总施氮量的增加而增加;花椰菜和大白菜季不同施肥处理的土壤氨挥发损失率分别为4.02%~4.87%和2.54%~10.55%,其化肥贡献率分别为62.0%~100.0%和85.5%~100.0%,且化肥贡献率随化学氮肥用量的增加而增加。因此,在同等施用有机肥的情况下,合理降低化肥氮用量是减少该地区露地菜田土壤氨挥发损失的重要措施。     

菌肥与有机肥配施对拱棚西瓜土壤的改良效果

针对宁夏半干旱农区地力薄弱、西瓜连作土壤障碍等问题,通过田间试验和室内分析,研究了不同有机肥和菌肥配施对拱棚西瓜土壤质量的影响。结果表明:有机肥配施菌肥有利于降低耕层土壤容重,增加田间持水量,改善土壤孔隙状况,并显著降低土壤p H值,尤其生物有机肥配施菌肥和豆饼粉配施菌肥使表层土壤的p H比CK分别下降5.66%~9.45%和2.24%~2.54%。施用生物有机肥能显著增加土壤有机质和速效氮磷钾含量,相应提高土壤水溶性盐含量,表层土壤中养分平均增幅为有机质84.98%,碱解氮68.05%,速效磷586.11%和速效钾80.11%。施用有机肥和菌肥能显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,其中生物有机肥配施菌肥的表层土壤分别提高了180.00%~220.00%、467.80~703.39%、190.91~245.45%和18.46%~21.80%,豆饼粉配施菌肥分别提高90.00%~150.00%、154.24%~174.58%、0.00%~163.64%和19.30%~20.97%。有机肥配施菌肥有利于增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,生物有机肥配施菌肥和豆饼粉配施菌肥的表层土壤细菌数量增幅分别为303.92%~339.23%和135.29%~203.92%,放线菌增幅分别为225.00%~270.00%和30.00%~92.50%,真菌降幅分别为54.12%~56.47%和44.71%~45.88%。通过比较,各施肥处理以生物有机肥配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌为改良培肥瓜田土壤的最优配施方案。     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

Build-up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops

The build-up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m-2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg^?1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg^?1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg^?1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build-up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.     

2009年融水县早、中稻稻瘟病大发生及流行因素分析

<正>稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae Cav)长期以来一直是为害融水县水稻生产的主要病害[1],为全县双季稻及早、中稻混栽区内常发性病害,历年发生面积333.3～533.3 hm2,尤其是一些历史老病区受此病为害,常造成水稻产量较大损失。2009年该病又相继在早、中     

西安夏、秋季降水与太阳黑子的关系

基于西安市1960-2007年的降水数据和太阳黑子相对数,采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall检验等方法,对西安降雨量进行分析,然后采用小波分析方法研究了西安夏、秋两季降水量与太阳黑子之间的关系。结果表明：夏、秋两季降水量约占西安全年降水量的80%;西安夏季降水量呈上升趋势,秋季降水量则呈下降趋势;降水量的变化与太阳黑子数多少密切相关,在太阳黑子出现极值年及2 a左右,降水量也出现极值;西安夏季降水量有10 a左右的周期,秋季降水量有9 a左右周期;太阳黑子在9 a时间尺度上与降水量有很强的相关性,且夏季降水量与太阳黑子相差1～2 a的正相关,秋季降水量则与太阳黑子提前2 a左右的负相关关系。     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.