水分胁迫对葡萄幼苗4种主要生理指标的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)和黑比诺(Pinot Noir)为试材,盆栽方法测定水分胁迫下葡萄幼苗游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白质及可溶性糖含量的变化.结果表明:在水分胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,并且随着胁迫程度的增加呈明显上升趋势,在整个水分胁迫过程中,赤霞珠脯氨酸的含量相对于对照的增长幅度明显高于黑比诺,丙二醛的增长幅度低于黑比诺;水分胁迫使赤霞珠和黑比诺叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量降低.     

盐胁迫对苗期向日葵内源激素含量的影响

对水培20 d的苗期向日葵进行浓度为0、50、100 mmol·L-1以及时间为10、20、30 h的盐胁迫处理,运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定了各组向日葵的根部、茎秆和叶片中内源激素的浓度变化。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,向日葵根、茎、叶中四种激素呈现不同的变化趋势。IAA,ABA和ZR三种激素总体表现为先增后降的趋势,盐浓度越大,植物激素上升或下降的幅度越大,变化速度也越快。GA没有显著变化且波动在±2.0 ng·g-1范围内。而根、茎、叶中IAA/ABA,GA/ABA,(ZR+IAA+GA)/ABA的比值总体呈下降趋势,表明了盐胁迫对生长的抑制。盐胁迫下向日葵叶片和茎秆中这几种激素的变化更为明显,而根部的变化则较为缓慢。     

干旱胁迫对苗期木薯内源激素含量的影响

以SC124、KU50、C4和SC8四个木薯品种为试验材料,运用酶联免疫吸附测定法,研究了盆栽条件下干旱胁迫对苗期木薯根系与叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA）和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量以及四种激素间平衡关系的影响。结果表明：随着干旱程度的加强,四种激素的含量在不同木薯品种内呈现不同的变化趋势。干旱至第10天时,ABA含量在苗期木薯叶片内增加,在根系内含量也增加（KU50除外）;IAA在叶片中含量下降,根系内含量因品种不同,变化趋势相差明显,其中SC124和KU50中IAA含量显著下降,而在SC8和C4中含量上升;GA含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片GA含量在C4和KU50中略有下降而在SC124和SC8中上升;ZR含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片中ZR含量在C4中上升,SC8中下降,而在KU50和SC124中无明显变化。IAA/ABA ,ZR/ABA在根系中比值下降,SC124降幅最大,SC8降幅最小,KU50、C4降幅居中,说明IAA/ABA ,ZR/ABA与木薯的抗旱能力具有一定相关性。该研究结果解释了苗期木薯根系和叶片内源激素对干旱胁迫的适应性反应,为筛选不同木薯抗旱品种提供了理论依据。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素含量及生长特性的影响

以中棉所4l号和中棉所49号为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究外源水杨酸(SA)对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素水平和生长特性的影响。结果表明:(1)0.6%Na Cl胁迫条件下,棉花幼苗叶片中ABA含量增加,CTK、GA和IAA含量减少,在0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA含量分别降低了59.14%和76.71%,CTK、GA、IAA含量分别提高了55.39%、21.05%、22.39%和17.08%、12.5%、18.20%,说明SA处理可有效缓解盐胁迫的伤害;(2)ABA/IAA+GA、CTK/IAA和ABA/CTK值在0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下分别为增高、降低和增高,0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA/IAA+GA和ABA/CTK值分别降低了63.40%、74.03%和71.66%、79.99%,CTK/IAA值分别增加了28.41%和21.18%,说明SA可使幼苗体内激素恢复动态平衡,促进幼苗的生长发育;(3)0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下棉花幼苗的株高、根鲜重、茎鲜重和叶鲜重都表现为降低,在不同浓度外源SA浸种和喷施处理下都有所恢复,幼苗根表现最为明显,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施处理0.6%Na Cl胁迫下,两品种棉花幼苗单株鲜重分别增加了24.20%和22.39%。SA能通过调控棉花幼苗激素含量从而提高棉花幼苗的耐盐性,其中以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施对缓解棉花幼苗盐胁迫的伤害效果明显。     

黑果枸杞幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum Murr.）幼苗为试验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置4个水分处理水平（对照CK、轻度胁迫D1、中度胁迫D2、重度胁迫D3）,研究黑果枸杞幼苗对不同程度干旱胁迫的生理生化响应。结果显示：① 随着干旱胁迫的加剧,黑果枸杞幼苗株高、基径生长量、生物量积累和叶重比在轻度胁迫下升高,中、重度胁迫下降低;根重比、根冠比在轻、中度胁迫下升高,重度胁迫下降低。② 随着胁迫时间的延长,各处理组脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量先降后升;丙二醛（MDA）含量先增后减再逐渐增加。③ 随胁迫时间的延长,各处理组超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性逐渐升高,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性呈先升后降的趋势。综合分析认为,干旱胁迫下,黑果枸杞幼苗通过调整生长和生物量分配,减少地上部分水分散失,增加根系物质的积累,以吸收更多的水分,利用渗透调节物的积累来改变细胞渗透势,以便减少胞内水分流失。同时,通过提高保护酶活性来减弱膜脂过氧化对自身的伤害,表现出较强的耐旱性。     

干旱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

试验以3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据黎明前叶片的基础水势(Ψb),设置轻度干旱胁迫(T3)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T1)三个处理,以无胁迫为CK。研究了赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明:干旱胁迫能导致赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分饱和亏缺、束缚水呈现依次上升趋势,而叶片相对含水量、总含水量、自由水及自由水/束缚水呈现不同程度下降趋势,且随胁迫程度的增大而显著增加。随着胁迫的进行,赤霞珠葡萄基础荧光(F_0)呈现先上升后下降趋势,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F_0)、最大量子产额(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著增加。表明干旱胁迫能引起赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分降低,光合电子传递链受阻,PSII反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,吸收的光能更多地用于保护性的热耗散途径,导致光化学量子产额下降,光合效率下降。     

干旱胁迫及复水对豌豆叶片内源激素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法, 研究了干旱胁迫及复水对豌豆叶片脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)和玉米素(ZT)等4种内源激素含量的影响.结果表明: 苗期轻度和重度干旱胁迫分别导致叶片ABA含量增加1.03%和1.10%,IAA含量增加16.44%和61.99%,GA含量降低1.44%和4.79%,ZT含量降低2.10%和3.16%;始花期轻度和重度干旱胁迫分别导致叶片ABA含量增加1.60%和1.90%,IAA含量增加14.42%和27.75%,GA含量降低1.17%和1.79%,ZT含量降低16.65%和19.83%;灌浆期轻度和重度干旱胁迫分别导致叶片ABA含量增加0.83%和1.63%,IAA含量增加12.25%和29.02%,GA含量降低0.87%和1.76%,ZT含量降低7.89%和13.23%.同时对各种内源激素比例产生影响.复水可对豌豆叶片内源激素含量产生补偿效应, 其补偿量决定于豌豆生育时期、干旱胁迫强度和历时、复水历时.复水可促进豌豆叶片内源激素比例发生变化.     

棉花苗期到盛花期倒四叶激素变化研究初报

研究苗期到盛花期棉花倒四叶的内源激素变化情况,以及激素和棉花各生长部位相互关系。结果表明:IAA的含量随着棉花的生长呈现下降的趋势,进入盛花期后,IAA开始上升;CTK随着棉花的生长呈现上升的趋势;GA3在花铃期有下降的趋势,GA3和蕾中的GA3变化相反;ABA的高峰值和花芽中ABA的高峰值的出现有时间差。叶片中各激素比值在现蕾期与叶片中养分N、K的变化趋势有相似之处;与茎中N、K的变化存在时间差;在花铃期与营养器官中的N的变化趋势相似,和K的变化趋势相反。激素比值变化对各部位的P没有显著影响。     

‘李光杏’花芽分化时期内源激素及碳氮比值的动态研究

为了明确‘李光杏’花芽分化的时期及分化特点,研究其花芽分化的调控机制,于2018年采用常规石蜡切片方法对花芽分化的时期进行观察,并测定内源激素及碳氮比值的变化。‘李光杏’自6月20日开始至10月初分化完成,其过程分为未分化期、分化初期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期、花粉细胞期等7个时期,分化盛期集中在8—9月份,且各时期均有重叠现象。6月下旬,随着形态分化开始,ABA、CTK含量下降并维持低水平;IAA含量呈上升趋势,且9月份出现峰值(239 ng·g~(-1));ZR、GA含量的变化呈先升后降趋势,9月出现峰值,分别为ZR(64.8 ng·g~(-1))、GA(317 ng·g~(-1));6月份(未分化期)ABA/IAA、ABA/GA、ZR/IAA比值显著高于其他时期,ZR/GA的变化呈先升后降趋势,7月份出现最高值,为0.25,9月份(雌蕊分化期)最小,为0.21。GA/IAA在6月份最高(1.79),进入形态分化期后逐渐下降。ZR/ABA的变化呈先升后降趋势,9月份最高(0.24)。全氮、全碳含量不断降低,直至10月初分化完成后显著升高,且C/N呈先升后降趋势。本研究结果认为,ABA、CTK这两大促花激素的含量显著升高以及较高的ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA及ABA/GA的比值(分别为3.75,0.41,194时)有利于花芽分化进行,当碳氮比(C/N)升高(37.31～54.79)时,有利于‘李光杏’花器官的形成。     

南方根结线虫对生姜生长及内源激素的影响

 试验结果表明,南方根结线虫侵染生姜后,首先损伤根系,进而显著降低生姜植株的株高、地上鲜重、根系鲜重和根茎重,减产47.96%。南方根结线虫侵染可使生姜叶片中赤霉素(GA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著降低,感病生姜的脱落酸(ABA)则表现为前期降低,后期增加的趋势,并促使叶片中GA/ABA的迅速下降,严重影响了生姜的生长,使感病植株矮小、叶片黄化,提前衰老。感病生姜根茎GA、IAA、ZR、ABA的变化规律与叶片相似,但9月份ZR、IAA含量的迅速上升,与根结线虫建立侵染据点、形成巨型细胞,从而造成根茎的局部疣裂有关。南方根结线虫侵染可引起病株根系GA/ABA升高以及GA含量在生长后期上升,促进营养物质向根部运输,从而造成根系的补偿性生长;但IAA和ZR含量的下降不利于根结线虫建立侵染据点,不能在根系中形成过多的根结。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。     

Measures of durability of resistance

ABSTRACT Conventional models for the durability of resistant cultivars focus on the dynamics of the frequency of resistance genes. This leads to a definition of the durability of resistance as the time from introduction of the cultivar to the time when the frequency of the virulence gene reaches a preset threshold. It is questionable whether this is the most appropriate way to measure durability. Here we use a simple epidemiological model to link population dynamics and population genetics to compare three measures of durability: (i) the expected time until invasion of the virulent genotype, by mutation or immigration, and subsequent establishment of a population (T(invasion)); (ii) the virulence frequency related measure of the time for the virulent genotype to take-over the pathogen population ( T(take-over)); and (iii) the additional yield, measured by the additional number of uninfected host growth days (T(additional)). Specifically, we show how the measures of durability are affected by deployment and epidemiological parameters. We use a combination of numerical solution and analytical approximation of a model for the population dynamics of avirulent and virulent genotypes of a pathogen growing in dynamically changing populations of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The three measures of durability are compared. Some consequences of the results for durable resistance in multilines and mixtures and the regional deployment of resistant cultivars are discussed.