不同颜色色板对梨园昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对梨园害虫诱集效果较好的粘虫板,选用黄色、红色、绿色、紫色、蓝色、灰色、白色和黑色8种颜色的粘虫板对梨园内昆虫进行诱集。结果显示,黄色粘虫板的诱集效果最好,诱集害虫种类8科10种,对中国梨木虱和小绿叶蝉的诱集效果较好;其次为绿色粘虫板,诱集昆虫种类7科7种,对中国梨木虱和小绿叶蝉也表现出较好的诱集效果。半翅目昆虫的趋色性较强,诱集数量最多,适合选择色板诱集防治。黄板和绿板对梨园天敌有一定影响,在梨园使用时应适时适量选择性使用。本研究为利用粘虫板在梨园进行害虫防治提供了理论依据。     

不同种类色板与添加物协同对槟榔园害虫诱集的初步效果

为筛选出适宜的槟榔园粘虫板种类, 选择了3种粘板和4种添加物在槟榔园开展了粘虫板对害虫诱集效果研究。结果表明, 黄、蓝、黄蓝混合粘虫板均可诱集到一定量槟榔园害虫, 其中以黄板诱虫效果最佳, 总诱虫量及对蓟马、黑刺粉虱和叶蝉等3种监测害虫的诱集效果均优于蓝板和黄蓝混合板。4种添加物对黄板增效试验结果表明, 添加诱虫烯可显著提高诱虫总量, 添加诱虫烯或蜂蜜水可显著提高对蓟马的诱集量, 添加蜂蜜水可提高叶蝉诱虫量, 各添加物均对黄板诱集黑刺粉虱无增效作用。对蓝板的增效作用结果表明, 供试的4种添加物均可增加蓝板诱虫总量, 其中以诱虫烯和蜂蜜水的效果较好, 且两者之间无显著差异。各添加物中, 仅糖醋液对蓝板诱集叶蝉起到增效作用, 其余添加物对蓝板诱集蓟马、黑刺粉虱及叶蝉无增效作用。     

柑橘溃疡病检疫与防治

细菌性溃疡病是严重危害世界柑橘产业的重大检疫性病害之一,柑橘溃疡病引起落叶、枯枝和落果,溃疡病斑导致果品质量降低,影响外贸出口。世界各国长期以来对病害采取严格苗木检疫、疫区病树铲除、零星病害药剂防控的综合治理措施;新近美国农业部推出"柑橘健康种植行动计划";2007年7月中国农业部正式启动"柑橘非疫区建设和维护"项目,总体目标在于防控柑橘溃疡病的发生和传播,确保柑橘产业的安全。     

诱杀球对橘大实蝇诱捕效果的研究

为开发一种新型的橘大实蝇诱捕器,研究了不同颜色、直径的诱杀球和不同颜色的粘虫板对橘大实蝇的诱集效果。结果表明,绿色诱杀球的诱杀数量显著大于黄色和黄绿色诱杀球(P0.05);诱杀球上橘大实蝇的诱集数量,随诱杀球直径的增大而显著增加,但在直径7cm以上时,诱杀球的诱集数量增速变缓,其中以直径7cm的绿色诱杀球生产成本和诱集效果最佳;诱杀球能显著提高黄板对橘大实蝇的诱集效果(P0.05)。     

不同土壤填加剂及高温闷棚对防治根结线虫病的影响

本文比较了室内和田间4种栽培模式:温室大棚、简易大棚+小拱棚、小拱棚、露地条件下黄板、糖醋酒液和清水3种方法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的诱集效果,并研究了黄板尺寸、高度、方向对引诱效果的影响.室内试验结果表明,黄板的诱虫效果最好且持效期长,其次是糖醋酒液,清水最差.其中黄板水平放置的诱虫效果好于竖直放置.田间试验结果和室内结果一致,黄板尺寸、高度和数量对引诱效果具有一定的影响,其中390 cm2的黄板诱集效果优于其他尺寸,黄板平放于地面时的诱集效果好于离地面10 cm和20 cm的诱集效果.利用黄板诱杀后对下一代幼虫发生无影响,因此黄板可用于田间监测,不推荐用于防治.     

非洲橘硬蓟马的检疫特征与风险分析

本文通过对非洲橘硬蓟马的形态特征进行介绍,运用有害生物风险分析的方法,从国内分布状况、潜在危害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及风险管理难度等方面,综合评价了非洲橘硬蓟马的危险性,提出相关的风险性管理对策。以期为非洲橘硬蓟马的检疫鉴定以及制定相关的监测及检疫决策提供科学依据。     

陕西关中梨茎蜂生活史及成虫发生动态

为明确陕西关中酥梨产区梨茎蜂的发生规律,为有效防治提供依据,2019年-2021年,通过田间定期取样结合黄色粘虫板监测,系统调查了梨茎蜂生活史和成虫发生动态。结果表明,梨茎蜂在陕西关中一年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在梨树被害枝条内越冬。春季梨芽萌动时,梨茎蜂越冬幼虫开始化蛹,3月中旬成虫陆续羽化出枝,3月中下旬达到高峰,雌蜂造成的折梢高峰期紧随成虫发生高峰期;4月下旬幼虫为害枝梢髓部,8月下旬幼虫老熟后在被害枝条内越冬。黄色粘虫板不仅诱杀梨茎蜂成虫,同时也诱杀蜜蜂、瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇和寄生蜂等有益昆虫。因此,应抓住梨茎蜂出枝盛期诱杀防治,一旦成虫数量大幅降低,及时解除黄板。     

Resistance of avocado thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to sabadilla, a botanically derived bait

Bioassays were conducted on four avocado thrips (Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara) populations in southern California that had had limited past exposure to the botanical pesticide sabadilla, with the objective of establishing baseline susceptibility levels for the purpose of resistance monitoring. Reports of avocado thrips resistance in a grove that had received six sabadilla sprays over 2 years were confirmed when a bioassay indicated resistance ratios of 7.6 and 18.8 at the LC50 and LC90, respectively. Owing to the availability of other unrelated pesticides, sabadilla sprays were discontinued at this site, and, after 5.5 years, resistance ratios had dropped to near baseline levels. Avocado thrips baseline susceptibility to cyfluthrin was also obtained from one grove for future resistance monitoring studies. Resistance management principles are discussed in relation to the limited future options available for avocado thrips control.     

西花蓟马对不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其诱虫效果

西花蓟马对14种不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其诱虫量比较试验数据显示,颜色较浅的1号和4号黄色粘卡诱虫效果显著高于12号粘卡（市售黄板）.在测定颜色范围内,随黄色程度变浅诱集效果逐渐增强,蓝色粘卡从9号开始随颜色变深或变浅,诱虫效果均逐渐降低,黄色1号的诱虫效果最好,与黄色4号和蓝色9号粘卡的效果差异不显著.结果表明市场上出售的蓝色和黄色均不是诱集效果最好的颜色或亮度,以前没有黄色粘卡对西花蓟马诱集效果的报道.     

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida

BACKGROUND: The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips‐vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic ‘3‐R’ situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips being eliminated; replacement by various other pests. This paper reports on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables that are effective, economical, ecologically sound and sustainable. RESULTS: The components include the following: define pest status (economic thresholds); increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competition); integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultraviolet‐reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, companion plants and fertility); vertically integrate the programs with other pests; continually communicate latest science‐based management tactics with end‐users. CONCLUSION: These programs have been widely implemented in Florida and have significantly improved the management of western flower thrips and thrips‐transmitted viruses. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effectiveness of insecticide-treated and non-treated trap plants for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse ornamentals

The effectiveness of trap cropping as an integrated control strategy against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was explored in potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev), greenhouse crops. The efficacy of flowering chrysanthemum trap plants, either treated with the insecticide spinosad or untreated, to regulate F. occidentalis populations was tested at different spatial scales (small cage, large cage and commercial greenhouse) and for different time periods (1 or 4 weeks). It was demonstrated that flowering chrysanthemums as trap plants lower the number of adult F. occidentalis in a vegetative chrysanthemum crop and, as a result, reduce crop damage. In the 4 week large-cage trial and the commercial trial, significant differences between the control and the trap plant treatments started to appear in the third week of the experiment. Larvae were only significantly reduced by the presence of trap plants in the 1 week small-cage trials. There were no significant differences between treatments with spinosad-treated and untreated trap plants in the number of F. occidentalis on the crop. This suggests that there was minimal movement of adult F. occidentalis back and forth between the trap plants and the crop to feed and oviposit. It is concluded that the trap plant strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management against F. occidentalis in greenhouses.     

Spotted wing drosophila infestation of California strawberries and raspberries: economic analysis of potential revenue losses and control costs

BACKGROUND: Economic costs of spotted wing drosophila (SWD) include yield and associated revenue losses, labor and material costs for monitoring and management and revenue losses due to the closure of export markets should fruit from SWD‐infested regions be banned by trading partners. This analysis focuses on two types of loss in the California raspberry and strawberry industries: yield losses in the absence of management, and insecticide material costs on a per treatment basis. It computes the cost of a specific management program for raspberries in California's Central Coast region. RESULTS: Insecticide material and application costs per treatment and the cost of the management program are small relative to the yield losses in the absence of management that are observed by growers, researchers and others in initial infestations. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to evaluate precisely the share of pest management program costs due to SWD because insecticides are sometimes used to manage multiple pests, and because labor‐intensive field sanitation efforts to control SWD are recommended practices already. Given these considerations, this analysis finds that the benefits to SWD management well outweigh the costs examined here. Evaluating the efficacy of managing SWD is essential in assessing the risks that SWD poses and the benefits of pest management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Seasonal abundance of different stages of the citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii, on two mango cultivars in South Africa

The citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a pest of mango in South Africa. The aim of the study was to monitor the different stages ofS. aurantii in mango orchards throughout the year. Populations ofS. aurantii were monitored using different methods,i.e., yellow sticky traps, dispersal/emergence traps, counts on fruit and in flowers. Eggs and emergence holes on the new leaves were recorded. The number of adults increased at the end of flowering (September) and remained at high levels until fruiting (November). Low numbers were present from May to August. Much higher population levels were present during 1995/96 than during the 1996/97 season. There was higher infestation present on the cultivar ‘Sensation’ than on ‘Zill’.S. aurantii was present on the fruit for only a short period (less than 10 weeks) during the season and the population was maintained on flush that was present throughout the year.     

Effect of multiple infestations from insect pests and other stresses on irrigated rice in the Philippines: I. Damage functions

Artificial infestation methods were employed to generate damage function graphs for guilds of three rice insect pests. In the vegetative stage, infestation of whorl maggot (Hydrellia philippina Ferino) and defoliators (a mixed population of Naranga aenescens Moore and Rivula atimeta [Swinhoe]) was applied as a combined or single pest attack. Infestation of yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas [Walker]) and leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis [Guenée]) each were infested in one or two crop growth stages. Combinations of three stresses (four N application rates, solar radiation from the wet or dry season, and/or the presence or absence of weeds) were applied to each guild to develop more holistic economic injury levels (EILs). Slopes on the linear portion of damage curves of each pest guild became steeper with each additional stress applied, whether from multiple insect pest attack, low N, low solar radiation, or weeds. EILs can be developed by pest managers from the graphs of the damage functions for the variables quantified in this study.     

Evaluation of sticky traps and insecticides to prevent gall induction by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on Ficus benjamina

BACKGROUND: Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman was first detected in North America from galls on weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) in 2003. It has been reported from ten states in the continental United States, Hawaii, Trinidad and Costa Rica. Adult thrips induce leaves to fold permanently along the midvein, making it a significant pest of weeping fig. Studies were initiated to determine monitoring methods and establish control recommendations.RESULTS: Comparison of captures of adult G. uzeli on blue, yellow, white and green sticky traps found yellow to be the most effective color. Yellow traps were effective for capturing adult Thripastichus gentilei (del Guercio), a larval parasitoid of G. uzeli. Thrips were first captured around 10:00 h. Captures peaked around 15:00-16:00 h and typically ceased by 21:00 h. Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to container media were ineffective against adult G. uzeli feeding on foliage, and foliar applications of these products provided < or =7 days control. Conventional products provided satisfactory control after 1 day, but efficacy declined thereafter. Bifenthrin provided > or = 14 days residual control of adults.CONCLUSION: This paper represents the first report of monitoring phlaeothripids with sticky traps. Data from multiple trials suggest that products effective against other thrips have limited use against G. uzeli.     

油茶害虫植物源引诱剂筛选及其诱集的昆虫种群动态

通过16种植物提取物对油茶林昆虫进行诱捕,筛选出2种对油茶害虫引诱效果较好的植物提取物,并在油茶林进行引诱效果及诱集昆虫种群动态的研究。结果表明,2016年4月-8月的引诱试验中,共诱集到昆虫7 455头。其中油茶叶片水提粗提物诱集到昆虫数量最多,达4 368头,诱虫谱较广,诱集到23种昆虫,可以诱集为害油茶林的害虫主要有假眼小绿叶蝉、琼凹大叶蝉、大青叶蝉、白痣广翅蜡蝉、茶角胸叶甲等;其次为油茶乙醇粗提物,诱集到2 078头昆虫,且对八点广翅蜡蝉、小蠹类害虫的诱捕效果最佳。植物提取物作为引诱剂,可为油茶林害虫的发生期、发生量的监测预报提供直接的、客观的依据。     

“以螨治螨”生防技术在南丰蜜桔上的应用

2005-2007年,在南丰蜜桔上建立了以人工释放捕食螨控制柑桔害螨为核心,辅以配套的农业、物理和药剂防治措施的桔园虫害控制技术体系。试验证明该技术对防治以柑桔害螨为主的柑桔虫害效果显著。6月中旬以后,生防区红蜘蛛平均虫口密度仅为0.15头/叶,其他主要害虫如粉虱、蚧虫和蚜虫等的发生量均显著少于化防区和对照区。随着该技术的示范和推广,已逐渐展现出巨大的经济效益,每亩可节本增效600元以上,累计增加经济效益达900万元以上。同时提高了桔农素质,提升了生产水平;减少施用有毒农药60%以上,改善了生态环境,进而创造了良好的社会效益和生态效益,为加快推动南丰蜜桔无公害标准化生产进程,保障南丰蜜桔产业的可持续发展提供了技术支撑。     

Data on ecology of the purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) on citrus in Greece

The ecology of the purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) was studied on citrus, in the area of Kalamata (Messinia ‐ Peloponnese) from May 2009 to May 2011. Observations on infested citrus branches were conducted to study the phenology of the scale. Yellow sticky traps were hung in infested trees and examined to monitor the flights of male L. beckii as well as the flights of adults of parasitoids and predators of this pest. Lepidosaphes beckii mainly infested the leaves and fruits and to a lesser extent the shoots and stems. During the period of the study all developmental stages of L. beckii were found. Sticky transparent band traps were also placed on shoots and were examined to monitor the fluctuation in the population of crawlers. From the crawlers caught in the traps three population peaks were recorded in June, August and October. Natural enemies of the scale consisted of the parasitoids Aphytis lepidosaphes Compère and Encarsia sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), which together parasitized up to 32% of L. beckii as well as the predators Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) and Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).     

Field evaluation of systemic imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug in California avocado groves

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of systemic applications of imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug was determined in field trials. Following insecticide treatment by chemigation, leaves of appropriate age for each insect were sampled over a 6 month period and used for bioassays. Imidacloprid residues were measured by ELISA in leaves used for bioassays to determine concentrations of insecticide that were toxic to both pests. RESULTS: The uptake of imidacloprid into treated trees was extremely slow, peaking in the current year's leaf flush at only 8 ng cm^?2 leaf tissue after 15 weeks. Avocado thrips mortality in bioassays with young flush leaves, the preferred feeding substrate for this insect, was minimal, indicating that imidacloprid concentrations were below threshold levels needed for effective control. Residues present in older leaves, which are preferred by the avocado lace bug, were higher than in young flush leaves, and provided good control of this pest. Probit analysis of bioassay data showed that the avocado lace bug (LC₅₀ = 6.1 ng imidacloprid cm^?2 leaf tissue) was more susceptible to imidacloprid than the avocado thrips (LC₅₀ = 73 ng imidacloprid cm^?2 leaf tissue). CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the slow uptake of imidacloprid into avocado trees, the levels of imidacloprid would be sufficient to control avocado lace bug infestations. In contrast, the slow uptake would be problematic for avocado thrips control because inadequate levels of insecticide accumulate in new flush foliage and would allow avocado thrips populations to build to levels that would subsequently damage developing avocado fruit. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Detection of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) using trimedlure versus enriched ginger oil in citrus orchards

Abstract

Successful fruit fly control requires effective monitoring to make pest management decisions. Ceratitis capitata (Medfly) is typically monitored in Tunisia with parapheromone commercialised as trimedlure (TM). Chemical treatment is applied when the economic threshold (3 flies/trap/day) is reached. In this study, C. capitata populations in a commercial citrus orchard captured in McPhail traps baited with TM or enriched ginger oil (EGO) were compared over two seasons (2011 and 2012). Females of C. capitata were not attracted to TM or EGO. Trimedlure was significantly more attractive to C. capitata males than EGO under low and high population densities over sampling dates. The TM used in McPhail traps was adequate to attract male medflies in citrus orchards under a wide range of Medfly population levels. The use of the best attractant can help to make control decisions when population levels of flies are low, thus preventing unnecessary application of insecticides and/or other control methods.