格状沙障内风速波动特征初步研究

通过对不同孔隙度格状沙障内风沙流中风速波动特征研究发现:风沙流中各高度层风速波动具有很好的相关性,其波动幅度随孔隙度的增加而减小;瞬时风速在时间序列上波动的均一性随不同高度间距离增加呈递减趋势;瞬时风速的波动性一方面受下垫面性质及外在环境条件的影响,另一方面与其所在高度层沙粒数量和运动状态有关.     

尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复变规律

方格沙障的布设参数直接影响防风效应的复变作用,定量表达其复变规律,对于沙障配置模式的确定具有重要意义。在乌兰布和沙漠机械整平的风沙观测场,铺设9种不同高度、规格的尼龙网方格沙障,观测其在不同风速背景下的风速流场特征,揭示方格沙障防风效应的复变规律。结果表明:尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复合变化受不同指示风速下,沙障高度与规格共同的影响。沙障内部0. 1 m高度的风速随防护宽度的增加呈对数函数递减,指示风速增大1 m·s~(-1),风速衰减率增加0. 07倍;沙障高度增大0. 1 m,风速衰减率增加0. 20倍;方格边长增大1 m,风速衰减率减小0. 07倍。观测的9种规格方格沙障,30 cm高度1 m×1 m规格沙障复变作用最强,15 cm高度2 m×2 m规格沙障复变作用最弱。该结果可为确定沙障合理防护宽度、节约沙障铺设成本、优化沙障布设技术提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

高立式尼龙网沙障防风阻沙特征及其合理配置

高立式沙障在线性工程风沙灾害防护中被广泛应用,布置模式直接影响工程防风阻沙效率和成本效益。在乌兰布和沙漠穿沙公路迎风侧,选择上疏下密式尼龙阻沙网分别设计4种高度单行、4种高度3种间距双行沙障来模拟风沙灾害防治观测场,使用阶梯式集沙仪与HOBO风速采集仪对不同风速下防风阻沙效率参数进行观测。结果表明:(1)低风速(12 m·s-1)背景下,高立式尼龙阻沙网沙障障后有效防护距离单行为3H(相同沙障高度的距离)以内,双行为12H。(2)单行高立式尼龙阻沙网沙障的障后3H沙障截留率平均为85.14%,障后5H平均为91.23%;双行障后3H平均为93.53%。(3)在中低风能地区线性工程防护中配置尼龙阻沙网时,不建议使用0.6 m及以下高度沙障;8 m·s~(-1)风速及以下可配置1 m高度单行尼龙阻沙网沙障;8～12 m·s~(-1)风速可配置间距8H、高度0.8～1.0 m双行尼龙阻沙网;在大风速区(12 m·s~(-1))选择拓宽间距至10H、高度1.2 m尼龙网沙障多条带复式配置。此模式可优化治沙工程设计,完善线路工程沙害防治体系。     

3种低立式沙障内表层沉积物粒度特征研究

以库布齐沙漠兴巴高速南铺设3 a的3种(PLA沙障、沙柳沙障、HDPE沙障)同种规格不同材料沙障为研究对象,通过采集沙障内表层0～2 cm沉积物样品,利用激光粒度仪测定样品机械组成,分析了平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态和分形维数等参数。结果表明:(1)以中、细砂为主,其含量约为77.83%～98.00%,黏粒和粉粒的含量均不超过5%;沙丘迎风坡坡底PLA和HDPE沙障内表现为轻度风蚀,颗粒粒径偏粗;沙柳沙障自坡底到坡顶,障格内粒径逐渐增大,在坡顶处发生蚀积转换。(2)整体上沙障内沉积物分选性较差,偏度向正偏或负偏发展,峰态向尖窄发展,分形维数在1.94～2.20,优势粒级向细砂转变。(3)不同类型沙障对沉积物的影响具有一定差异性,HDPE沙障和PLA沙障内沉积颗粒分布更为广泛,而沙柳沙障则相对集中,且都趋于细化;对土壤颗粒组成优化表现为HDPE沙障沙柳沙障PLA沙障。     

固沙网沙障积沙凹曲面特征及其固沙效益分析

在塔克拉玛干沙漠垄间平沙地布设了3种固沙网沙障试验,6个风季后对沙障内积沙和破损状况进行了测量和调查.结果表明:在地形平坦、主风向明显的区域,这3种布设模式的固沙网沙障均发挥了良好的固沙效益,在沙障内发育了积沙凹曲面,凹曲面的纵横断面基本呈光滑的抛物线形,积沙厚度和水平距离符合二次函数,蚀积系数k均小于1/12,k值1 m×1 m＞2 m×2 m＞2 m间距行列式;3种固沙网沙障的固沙能力1 m×1 m＞2 m×2 m＞2 m间距行列式,固沙成本2m间距行列式＜2m×2m＜1 m×1 m,破损率2m×2m＞ m×1 m＞2m间距行列式.研究结果可为固沙网沙障在防沙工程中的应用提供科学参考.     

沙丘部位对聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障降解速度的影响

掌握聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度对于沙障防护效益的发挥具有重要意义。在毛乌素沙地的流动沙丘迎风坡设置聚乳酸沙障,采用测定力学性能、质量损失及观察表面形态等多种手段对毛乌素沙丘迎风坡底部、中部和沙丘顶部铺设5a的聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度进行了研究。结果表明:与原始聚乳酸纤维沙障相比,从沙丘迎风坡底、迎风坡中到坡顶,沙障的降解速度逐渐增大。障格内纬向障体(垂直于主风向)的整体降解速度较经向障体(平行于主风向)的严重。单根沙障暴露面障体的降解速度均较贴地面的大,且二者的差异随坡位的上升越来越大。表明沙丘不同部位的风沙活动、光照、土壤水分含量等环境因素分布的差异对于聚乳酸纤维沙障降解速度有着重要的影响,在设置沙障或后期维护时应当注意加强。     

沙柳方格沙障对库布齐沙漠沙丘粒度分布的影响

为定量探讨沙柳方格沙障对沙粒粒度组成与特征的影响,以流动沙丘(LS)、设障2a沙丘(TS)和设障6a沙丘(SS)为研究对象,在沙丘不同部位、不同土层和障格内不同位置进行取样,分析样品的粒度组成与特征。结果表明:1)随着设障年限的增加,粘粒和粉粒含量增加,细砂含量下降,SS粘粒和粉粒含量与TS和LS的含量差异显著,而TS和LS二者间差异不明显;LS、TS各粒级含量在三个层次间差异均不明显,而SS 0-5cm的粘粒、粉粒以及极细砂粒体积含量较其他2层差异显著。2)SS的频率分布曲线变化幅度小于TS和LS的频率分布曲线变化幅度。各沙丘的平均粒径MZ、分选系数δ、偏度SK、峰度KG的大小顺序均表现为SS相似文献   

PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响

选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足.     

高立式沙障不同叠加模式的阻沙量对比分析

为了解决尼龙阻沙网在沙埋情况下的防风阻沙,采用不同叠加模式的尼龙阻沙网进行防护。设置3种高立式沙障叠加模式方案,叠加位置分别位于迎风坡、阻沙网、背风坡,迎风坡与背风坡叠加的尼龙阻沙网与原有阻沙障距离和长度均相同,叠加的阻沙网高度为沙埋原有阻沙障的一半,且叠加的尼龙阻沙网需高出原有尼龙阻沙障。选择高1.2 m的沙埋阻沙障进行叠加,迎风与背风坡叠加的位置距原有阻沙障水平距离约45 cm。通过野外观测发现：① 不同叠加模式的高立式沙障阻沙量不同,即阻沙网＞迎风坡＞背风坡;② 3种不同叠加模式的积沙量都随着阻沙网的不断叠加而增加,且增加的阻沙量越来越大;③ 随着阻沙网的不断叠加,3种不同叠加模式的单位阻沙成本不断变化。迎风坡与阻沙网模式的单位阻沙成本不断降低,最后趋于平稳;背风坡模式有所不同,其单位阻沙成本先有所增加,然后再下降,最终趋于平稳。阻沙成本为：阻沙网<迎风坡<背风坡。     

植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验

植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠4种结构尼龙阻沙网的防风阻沙效益对比

常用尼龙阻沙网的孔隙度为均匀分布,而风沙流结构在垂直方向上是非均匀分布的。通过设计4种孔隙度非均匀分布的尼龙阻沙网：大条带上疏下密式（A）、大条带上密下疏式（B）、小条带疏密相间式（C）,将其布设在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的垄间平地,以均匀结构阻沙网为对照（CK）。对4种阻沙网前后的风速变化、防风效能、积沙形态、积沙量进行对比。结果表明：① B阻沙网有效防护距离最短,仅为6H（H为阻沙网的高度）,其余3种结构有效防护距离差别不大,均为15H;在网后10H处0.15 m、0.3 m和0.5 m 3个观测高度,风速削弱程度的平均值存在明显差异,呈C>A>B>CK。② 在风季后期,4种结构阻沙网前后积沙量B最小,其余3种类型差别不大。③ 综合考虑防风和阻沙效益,C阻沙网提供了一个较好的结构模式,防护效益最好,B阻沙网最差,A和CK阻沙网效益相差不大。研究结果为高立式沙障结构优化设计提供了参考依据。     

Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert,China

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions: no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m(i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height) downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.     

Cost analysis of sand barriers in desertified regions based on the land grid division model

Sand barriers are the most widely used mechanical implements for wind-blown sand control and desertification prevention. However, there is no standard quantitative cost analysis of the sizes and materials required for sand barriers. In this study, based on the original land grid division model for optimal resource utilization, we calculated the total side lengths of square and regular hexagonal sand barriers with the sizes of 1.0 m×1.0 m, 2.0 m×2.0 m, and 3.0 m×3.0 m in a desertified region of the Shapotou area on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, China. Then, through literature review and social survey, we obtained the material cost and material utilization amount of sand barriers with different materials and sizes. Finally, we calculated the costs of square and regular hexagonal sand barriers comprised of wheat straw, corn stalk, Salix mongolica, poly lactic acid, magnesium cement, and high-density polyethylene, with the sizes of 1.0 m×1.0 m, 2.0 m×2.0 m, and 3.0 m×3.0 m. The results show that the material cost of regular hexagonal corn stalk sand barriers with the size of 3.0 m×3.0 m is the lowest, while the material cost of square magnesium cement sand barriers with the size of 1.0 m×1.0 m is the highest. When using the same material, the cost of regular hexagonal sand barriers is lower than that of square sand barriers with the same size. When using the same size, the cost of sand barriers with corn stalk material is lower than that of sand barriers with other materials. Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that the economic benefits of regular hexagonal sand barriers are greater than those of square sand barriers. This study provides a theoretical basis for accurately calculating the material cost of sand barriers, particularly for the estimated cost of mechanized sand barrier engineering projects.     

库布齐沙漠机械防沙措施的防护效益

在库布齐沙漠风沙防治试验场,开展了机械防沙措施的防护效益观测。结果表明:防风效益、阻沙效益和表土含水率等随沙障材料、规模和结构发生变化。1 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)网沙障风速降低比(K值)分别为58.5%和55.7%,均高于同规格的沙柳沙障的18.3%,说明同一规格下植物纤维网防风效果要优于其他材料;2 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和1 m×1 m HDPE沙障的K值均小于相同材料8 m×8 m沙障的K值,说明小规格低立式沙障防风效应,低于相同材料较大规格高立式沙障;3月积沙量数据分析表明,阻沙栅栏能有效减小积沙量,而固沙沙障内积沙量受风向和局部地形影响较大;4不同材料与不同规格沙障内的表土含水率均高于对照区裸沙地,说明防沙措施对保持土壤水分也起到了一定作用。     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

敦煌月牙泉风沙环境及沙山动态监测

通过对月牙泉景区气象站点资料以及周边沙山高度定点长期监测数据的分析,得出景区内由于受周边高大沙山地形因素影响,景区内形成了两组主导风向下的局地环流,两组环流风向相反,物质搬运方向相反。但随着周边环境的变化,环流产生变化,原有输沙平衡遭到破坏,造成了南山和北山对月牙泉形成夹击之势。从沙山高度变化的监测中,除东山高度有降低趋势外,其余各点均表现为增高趋势,与输沙势分析结果保持一致。通过以上分析,从风流场方面揭示出月牙泉夹击之势的形成原因,剖析出沙害的根源,进而为保护月牙泉提供强有力的科学依据,并为揭示飞沙不落月牙泉现象奠定研究基础。     

塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系建设几个问题的探讨

沙害主要取决于两个系统因素的共同作用 :动力系统—风力和响应系统—下垫面状况。塔里木沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌形态类型复杂多样 ,沙源充足 ;起沙风频数高 ,作用时间长 ,防沙难度极大。已建成的高立式芦苇阻沙栅栏和 1 m× 1 m半隐蔽芦苇草方格固沙沙障结合的“阻固”体系 ,有效控制了沙害 ,但也存在一定问题。定位观测表明 ,沿线起沙风和输沙方向集中于 NE、ENE、E三个方向 ,占 46%～ 68% ,从理论上说 ,应加大风侧 (路东侧 )防护力度 ,而实际上固沙带内部强烈的风蚀与沙埋过程 ,使其有效年限与设置宽度关系不明显 ,宜采取窄宽度勤维修原则 ,上风侧宽度控制在 3 0 m～ 40 m,每 3～ 4年更新一次并及时维修。下风侧可不设置高立式沙障 ,固沙带宽度控制在 1 0 m～ 1 5 m为宜 ;高立式沙障与半隐蔽方格沙障前沿之间空留宽度控制在 8H以内较为适宜。依沙害程度 ,以单一原状芦苇固定沙障、复膜沙袋阻沙体活动沙障及固定沙障与活动沙障有机结合加强前沿阻沙力度 ;不同沙害部位设置不同规格不同高度的半隐蔽方格沙障、固化路肩边坡创造输沙断面等技术 ,形成立体防护体系 ,足以控制沙害。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。