密怀顺研究区地下水NO3--N时空变化分析

密怀顺地区是北京市重要的水源涵养区,直接影响着主城区的供水安全。2014年南水北调盈余水量通过潮白河河道回补地下水,地下水位不断抬升,使常年积累在耕地土壤中NO₃^--N对地下水环境风险不断增加。通过对地下水中NO₃^--N和耕地属性地块研究。结果表明:1)2015-2018年研究区地下水NO₃^--N浓度有升高趋势;2)2015-2018年研究区水质稳定区面积达到164.26km²,占比33.78%;其次为水质略变差区和水质变差区,面积分别为136.76km²和112.74km²,占比分别为28.12%和23.18%。3)耕地属性不变的7个有监测地块地下水NO₃^--N浓度均有不同程度升高,MW-3和MW-1地块超过地下水Ⅲ类水质标准;4)地下水NO₃^--N含量变化与地下水回补有一定关联。     

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen(Nr) has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA(DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling) system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, particulate NH_4~+(pNH_4~+) and particulate NO_3~-(pNO_3~-) in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components(including NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO_2 and HNO_3 exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components(NH_3, pNH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+ and pNO_3~-, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition(including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition) reached 14.7 kg N/(hm~2·a) in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load(10–15 kg N/(hm~2·a)). Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components(with an exception of HNO_3) showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components(e.g., gaseous NH_3 and p NH_4~+ in atmosphere and NH_4~+-N in precipitation) dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site(accounted for 64% of the total N deposition), suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain,northwestern China

Precipitation chemistry analysis is essential to evaluate the atmospheric environmental quality and identify the sources of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we collected a total of 480 precipitation samples at 6 sampling sites in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain from May 2013 to July 2014 to analyze the chemical characteristics of precipitation and to identify the main sources of ions in precipitation. Furthermore, we also explored the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain based on the precipitation chemistry analysis.During the sampling period(from May 2013 to July 2014), the p H values, EC(electrical conductivity)values and concentrations of cations(Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+, K~+ and NH_4~+) and anions(SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, Cl~–, NO_2~– and F~–) in precipitation were different in the northern and southern slopes at daily and seasonal time scales, with most of the values being higher in the northern slope than in the southern slope. The chemical type of precipitation in the southern and northern slopes was the same, i.e.,SO_4~(2–)-Ca~(2+)-NO_3~–-Na~+. The concentrations of ions in precipitation were mainly controlled by terrigenous material and anthropogenic activities(with an exception of Cl~–). The concentration of Cl~– in precipitation was mainly controlled by the sea salt fraction. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl~– showed an increasing trend after the occurrence of sand dust events both in the northern and southern slopes. In addition, after the occurrence of sand dust events, the concentrations of K~+, Mg~(2+), SO_4~(2–), NO_3~– and Ca~(2+) showed an increasing trend in the southern slope and a decreasing trend in the northern slope. It is our hope that the results may be helpful to further understand the atmospheric pollution caused by sand dust events in the Wushaoling Mountain and can also provide a scientific basis for the effective prevention of atmospheric pollution.     

Application and verification of simultaneous determination of cellulose δ13C and δ18O in Picea shrenkiana tree rings from northwestern China using the high-temperature pyrolysis method

Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide important data in ecological, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental researches, thereby, the demand for stable isotope analyses is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous measurement of cellulose δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from tree rings would reduce the cost of isotopic commodities and improve the analytical efficiency compared with conventional separate measurement. In this study, we compared the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of tree-ring α-cellulose from Tianshan spruce (Picea schrenkiana) in an arid site in the drainage basin of the Urumqi River in Xinjiang of northwestern China based on separate and simultaneous measurements, using the combustion method (at 1050°C) and the high-temperature pyrolysis method (at 1350°C and 1400°C). We verified the results of simultaneous measurement using the outputs from separate measurement and found that both methods (separate and simultaneous) produced similar δ¹³C values. The two-point calibrated method improved the results (range and variation) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. The mean values, standard deviations, and trends of the tree-ring δ¹³C obtained by the combustion method were similar to those by the pyrolysis method followed by two-point calibration. The simultaneously measured δ¹⁸O from the pyrolysis method at 1400°C had a nearly constant offset with that the pyrolysis method at 1350°C due to isotopic-dependence on the reaction temperature. However, they showed similar variations in the time series. The climate responses inferred from simultaneously and separately measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O did not differ between the two methods. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values were negatively correlated with standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index from May to August. In addition, the δ¹⁸O was significantly correlated with temperature (positive), precipitation (negative), and relative humidity (negative) from May to August. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values determined simultaneously through the high-temperature pyrolysis method could produce acceptable and reliable stable isotope series. The simultaneous isotopic measurement can greatly reduce the cost and time requirement compared with the separate isotopic measurement. These results are consistent with the previous studies at humid sites, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in tree-ring α-cellulose can be used in wide regions.     

Concentrations and isotopic characteristics of atmospheric reactive nitrogen around typical sources in Beijing,China

With rapid economic growth in China,anthropogenic reactive nitrogen(Nr) emissions have more than doubled over the last two or three decades.Atmospheric Nr pollution is an environmental concern in China especially in megacities such as Beijing.In order to identify the impact of emission sources on atmospheric Nr pollution,we measured atmospheric Nr concentrations and their isotopic composition(δ~(15)N) dynamics at three typical sites:landfill,pig farm and road traffic sites in Beijing from April 2010 to March 2011.Passive samplers were used for monitoring ammonia(NH_3) and nitrogen dioxide(NO_2),two major Nr species,while their δ~(15)N values were measured by a diffusion method combined with mass spectrometer approach.The raw water pool of the landfill and fattening house of the pig farm were important NH_3 sources with mean NH_3 concentrations being 2,829 and 2,369 μg/m~3,respectively,while the road traffic site was a minor NH_3 source(10.6 μg/m~3).NH_3 concentrations at sites besides the landfill and roads were high in summer and low in winter due to the annual variation of temperature and the change of emission source intensity.In contrast,the NH_3 concentrations inside the pig farm house were high in winter and low in summer,for the barn windows were open in summer and closed in winter.The mean NO_2 concentrations were 89.8,32.9 and 23.0 μg/m~3 at the road traffic,the landfill and pig farm sites,respectively.Due to vehicle fuel combustion,NO_2 concentration at the road traffic was the highest among the three sources,and the road traffic was a main NO_2 emission source.PM10,p NH4+ and p NO3– concentrations in particulate matter were higher in summer than in winter(except PM10 for the pig farm).The δ~(15)NH_3 values ranged from –19.14‰ to 7.82‰,with an average of –0.05‰ for the landfill site,and the lowest values were observed in June and July.The δ~(15)NH_3 values for the pig farm site ranged from –29.78‰ to –14.05‰ with an average of –24.51‰,and the δ~(15)NH_3 values were more negative in summer than in the other seasons.The δ~(15)NO_2 values were –9.63‰ to 7.04‰ with an average of –3.72‰ for the road traffic site.The δ~(15)NO_2 values were more negative in summer than those in the other seasons.The different δ~(15)N values for the various Nr species in different sources may serve as important indicators for identifying atmospheric Nr sources in megacities.The results may also provide the theoretical basis for research on the atmospheric N deposition and its sources.     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

西藏雨季主要水体氢、氧同位素特征

通过对2014年雨季西藏境内63处水体中δD和δ~(18)O值的测定,分析其中氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征。结果表明:水体δD和δ~(18)O的取值范围分别为-152.06‰~-19.05‰和-16.96‰~4.66‰,δD较δ~(18)O的标准差大,平均值分别为-101.38‰和-9.67‰;3种水体的δD和δ~(18)O值关系为湖泊δD相对河流δD富集,河流δD相对沼泽δD富集,湖泊δ~(18)O相对河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O富集,河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O无差异;蒸发趋势方程分别为δD湖泊=6.14δ~(18)O-45.48(n=22,R2=0.855),δD河流=7.83δ~(18)O-26.22(n=32,R2=0.858),δD沼泽=5.93δ~(18)O-52(n=9,R2=0.723),河流相比湖泊和沼泽水体的δD与δ~(18)O更易受大气降水的影响;氘过量参数特征为湖泊-79‰~-17‰,河流-40‰~-5‰,湿地沼泽-34‰~-7‰,表现出蒸发强烈的水体特征;沼泽水体δ~(18)O与纬度的一元线性回归方程为y=1.67x-63.23。     

伊犁河谷西北部地下水化学特征及成因分析

为探究新疆伊犁河谷西北部地下水化学特征及成因,运用数理统计以及Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比图等方法,对2018年伊犁河谷西北部地下水取样监测数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区地下水属于总硬度偏高的弱碱性水,地下水化学组分含量整体变异性不大,主要阳离子为Ca²⁺,主要阴离子为HCO₃^-。(2)地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na和HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型为主。(3)研究区地下水化学组分主要受岩石溶滤作用控制,蒸发-浓缩作用及阳离子交换作用对地下水化学组分有一定的贡献,个别地下水水样点可能受到人为活动的影响。(4)地下水中的Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-主要来自岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来自方解石、白云石和石膏等矿物溶解。     

新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水文地球化学演化分析

为探究新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水质演化过程，采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比法对昌吉州东部平原区2016年63组地下水水质取样点及54组2012—2015年地下水水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明：昌吉州东部平原区2012年地下水阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO^3->SO₄^2->Cl^-；从2013年开始，SO₄^2-逐渐增大，Ca²⁺逐渐减小；到2016年阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-。水化学类型由2012年HCO₃—Ca·Mg（Ca·Na、Ca·Na·Mg）型向2016年HCO₃·SO₄—Ca·Na·Mg（Ca·Mg、Ca·Na）演化，这主要与含水介质的风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用有关，而蒸发浓缩作用更加体现在承压水区的上部潜水中。地下水中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解；Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来自蒸发岩溶解；SO₄^2-主要来自石膏（CaSO₄·2H₂O）和芒硝（Na₂SO₄·10H₂O）的溶解。Cl^-、SO₄^2-除来自岩盐的溶解外，还受到人类活动的影响。     

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ¹⁸O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.     

闪电河流域“三水”季节变化特征

分析水体中氢(H)、氧(O)稳定同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)的变化,可以判断出不同水体的变化特征及相互关系。通过2014年5、8、10月对内蒙古正蓝旗境内闪电河流域地表水、浅层地下水及大气降水等样品的连续采集,得到地表水样21个、地下水样69个、大气降水样21个,在对"三水"样品δD、δ~(18)O值测试分析的基础,进一步讨论了"三水"变化特征及相互关系,结果显示:1闪电河流域"大气降水线"表达式为:δD=8.01δ~(18)O+6.83‰(r=0.962 1),反映了研究区蒸发量远大于降水量的气候特征。而不同月份d(氘盈余参数)出现差异,降水最多的8月d值最低,降水最少的10月d值最高,显示了大气降水次数或强度对二次蒸发作用产生了一定程度的影响。2闪电河流域地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值,不仅位于"大气降水线"之下,而且不同月份地表水与地下水中δD、δ~(18)O值的变化区间也出现差异。5月,各断面地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值差异不大,说明地下水与地表水得到充分混合;8月和10月,地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值比地下水明显偏重且各断面中大气降水所占比例较高,显示了大气降水过程对地表水H、O同位素变化的影响。此外,闪电河流域自上游到下游地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值在8月相近,而在10月逐渐出现偏大,指示了10月强烈蒸发作用对地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值变化的影响。     

Seasonal changes in the water-use strategies of three herbaceous species in a native desert steppe of Ningxia,China

Frequent periods of drought conditions are known to limit plant performance,primary production,and ecosystem stability in arid and semi-arid desert steppe environments.Plants often avoid competition by shifting their water use seasonally,which affects the water-use patterns of dominant species as well as the composition and structure of plant communities.However,the water-use strategies of dominant herbaceous species,which grow under natural field conditions in the desert steppe region of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,are poorly known.Here,we explored the possible sources of water uptake and water-use efficiency(WUE)of three dominant herbaceous plant species(Stipa breviflora,Agropyron mongolicum,and Glycyrrhiza uralensis)in a native desert steppe in the semi-arid area of Ningxia through an analysis of multiple parameters,including(1)the stable isotopic oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H)compositions of precipitation,soil water,and stem water,(2)the carbon isotope(13C)composition of leaves,and(3)the soil water contents,based on field sampling across varying water conditions from June to September,2017.Frequent small precipitation events replenished shallow soil water,whereas large events only percolated down to the deep soil layers.Changes in soil water availability affected the water-use patterns of plants.Generally,during light precipitation periods,the deep root system of G.uralensis accessed deeper(>80 cm)soil water,whereas S.breviflora and A.mongolicum,which only have shallow roots,primarily absorbed water from the shallow and middle soil layers.As precipitation increased,all three plant species primarily obtained water from the shallow soil layers.Variation in soil water uptake between the dry and wet seasons enabled plants to make better use of existing satoil water.In addition,theδ13C values of G.uralensis and S.breviflora were higher than those of A.mongolicum.Theδ13C values of the three plant species were significantly negatively correlated with soil water content.Therefore,G.uralensis and S.breviflora maintained a higher WUE through their conservative and water-saving strategies across the entire growing season.In contrast,A.mongolicum,with a relatively low WUE in the wet season but a high WUE in the dry season,exhibited a more flexible water-use strategy.The different water-use strategies of these dominant plant species demonstrated the mechanisms by which plant communities can respond to drought.     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater in the dried-up river oasis of the Tarim Basin,Central Asia

Intense human activities in arid areas have great impacts on groundwater hydrochemical cycling by causing groundwater salinization. The spatiotemporal distributions of groundwater hydrochemistry are crucial for studying groundwater salt migration, and also vital to understand hydrological and hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in arid inland oasis areas. However, due to constraints posed by the paucity of observation data and intense human activities, these processes are not well known in the dried-up river oases of arid areas. Here, we examined spatiotemporal variations and evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry using data from 199 water samples collected in the Wei-Ku Oasis, a typical arid inland oasis in Tarim Basin of Central Asia. As findings, groundwater hydrochemistry showed a spatiotemporal dynamic, while its spatial distribution was complex. TDS and δ¹⁸O of river water in the upstream increased from west to east, whereas ion concentrations of shallow groundwater increased from northwest to southeast. Higher TDS was detected in spring for shallow groundwater and in summer for middle groundwater. Pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity demonstrated the impacts of geogenic, climatic, and anthropogenic conditions. For that, hydrochemical evolution of phreatic groundwater was primarily controlled by rock dominance and evaporation-crystallization process. Agricultural irrigation and drainage, land cover change, and groundwater extraction reshaped the spatiotemporal patterns of groundwater hydrochemistry. Groundwater overexploitation altered the leaking direction between the aquifers, causing the interaction between saltwater and freshwater and the deterioration of groundwater environment. These findings could provide an insight into groundwater salt migration under human activities, and hence be significant in groundwater quality management in arid inland oasis areas.     

高寒沙地不同林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用策略

中间锦鸡儿是青海共和盆地高寒沙地的主要造林灌木树种之一。文中利用稳定同位素技术,测定共和盆地不同林龄(5a,9a,25a)中间锦鸡儿枝条木质部和土壤各层(10,20,30,50,100,150,200cm)水分的δD值、δ18O值,分析它们是否随林龄变化而选择性地利用不同深度的土壤水分;并通过测定不同林龄中间锦鸡儿叶片的δ13C值,分析比较它们的长期水分利用效率。结果表明:5a,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿均主要利用源自降雨的土壤浅层10-50cm的水分。3个林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率差异显著(P<0.05),5a中间锦鸡儿明显高于9a和25a中间锦鸡儿,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿水分利用效率类似。水分利用策略的分析结果表明,中间锦鸡儿在发育低龄期,采取提高水分利用效率的方法来应对干旱胁迫。25a中间锦鸡儿未发生明显退化。     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

中亚哈萨克斯坦西部过去～30000年以来有机碳同位素变化及其意义

选取位于中亚干旱区哈萨克斯坦中西部的VA剖面作为研究对象,在AMS14C测年基础上,分析了该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来的有机碳同位素组成变化。结果表明:该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来有机质碳同位素值(δ13Corg)变化于-26.19‰--22.12‰之间,均值为-23.77‰,植被主要为C3植物,C4植物仅仅在末次冰盛期出现且其相对丰度极低。因此VA剖面土壤有机碳同位素组成变化主要反映的是C3植物对气候环境因子的响应,进一步对影响该地区植物碳同位素因素的分析发现,降水是控制该地区C3植物碳同位素变化的主要因素,即:降水增多导致C3植物碳同位素值偏负,可以用来指示研究区古降水变化趋势,CO2浓度以及温度仅仅在末次冰盛期对C3和C4植物相对丰度有一定的影响。     

Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages

Soil water repellency(WR) is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages: extremely degradeddegradedstabilizedwell developednewly developedquick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils(crest and slope of dune) was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics, e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and Na+) and two anions(Cl-and SO4 2-) enhanced soil WR, while CO3 2-decreased it. HCO3-did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model(GLM) between soil-air-water contact angle(CA) and influencing factors(CA=5.606 sand+6.496(clay and silt)–2.353 pH+470.089 CO3 2-+11.346 Na+–407.707 Cl-–14.245 SO4 2-+0.734 total N–519.521). It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR(0°CA90°). The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.     

Distribution of isotopes and chemicals in precipitation in Shule River Basin,northwestern China:an implication for water cycle and groundwater recharge

The distribution of stable isotopes and ions in precipitation in the Shule River Basin,northwestern China,were investigated to understand the regional water cycle and precipitation input to groundwater recharge.The study found that the mean annual concentrations of Ca2+,Na+,SO42–,Cl–,Mg2+,NO3–,and K+ in the basin were lower than those in other arid areas of northwestern China.The average concentrations of ions in the lower reaches of the Shule River were higher than those in the upper reaches.The results showed that the main ionic concentrations decreased with the increase of precipitation amount,indicating that heavy precipitation cannot only wash crustal aerosols out of the atmosphere,but also create a dilution effect.Cl– and Na+ in precipitation had a strong and positive correlation,suggesting a common origin for the two ions.However,the excess of Na+,combined with non-marine SO42– and NO3–,indicated that some ions were contributed by terrestrial origins.In the extremely arid regions of northwestern China,the evaporation process obviously changes the original relationship between δ2H and δ18O in precipitation,and leads to dexcess values 8‰.δ18O and temperature were significantly correlated,suggested that temperature strongly affected the characteristics of isotopes in the study area.The δ18O value indicates a dominant effect of westerly air masses and southwest monsoon in warm months,and the integrated influence of westerly and Siberian-Mongolian polar air masses in cold months.The d-excess values were generally lower in warm months than those in cold months,indicating that post-condensation processes played a significant role in the water cycle.The results provide reliable precipitation input information that can be used in future groundwater recharge calculations in the study area.