杀虫剂对菜蚜茧蜂的影响

阐述了杀虫剂对菜蚜茧蜂的致死效应和亚致死效应,综述了莱蚜茧蜂对杀虫剂的抗性和杀虫剂对菜蚜茧蜂搜索行为及分布的影响。     

发挥优势 创新机制 促进甘肃种业健康发展

明确了甘肃种业发展的优势,对十一五期间甘肃出入境检验检疫局在促进种业发展的做法和经验进行了回顾和总结,对存在的问题进行了分析并提出建议。     

陕西省农作物病虫监测预警体系现状与发展对策

对陕西省各级农作物病虫害监测预警体系现状进行了调研,总结回顾了近年来病虫测报工作取得的成效,对存在的问题和不足进行了分析,并结合陕西省病虫测报状况,对今后病虫监测预警工作发展提出了思路和对策。     

稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究进展

稗草是农业生产中的重要杂草之一,对世界粮食生产特别是水稻生产危害较大。二氯喹啉酸作为一种优良的除稗剂,在世界各地水稻田中已广泛应用20多年。但随着使用年限的增加,部分地区稗草因选择压力和遗传因素对二氯喹啉酸产生了抗药性,且情况日益严重。文章综述了稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸产生抗药性的现状,讨论了二氯喹啉酸的作用机制和选择机制,对其抗性机理作了一定的分析,并对如何减少和延缓抗性产生提出了一些对策和建议。     

臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的室内毒力及其安全性评价

为明确臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga的毒力及对韭菜和土壤环境安全性的影响采用室内生测法测定了臭氧对3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的毒力,并测定了臭氧水对韭菜种子的影响及对土壤环境的安全性。结果显示,臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫和蛹均有较高的毒力,LC_(50)分别为3.79 mg/L和4.95 mg/L;对其成虫的毒力稍弱,LC_(50)为61.52 mg/m~3。臭氧水浓度为4.50 mg/L时对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果最显著,发芽率、根长和芽长较对照分别显著增加了22.29%、14.11%和4.75%。4.50 mg/L臭氧水处理土壤后,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较对照分别显著下降了91.91%、85.71%和59.99%;土壤pH提高了2.07%,速效钾含量显著上升了313.19%,有效磷、氨态氮、有机质的含量分别下降了4.69%、18.75%、35.44%。表明臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3种虫态均有杀伤作用,且对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长有良好的安全性,但对土壤环境有一定影响。     

20%高效氯氰菊酯·辛硫磷微乳剂的研制

本文主要对20%高效氯氰菊酯·辛硫磷微乳剂的配方进行了研究,筛选出较优的表面活性剂、助表面活性剂,确定其最佳配方和制备方法,进而对20%高效氯氰菊酯·辛硫磷微乳剂质量指标和性能进行了测试、分析出了不同水质对其的影响,并对效益进行了分析。     

水体质量综合评价的物元模型

对水体的可拓性做了充分地分析和研究,说明了利用可拓学方法对水体质量进行分析评价的适宜性.并且应用可拓学的理论和方法,对水体的物征和质量特性进行了全面分析,建立了相应的物元模型,为水体的质量评价提供了一种新的科学方法.     

沙地生态系统中蚂蚁活动与地表植被及土壤环境间的互作关系

动物扰动与植被和土壤环境的之间互作关系是土壤生态系统的重要一环,对植被结构、动物分布和土壤特性具有重要的调节作用,对沙地生态系统恢复过程具有不可估量的影响。文中根据在科尔沁沙地土壤动物的研究结果,总结了地表植被和土壤条件对蚂蚁活动分布的影响,分析了蚂蚁活动对植被分布、结构和土壤性状的反馈作用,详细地探讨了蚂蚁筑丘活动与...     

樟巢螟生物学习性及发生规律

调查了樟巢螟的寄主种类及其受害状况,以香樟受害最重。对樟巢螟生物学习性和发生规律进行了试验观察,并对其幼虫和蛹的天敌种类进行了初步观察,提出了防治措施和保护天敌的措施。     

贵州省稻飞虱抗药性初步研究

本文通过点滴法首次测定了贵州省白背飞虱和褐飞虱对几种杀虫剂的抗性水平:白背飞虱对异丙威、吡虫啉和扑虱灵的抗性均是中等抗性水平,褐飞虱对扑虱灵产生了中等水平抗性.     

啶虫脒和阿维菌素在4种不同类型土壤中的吸附及迁移

采用薄层层析和平衡振荡法,分别测定了啶虫脒和阿维菌素在紫色土、砖红土、黄壤土和黑土4种不同类型土壤中的迁移率(Rf )和吸附常数(Kd),比较了2种农药在单用及混用下迁移和吸附行为的差异。结果表明:2种农药在单用及混用下的迁移行为几乎不存在差异,在4种土壤中的Rf 值大小顺序均为:黄壤土>紫色土>黑土>砖红土;2种农药的吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,混用时阿维菌素对啶虫脒的吸附无影响,但啶虫脒的存在会减少土壤对阿维菌素的吸附,表现为竞争吸附作用。     

Conservation of natural enemies in cotton: comparative selectivity of acetamiprid in the management of Bemisia tabaci

The integrated control concept emphasizes the importance of both chemical and biological control for pest suppression in agricultural systems. A two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the selectivity of acetamiprid for the control of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton compared with a proven selective regime based on the insect growth regulators (IGRs) pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. Acetamiprid was highly effective in controlling all stages of B tabaci compared with an untreated control, and generally produced lower pest densities than the IGR regime. Univariate analyses indicated that nine of 17 taxa of arthropod predators were significantly depressed with the use of acetamiprid compared with an untreated control, including common species such as Geocoris punctipes (Say), Orius tristicolor (White), Chrysoperla carnea Stephens sensu lato, Collops vittatus (Say), Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, and Drapetis nr divergens. Compared with results from independent, concurrent studies using mixtures of broad-spectrum insecticides at the same research site, acetamiprid depressed populations of fewer predator taxa; but, for eight predator taxa significantly affected by both regimes, the average population reduction was roughly equal. In contrast, only four taxa were significantly reduced in the IGR regime compared with the untreated control and three of these were omnivores that function primarily as plant pests. Principal response curves analyses (a time-dependent, multivariate ordination method) confirmed these patterns of population change for the entire predator community. Predator:prey ratios generally increased with the use of both IGRs and acetamiprid compared with an untreated control, but ratios were consistently higher with IGRs. Parasitism by aphelinid parasitoids was unaffected or depressed slightly in all insecticide regimes compared with the control. Because of its high efficacy, acetamiprid may play an important role in later stages of B tabaci control where less emphasis is placed on selectivity. However, our results suggest that acetamiprid would be a poor substitute for the currently used IGRs in the initial stage of control where insecticide selectivity is crucial to a functional integrated control program for B tabaci in cotton.     

Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoid insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the leaf systemic properties and the translaminar aphicidal activity of two commercialised neonicotinoid (chloronicotinyl) insecticides. For that purpose [14C]imidacloprid was subjected to uptake and translocation studies in cabbage and cotton after foliar application. Foliar penetration and short-term translocation patterns of imidacloprid were similar in both plant species. Nevertheless imidacloprid penetrated twice as much into cabbage leaves as it did into cotton leaves. It showed a comparable translaminar behaviour and was entirely translocated acropetally, indicating its well-known xylem mobility. The translaminar and acropetal movement of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were quantified by simple laboratory bioassays using the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), as typical homopteran pests for cabbage and cotton, respectively. A single dose (7.5 micrograms AI per leaf) applied to the upper leaf surface of cabbage and cotton was tested against aphids feeding on the lower leaf surface both close to and distant from the site of application 1, 5 and 12 days after treatment. The translaminar residual activity of imidacloprid on cabbage leaves was superior to that of acetamiprid, whereas its translaminar efficacy against A gossypii on cotton was inferior to that of acetamiprid. However, oral ingestion bioassays using an artificial double membrane feeding system revealed no significant differences in intrinsic activity between the two neonicotinoids tested.     

乙虫脒对水稻螟虫的作用方式和应用研究

通过室内生物测定和田间试验 ,较系统地研究了乙虫脒对水稻螟虫的内吸、触杀和杀卵活性以及田间效果 ,同时评价了其对天敌的安全性。结果表明 :1)乙虫脒对二化螟和三化螟的内吸活性很好 ,且对二化螟的活性高于三化螟 ,2 5mg/ L乙虫脒对二化螟和三化螟的内吸杀虫效果分别为 90 .9%和 50 .0 % ,10 0mg/ L乙虫脒对三化螟的杀虫效果为 92 .3%。 2 )触杀活性高 ,对三化螟和二化螟的接触 L D50 值分别为 6 .4×10 -5μg/头和 2 .13× 10 -5μg/头 ,大大低于甲胺磷的 L D50 值 (1.331× 10 -3 和 1.781× 10 -3 μg/头 )。 3)综合活性好 ,对二化螟和三化螟分别只需 2 0和 2 5mg/ L即可达到 85%以上的防治效果。 4 )有一定的杀卵活性 ,2 0 0mg/ L对二化螟和三化螟的杀卵效果分别为 83.4 %和 0 .7% ,50 0 mg/ L对三化螟的杀卵效果为 93.4 %。 5)田间试验表明 ,112 .5g/ hm2 (a.i.,下同 )乙虫脒可有效控制三化螟枯心 ,在江苏省高淳地区 30 0 g/ hm2 可有效控制三化螟白穗 ,而在江苏省如东地区 6 7.5g/ hm2 即对三化螟和大螟白穗有较好的控制效果。此外 ,112 .5g/hm2 还对飞虱有较好的控制作用。 6 )对寄生蜂和蜘蛛较安全。     

In vivo metabolic fate of [14C]-acetamiprid in six biological compartments of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L

The in vivo metabolism of acetamiprid was studied in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. The distribution of acetamiprid and its metabolites was monitored over a 72-h period in six biological compartments: head, thorax, abdomen, haemolymph, midgut and rectum. Honeybees were treated orally with 100 microg [14C]-acetamiprid kg(-1) bee, a dose which is about 1500 times lower than the median lethal dose. After 72 h, only 40% of the total radioactivity was eliminated, suggesting that acetamiprid and its metabolites tended to persist in the honeybee. Acetamiprid was rapidly distributed in all compartments and metabolized. Just after administration, radioactivity was mainly localized in the abdomen and subsequently in the rectum. After 72 h, the maximum amount of radioactivity (about 20% of the ingested dose) was detected again in the abdomen, whereas the lowest level of total radioactivity was detected in the haemolymph. Radioactivity in the head did not exceed 7.6% of total ingested radioactivity. More than 50% of acetamiprid was metabolised in less than 30 min, indicating a very short half-life for the compound. During the first hours, acetamiprid was mainly detected in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-rich tissues: abdomen, thorax and head. Of the seven metabolites detected, the major ones were 6-choronicotinic acid and an unknown metabolite called U1, which was present mainly in the rectum, the thorax and the head. Our results indicate that the low toxicity of acetamiprid may reflect its rapid metabolism.     

啶虫脒金标免疫速测试纸条研制及其在茶叶中的应用

阐述了一种基于直接竞争免疫层析法的啶虫脒金标速测试纸条的研制方法,及其在茶叶中快速检测与诊断啶虫脒残留的应用情况。通过制备啶虫脒人工抗原,获得了高灵敏度的单克隆抗体,抗体效价大于1:10000。据此研制的金标速测试纸条对啶虫脒肉眼判断的检出限为10ng/mL,检测时间为10min;可特异性地检测茶叶(绿茶、红茶、铁观音)中烟碱类农药啶虫脒的残留量,而对其他烟碱类农药(吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺等)无交叉反应,能满足中国茶叶中啶虫脒最大残留限量(0.5mg/kg)下的检测要求,具有灵敏度高、使用便捷、结果准确、成本低等优点。该技术可以实现成品茶样品中啶虫脒的现场快速测试诊断。     

温度、光照及生物因子对啶虫脒和吡虫啉在 油菜叶面消解的影响

采用室内模拟方法研究了啶虫脒、吡虫啉在温度、光照和生物因子作用下在油菜叶面的消解趋势。结果表明:在14、25、35℃下啶虫脒在油菜叶面消解的半衰期分别为19.3、6.6和5.2 d,同一条件下吡虫啉的消解半衰期分别为8.7、3.8和2.9 d, 两者的消解速度均随温度升高而加快,但消解趋势有所不同;在光照强度为500、3 000、6 000 lx条件下,啶虫脒的消解半衰期分别为19.1、10.4 和6.6 d,吡虫啉的消解半衰期分别为6.9、6.2和3.7 d,两者消解速度均随光强的增加而加快,但光强变化对啶虫脒消解影响更为明显。25℃时,自然叶面、消毒处理叶面啶虫脒消解半衰期分别为6.6 和 8.1 d,吡虫啉为3.8和3.5 d,表明叶面微生物稍加快了啶虫脒的消解,而对吡虫啉的消解影响不显著。     

Soil microbial degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid and imidaclothiz and its effect on the persistence of bioefficacy against horsebean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch after soil application

BACKGROUND: The neonicotinoids imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid consist of similar structural substituents but differ considerably with respect to soil use. Therefore, the effects of soil microbial activity on the degradation and bioefficacy persistence of the four neonicotinoids were evaluated. RESULTS: In unsterilised soils, 94.0% of acetamiprid and 98.8% of thiacloprid were degraded within 15 days, while only 22.5% of imidacloprid and 25.1% of imidaclothiz were degraded over a longer period of 25 days. In contrast, in sterilised soils, the degradation rates of acetamiprid and thiacloprid were respectively only 21.4% and 27.6%, whereas the degradation rates of imidaclothiz and imidacloprid were respectively 9.0% and almost 0% within 25 days. The degradation products of imidacloprid and imidaclothiz were identified as olefin, nitroso or guanidine metabolites, the degradation product of thiacloprid was identified as an amide metabolite and no degradation product of acetamiprid was detected. A bioefficacy assay revealed that the bioefficacy and persistence of imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid against horsebean aphid A. craccivora were related to their degradation rate and the bioefficacy of their degradation products in soil. CONCLUSION: Soil microbial activity played a key role in the bioefficacy persistence of neonicotinoid insecticides and therefore significantly affected their technical profile after soil application. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

毛豆中啶虫脒的残留分析方法

建立了用高效液相色谱法测定毛豆中啶虫脒残留量的方法。试样用二氯甲烷超声波提取,中性氧化铝柱净化,石油醚去除脂类杂质,以0.2%冰乙酸水溶液 乙腈=70 30,(V/V)为流动相,配备AgilentTC-C18柱、高效液相色谱紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。实验表明,毛豆样品中啶虫脒添加回收率在88.0%～103.5%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=3)在7.5%-11.2%之间,啶虫脒在毛豆样品中的最低检出限为0.016mg/kg。     

3种农药对莲藕莲缢管蚜的杀虫活性和安全性

为筛选防治莲藕莲缢管蚜的理想药剂,比较研究了吡虫啉、啶虫脒、吡蚜酮的杀虫活性、田间防效、作物安全性和残留。结果表明,啶虫脒对莲缢管蚜3日龄蚜虫的LC50为0.09mg/L,毒力显著高于吡虫啉和吡蚜酮(LC50值分别为0.26mg/L和1.0mg/L)。湖南、湖北、浙江、福建和山东田间试验结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒和吡蚜酮在15g/hm2以上有效使用剂量时,药后7d对莲藕莲缢管蚜的防治效果均在90%以上。10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、5%啶虫脒乳油、25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂在稀释250倍及以下剂量时拌种或茎叶喷雾对莲藕植株生长均无药害。残留试验结果表明,吡虫啉在莲叶上的半衰期为2.5~5.9d;啶虫脒在莲叶上的半衰期为7.4~9.5d;吡蚜酮在莲叶上的半衰期为0.8~1.3d。吡虫啉、啶虫脒和吡蚜酮防治莲藕莲缢管蚜安全、高效。