低温对金纹细蛾越冬蛹及蛹后发育的影响

为探索金纹细蛾Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura)最佳保种方法,在室外变温和恒温冷藏两种条件下研究低温对其越冬蛹及蛹后发育的影响。结果显示,室外变温贮藏60 d,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹的发育历期分别为15.3 d和20.5 d,与非冷藏正常发育的对照比较差异显著;恒温冷藏120 d,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹发育历期分别为23.5 d和29.6 d,与对照差异显著。室外变温贮藏60 d时,祼蛹及虫疤叶内蛹的羽化率接近60%;恒温冷藏105 d时,祼蛹和虫疤叶内蛹的羽化率大于60%。75~120 d内,羽化畸形率依次为室外虫疤叶内蛹>室外祼蛹>冷藏祼蛹>冷藏虫疤叶内蛹。恒温冷藏对雌、雄蛾寿命无明显影响,但雌雄性比随冷藏时间的增加而明显增大,室外变温贮藏75 d以上,羽化的雄蛾平均寿命显著缩短。恒温冷藏对产卵行为无显著影响,随冷藏时间的延长,雌蛾平均产卵量下降,但孵化率增加。研究表明,恒温冷藏虫疤叶是较好的保种方式,以4℃冷藏105 d最佳。     

温度对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响

以韭菜为食物,将异迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia difformis Frey)在10、15、20、25和30℃等5种恒温条件下饲养,观察温度对异迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示,异迟眼蕈蚊的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,在10℃时,卵至蛹的发育历期最长,平均为71.96d,30℃下,卵至蛹的平均发育历期缩短到16.28d。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵至蛹的发育起点温度分别为4.04、5.79、8.38和4.97℃,有效积温分别为102.36、218.03、48.57和395.79日·度。成虫寿命随着温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命均长于雄虫。单雌产卵量在25℃下最高,为117.25粒,10℃最低,为43.87粒。在10~25℃下,随着温度的升高其内禀增长率逐渐增高,25℃时达到0.207 2,4个温度之间存在显著差异。     

温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为预测大蜡螟Galleria mellonella的发生期并为其田间有效防控提供参考依据,采用室内人工恒温饲养方法,测定27、29、31、33、35℃五个温度下大蜡螟幼虫龄期、各虫态存活率和发育历期及成虫寿命和繁殖力,对其发育速率与温度进行回归分析,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。结果显示,27～35℃范围内,大蜡螟能正常发育,但低温会使幼虫龄期减少,29～35℃下大蜡螟有7～10龄幼虫,而27℃下,大蜡螟仅有6～8龄幼虫。温度显著影响各虫态存活率,低龄尤其1龄幼虫受温度的影响较大,27～33℃下其存活率低于26.06%,当温度为35℃时其存活率高达87.27%。世代及各虫态的发育历期均与温度呈负相关,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及世代发育历期均在35℃降至最小值,分别为5.00、25.90、7.05和37.95 d。各虫态发育速率与温度符合二次回归模型。由直接最优法计算得到大蜡螟卵、幼虫、蛹及世代的发育起点温度分别为13.11、13.69、19.83和13.19℃,有效积温依次为100.32、514.09、95.13和789.87日·度。雌雄成虫的寿命和雌成虫产卵历期均随温度升高而缩短,温度...     

烟草甲的优良寄生蜂象虫金小蜂的生物学特性

本文研究了烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne（Fabricius）的寄生蜂象虫金小蜂Anisopteromalus calandrae（Howard）的生物学特性,包括在解剖镜下观察象虫金小蜂各虫态发育情况,发育历期,羽化、交配及产卵等行为,并观察补充营养（10%蜂蜜水）对象虫金小蜂成虫寿命和繁殖的影响。研究表明,该蜂主要寄生烟草甲的高龄幼虫和蛹,以老熟幼虫或蛹在寄主茧内越冬。在温度25℃,湿度70%,光周期16L：8D的条件下,各虫态的发育历期分别为卵期1.5 d,幼虫期5.9 d,蛹期9.9 d,成虫产卵前期0.9 d,成虫寿命15.1 d,完成一代需18.2 d。单雌出蜂量29～82头,平均54.75头。在25℃条件下,以10%蜂蜜水饲喂,成虫寿命为29.6 d,单雌平均出蜂量76.1头。以上结果表明,象虫金小蜂具有发育历期短,繁殖力高,搜索能力强等优点,是一种具有很大开发潜力的寄生性天敌。     

温度对白面叉草蛉发育与繁殖的影响

白面叉草蛉Dichochrysa albofrontata Yang et Yang是螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus RusseⅡ的重要捕食性天敌。本文在实验室温(26℃～32℃)及特设(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)下对白面叉草蛉的发育及繁殖情况进行了研究。结果表明:白面叉草蛉发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段,幼虫期分3个龄期。幼虫捕食螺旋粉虱的卵、若虫和拟蛹,偏嗜拟蛹,其中3龄幼虫捕食量大。在室温下,完成一个世代的时间为31.5d～41.5d,其中幼虫期平均14.3d,蛹期平均8.7d,卵期平均3.3d。在16℃～32℃温度范围内,白面叉草蛉均可完成世代发育,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中在32℃下最短,分别为卵3.1d、1龄幼虫4.2d、2龄幼虫4.0d、3龄幼虫5.2d、蛹10.8d。各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵11.8℃、幼虫7.5℃、蛹9.5℃、世代10.5℃,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代完成发育所需的有效积温分别为62.7日度、310.5日度、230.7日度、716.1日度。据此估算,该虫在海南每年可完成6～7代。在16℃～32℃范围内各虫态及世代存活率随温度升高而...     

灰茶尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在19、21、23、25和27℃共5个恒温条件下,研究测定了灰茶尺蠖各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在19~27℃范围内,灰茶尺蠖各虫态和世代的发育历期随着温度的升高而显著缩短,除成虫外,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育速率与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。灰茶尺蠖卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为(9.78±1.20)、(4.57±1.52)、(7.15±1.21)、(14.91±2.83)和(6.93±0.47)℃,有效积温分别为(88.01±7.81)、(311.26±25.35)、(150.13±11.29)、(34.50±11.54)和(570.03±16.29)日·度。     

大草蛉生物学特性研究

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmaer)在湖北省以预蛹越冬,全年可完成4—5个世代。雌虫1次交尾可终生产受精卵,单雌平均产卵量在800粒左右,最多可达1234粒。幼虫可捕食粮、棉多种害虫。成虫和幼虫均嗜食多种蚜虫。成虫有趋光性。温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹的存活率以及成虫寿命有较大影响,最适温度在25—30℃之间,卵在35℃恒温条件下不能孵化。各虫态发育的起点温度和有效积温分别是:卵期为8.17℃和63.21日度;一龄幼虫为12.99℃和37.80日度;二龄幼虫为10.83℃和39.17日度;三龄幼虫为9.35℃和60.23日度;蛹期为9.23℃和215.47日度。幼虫随着龄期的增长,抗寒能力加强。草蛉黑卵蜂(Telenomus aorobates)是抑制大草蛉种群数量的主要天敌。     

不同温度下茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表

近年来,茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata在江汉平原地区危害严重,本研究旨在探明温度对该地区茄二十八星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,组建茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表,为该虫防治提供一定的理论依据。本研究采用室内恒温饲养方法,分别设置19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃等6个温度,测定各温度下用马铃薯饲养不同虫态的生长发育历期。结果表明,茄二十八星瓢虫在不同恒温条件下各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,19℃恒温下发育历期最长为32.19 d,31℃恒温下仅为13.15 d。幼虫期和蛹期的发育起点温度分别为10.93和12.13℃,日有效积温为186.04和57.06 d·℃。在19-31℃5个温区下幼虫和蛹的存活率都很高,并依据该温区内的发育起点温度和有效积温建立了发育历期预测式与Logistic模型。在25℃时单雌平均产卵量达到最大值1074.50粒,世代存活率和种群趋势指数最高,分别为93.33%和501.47,高温和低温均不利于其种群数量增加。     

温度和光周期对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响

本文测试了不同温度(22℃、25℃、28℃)和不同光周期(LD11:13,LD12:12,...,LD15:9)对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,甜菜夜蛾卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都呈下降趋势,温度对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都有显著影响(P=0.000)。随着温度升高,每雌产卵量呈上升趋势,温度对每雌产卵量有显著影响(P=0.004);随着温度升高,雌虫寿命呈下降趋势,温度对雌虫寿命有显著影响(P=0.001);雄虫寿命也呈下降趋势,但温度对雄虫寿命没有显著影响(P=0.289)。在22℃、25℃、28℃条件下,在所有的光周期下,甜菜夜蛾滞育率都为0,没有光周期反应。在22℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期存在显著差异(P=0.002,P=0.011),蛹重没有显著差异(P=0.171);在25℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都无显著差异(P=0.973,P=0.069,P=0.862);在28℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期没有显著差异(P=0.207),蛹期、蛹重存在显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.006)。     

油棕象甲室内生物学特性及形态观察

在室内对油棕象甲Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust生物学特性及其形态进行系统观察。在温度为24-28℃,RH 75%-95%,光照12 h的条件下用油棕Elaeis guineensis雄花饲养油棕象甲各虫态,每4 h观察记录各虫态的形态学特征及其发育情况,测量各虫态体长、体宽、体重等重要发育指标。结果表明油棕象甲卵的发育历期平均为16.00±0.71 h,整个幼虫期的历期平均为2.63±0.05 d,预蛹和蛹的平均发育历期分别为3.21±0.37 d和2.21±0.41 d,油棕象甲完成一个世代平均需要13.67±0.75 d。1龄幼虫体长1.70±0.08 mm,体重0.0006±0.0001 g,之后随龄期迅速增加,至3龄时,体长为2.88±0.06 mm,体重增加到0.0021±0.0001 g。蛹期体长为2.17-3.05 mm,蛹重0.0015-0.0028 g。油棕象甲成虫具有雌雄二型现象,子代性比(雌∶雄)为1.65∶1。油棕象甲是油棕最高效、最安全的授粉昆虫,其基础生物学和形态学研究是该虫室内扩繁技术研究的基础,本研究结果旨在为油棕象甲的保护利用提供理论依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.