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1.
近10 a来祁连山植被覆盖变化研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
NDVI作为植被生长状况及植被覆盖度的最佳指示因子,被认为是监测地区或全球植被和环境变化的最有效指标。基于2000-2011年250 m分辨率的MODIS NDVI数据并结合气候资料,采用最大值合成法、均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究祁连山生长季植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明:祁连山植被覆盖总体上自西向东递增,呈现东多西少的分布格局;植被覆盖变化存在明显的空间差异,表现为中西部植被覆盖增加,增加面积为79 149 km2,占祁连山总面积的52.93%;东部植被覆盖减少,减少面积为22 865 km2,占祁连山总面积的11.09%。近10 a来植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,生长季各月植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,全球气候变暖导致的降水增加是祁连山植被覆盖增加的主要原因。NDVI与气温、降水的相关性较高并存在一定的滞后性,6、7月NDVI分别与前期1月和前期2月的降水显著相关,相关系数分别为0.788和0.684;8、9月NDVI分别与当月、前期1月的气温极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.825和0.829。  相似文献   

2.
从斑头雁在青藏高原具有相对固定迁徙规律的事实出发,分析高原环境特征在斑头雁迁徙中的作用。以斑头雁高原迁徙通道为研究区,采用叠加与统计分析,对斑头雁迁徙停留地气温、降雨和植被覆盖变化以及各因子之间的相关性进行了分析。研究表明:青藏高原上斑头雁沿比较固定通道迁徙的主要原因是气温的季节变化和植被的独特分布格局;迁徙通道内植被与气象站点的气温、降水有着明显的相关性,其中NDVI与降水相关性明显高于与气温的相关性;在以高山植被、草原、草甸和灌丛四种植被为主的迁徙通道中,草甸是主要的植被类型,而草原受气温及降水的影响最大,高山植被受其影响最小。  相似文献   

3.
黄土高原生态分区探讨   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
生态分区是生态系统和自然资源合理管理及持续利用的基础,合理的生态分区可为生态环境建设和环境管理政策的制订提供科学依据。在综合分析黄土高原生态环境特点的基础上,阐明了本区的生态地位及存在的主要生态问题。综合考虑黄土高原自然生态特点及其所构成的空间组合的相似性和异质性,提出了黄土高原生态分区的原则、依据及指标系统。通过对气候、土壤、植被等生态系统要素和社会、经济因素进行聚类分析,将黄土高原划分为七个一级生态类型区,并讨论了各区建设生态屏障的区域布局、建设途径及任务。  相似文献   

4.
本文以渭河流域为研究对象,根据流域生态环境现状,建立合理的指标体系,结合GIS与RS技术对研究区进行区划,并针对各功能区的主导生态功能或主要生态问题制定相应生态环境保护与建设重点。结果表明:渭河流域可被划分为7个生态功能区:① 防旱抗旱区;② 农业种植区;③ 牧业发展区;④ 水源涵养区;⑤ 防风固沙区;⑥ 植被保护区;⑦ 土壤侵蚀控制区。本研究为区域有效开发利用资源,合理制定生态环境保护措施提供科学依据。  相似文献   

5.
中国北方半干旱地区生态环境的退化及其防治   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本区气候条件恶劣,生态环境脆弱,近年来随着人口密度剧增和人类不合理生产经营活动强烈干扰,出现了气温升高,降水减少,风力增大,土壤贫瘠,植被退化,沙化盐渍化急剧发展的环境退化过程。本区资源环境的治理开发,应以控制人口增长入手,恢复植被起步,通过调整土地利用结构,增加林业比重,发展灌溉农业和商品畜牧业,改善生态环境和提高生产水平,使环境的治理保护和资源的开发利用很好结合,步入良性循环。  相似文献   

6.
锡林郭勒盟不同生态地理区气候变化特点分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
文中利用1960-2007年锡林郭勒盟及其周边地区17个气象站的降水、气温数据,利用统计学的原理及方法,对比分析了锡林郭勒盟四个生态地理区气候变化的规律及区域差异,阐明全球气候变化在锡林郭勒盟不同区域的具体表现。研究结果对于认识草原区气候变化特点与加强草原生态环境保护等方面都具有极其重要的理论与实践价值。  相似文献   

7.
基于1982—2013年GIMMS NDVI 3g数据集及青海省50个国家气象观测站同期气象资料,利用趋势分析、相关分析方法,对青海省植被覆盖时空变化特征及其驱动因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)受气候及地形地貌影响,青海省植被覆盖空间差异明显,总体呈现从东南向西北递减趋势。(2)近30 a,青海省气温、降水呈上升趋势,气候由冷干向暖湿化转变。植被覆盖呈现整体升高,局部退化趋势。植被的年代际变化显示,青海省植被覆盖在近30 a呈现增加—减小—再增加的趋势。(3)青海省生长季(4—9月)植被受气温和降水共同影响,除个别站点外,全省NDVI与气温和降水均呈显著正相关关系,与降水相比,NDVI与气温的相关性更强,气温是影响青海省植被变化的主要气候因子。  相似文献   

8.
何航  张勃  候启  李帅  马彬  马尚谦 《干旱区研究》2011,37(1):244-253
基于GIMMS NDVI 3g v1.0数据集和日值气象数据,结合极端气温指数,辅以极点对称模态分解、趋势分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、相关分析等方法,探讨中国北方生长季植被覆盖及极端气温的变化特征,研究植被覆盖对气温极值的响应状况。结果表明:① 1982—2015年中国北方生长季NDVI以0.002·(10a)-1的速率上升(P<0.05),ESMD(极点对称模态分解方法)显示生长季NDVI波动上升;针叶林、灌丛、荒漠植被、草地以及栽培植被呈增长趋势,栽培植被增速最快,针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和高山植被呈不显著减少趋势。② 空间上,NDVI显著增加区域超过全区的33%,主要分布在天山、塔里木盆地北部、祁连山、陇南山区、黄土高原、河套平原、吕梁山和太行山、大别山以及辽西丘陵地区;显著下降区域仅占12%,主要分布在大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山区。③ 极端气温指数中,除TNmean(日最低气温平均值)和TNn(日最低气温极低值)呈上升趋势外,其余冷极值指数均呈下降趋势;所有暖极值指数均呈上升趋势;其他指数中,DTR(气温日较差)呈减小趋势,GSL(生长季日数)呈增加趋势。④ 中国北方NDVI与极端气温指数的相关性表明,冷极值指数中NDVI与FD0(霜冻日数)、TN10p(冷夜日数)、TX10p(冷昼日数)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与TNmean呈显著正相关(P<0.01);NDVI与所有暖极值指数呈正相关,与TR20(热夜日数)、TXmean(日最高气温平均值)、TX90p(暖昼日数)以及TN90p(暖夜日数)存在显著相关性(P<0.05);NDVI与GSL呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。⑤ 天山、塔里木盆地北缘、祁连山区、河套平原、黄土高原、太行山和吕梁山区等NDVI显著增加区域对极端气温指数的响应强烈。NDVI显著增加区主要对FD0、TNmean、TN90p、GSL等指数响应较强。NDVI显著减少区域对指数的响应各异,主要与SU25(夏季日数)呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

9.
利用黄河源区1959-1999年的气象和水文资料,分析了该区气温、蒸发量、风速、降水量、径流量以及多年冻土的演变规律,揭示了源区对气候变化和人为扰动的生态响应趋势。研究表明:近40年黄河源区气温升温趋势明显,源区升温高达0.58℃/10 a,成为全国升温最高的地区,但气温的升高并没有引起蒸发量的总体上升,反而有所下降,蒸发量下降可能与风速下降有关;气温的升高导致多年冻土层变薄植被失去保护,地表蒸发增强,同时冻土层上限下移,径流量也受到影响;降水有所减少,但其变化趋势并不是十分明显,这与西北地区整体的降水规律有着较为明显的不同,显示出黄河源区的独特的地域性;降雨量与径流量的变化趋势基本一致。气候变化和人为扰动共同造成了草原退化、水土流失加剧、自然灾害频发、冰川萎缩、冻土退化、水体减少等生态问题,气候变化是造成黄河源区生态退化和破坏的根本原因,大规模生态移民可能是保护黄河源区生态的根本办法。  相似文献   

10.
近50年黄土高原气候变化特征分析   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13  
利用黄土高原地区55个气象台站1951-2000年50年的气温和降水逐日资料,分析了黄土高原地区气温和降水的地理分布特征和气候变化特征;把黄土高原地区分成4个小区,利用小波分析的方法研究了各个小区气温和降水的多时间尺度特征。结果表明:黄土高原多年平均年降水量的地理分布总趋势是南多北少,东多西少,由东南向西北递减,近50年来的降水是逐渐减少的;气温的地理分布特点也是南高北低,东高西低,由东南向西北递减,近50年来的气温是在逐渐上升的;各区降水主要存在准3a周期、8-12a和准22a周期,年平均气温的准3年周期在少数时段通过了显著性检验。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

17.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

18.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

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