Base-catalysed hydrolysis of (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos

The rates at which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)-2-carboxyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)-mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)-mevinphos are also discussed.     

检疫性害虫南亚果实蝇生物学及控制技术

南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)]是黄瓜、南瓜、丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜等多种果蔬作物上的一种重要检疫性害虫。近年来在我国多个省市发生危害,发生程度呈加重和扩大蔓延的趋势,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。本文概述了南亚果实蝇的发生危害规律、生物学特性,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、诱集灭虫、雄性不育技术和保护天敌等防治措施。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.     

黏虫和劳氏黏虫形态特征比较

黏虫和劳氏黏虫往往混合发生,给小麦、玉米和水稻等造成严重的产量损失。本文从卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4个虫态分别描述了这两种黏虫在形态特征上的差异。两种黏虫卵无差异。低龄幼虫中黏虫刚毛基部的毛片色深,2龄幼虫前胸背板上各条背线较明显;劳氏黏虫毛片色浅,2龄幼虫各背线不明显。高龄幼虫中黏虫头部有"八字纹",气门近圆形,气门筛黑色有光泽;劳氏黏虫头部除"八字纹"外唇基还有一黑褐色斑,气门椭圆形,气门筛黄褐色。黏虫蛹腹部背面5~7节有刻点,臀棘着生近于平行;劳氏黏虫蛹4~7节有刻点,臀棘呈"八"字形。黏虫成虫前翅有环纹、肾形纹,劳氏黏虫则无。本研究旨为两种黏虫的田间调查提供技术支撑。     

Distribution and tephritid hosts (Diptera) of braconid parasitoids (hymenoptera) in Brazil

Tephritid parasitoids reared from 26 different host fruit species showed remarkably little diversity across 21 Brazilian counties. The majority of the parasitoids (81.4%) belonged to the braconid subfamily Opiinae, with Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) the most commonly encountered species. Four other opiines, namely D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, Optus sp. and Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck) were also reared, but in much smaller numbers. Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), an alysiine braconid parasitoid of tephritids, accounted for an additional 18–6% of the individuals reared from tephritids. The hosts and distribution patterns of the braconid parasitoids of Brazilian fruit‐infesting Tephritidae are summarized.     

红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的生物学特性研究

本文研究了取食烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和桃蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）对红星盘瓢虫Phrynocaria congener（Billberg）生物学特性的影响,结果表明,取食不同虫态的烟粉虱时,红星盘瓢虫从卵到成虫不同虫态的发育历期和存活率差异不显著;取食不同虫态的桃蚜时,红星盘瓢虫一、三和四龄幼虫的发育历期和四龄幼虫的成活率差异显著。分别取食烟粉虱的混合种群（卵、各龄若虫和蛹）和桃蚜的混合种群（卵和各龄若虫）时,瓢虫从卵到成虫的发育历期和存活率差异显著,分别为13.3d和15.7d、81.1%和70.0%。红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的产卵前期差异不显著;但成虫寿命和平均单雌产卵量差异显著,分别为64.6d和86.0d、389.4粒和960.4粒。红星盘瓢虫捕食烟粉虱和桃蚜的内禀增长率（rm）分别为0.0967和0.0964;净增殖率（R0）分别为118.7573和355.3586;世代平均历期（T）分别为49.4d和60.9d;周限增长率（λ）分别为1.1015和1.1012。     

Bioactivity of extracts and isolated compounds from Vitex polygama (Verbenaceae) and Siphoneugena densiflora (Myrtaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effects of crude extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Vitex polygama Cham. and Siphoneugena densiflora Berg were evaluated on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith, a destructive insect pest of corn and several other crops. The extracts and fractions were incorporated into an artificial diet at 1 mg g(-1) and offered to the insect during its larval stage. Length and viability of larval and pupal stages as well as pupal weight were assessed. Isolated compounds were tested through superficial contamination of the diet at 0.1 mg g(-1). Weight and viability of ten-day-old larvae were determined. Methanolic and hydroalcoholic S. densiflora extracts caused 100% larval mortality, while leaf and fruit hydroalcoholic extracts from V. polygama were the most active. Among the isolated compounds, flavonoids presented the best insecticidal results, and tannins the best larval growth inhibition.     

进口大豆中菌核和麦角的鉴别

进口大豆中不断检出的黑色鼠粪状物质,究竟是大豆菌核病菌的菌核还是麦角,是目前困扰口岸检验检疫人员的一个问题。本文对大豆菌核病菌的菌核和麦角的分类地位、寄主及为害症状、形态特征、检疫鉴定方法等方面进行了介绍和比较,以期对今后大豆检疫工作有所帮助。     

加州新小绥螨对猎物的选择行为及其扩散行为

本文研究了柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri （McGregor）不同螨态及其丝网对加州新小绥螨Neoseiuluscalifornicus的吸引作用和影响加州新小绥螨扩散行为的因素。结果表明，柑橘全爪螨完整丝网对加州新小绥螨吸引最强，在试验的5 h中，对加州新小绥螨吸引作用在第1 h效果显著，第2~5 h效果极显著，其中第3 h时的吸引作用最强达78.33%；柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、若螨和幼螨对加州新小绥螨均具有不同强度的吸引能力，吸引作用最强时分别达76.67%、71.67%和68.33%；猎物密度影响不同取食经历下加州新小绥螨的扩散行为，其扩散时间与生境中的柑橘全爪螨卵初始密度呈正相关，处于饥饿状态和自身密度较高时会加速加州新小绥螨的扩散行为，加州新小绥螨雌后若螨扩散时间低于加州新小绥螨雌成螨。     

Peculiarities of behaviour of taiga (Ixodes persulcatus) and sheep (Ixodes ricinus) ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) determined by different methods

A comparison of the behavioural peculiarities of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 (north-western population, Russia) and Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) from western Russia and Denmark was determined by using two methods. Method 1 involved a sojourn of ticks on vertical plastic sticks and showed that the questing behaviour of I. ricinus nymphs was dependent on temperature and relative humidity (RH). A significantly greater number of nymphs quested at 22 degrees C and 100% RH than at 18 degrees C. When the humidity was reduced to 30% all of the nymphs departed. In the second method, the activity of ticks on an inclined "ticksdrome" was estimated. The activity of I. ricinus adults from the Danish population was 1.2 times greater than that of ticks from Russia. Females of the species studied and specimens from all study areas were more active than all other stages of development. The locomotor activity of both adult and immature I. ricinus that were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was suppressed when compared with uninfected specimens. The locomotor activity of I. persulcatus females infected by borreliae with exoskeleton anomalies was 1.3 times greater (P<0.05) than that of infected ticks without anomalies. Our data showed that infected females with exoskeleton anomalies could crawl faster on a human and reach uncovered parts of the body that are vulnerable for attachment and feeding. A study of locomotor activity and questing behaviour may be useful for comparing the risk for different tick species and populations to transmit tick-borne pathogens.     

两种麦蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用浸叶法测定了麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的分布均匀度呈以下规律 :辛硫磷 <毒死蜱 <吡虫啉 <抗蚜威 <啶虫脒 <氧乐果 <甲基对硫磷 ;LC₅₀按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,辛硫磷 ,毒死蜱 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,吡虫啉 ,氧乐果。禾谷缢管蚜对 6种杀虫剂敏感性分布均匀度呈以下规律 :吡虫啉 <毒死蜱 <啶虫脒 <抗蚜威 <甲基对硫磷 <氧乐果 ;LC₅₀按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,毒死蜱 ,吡虫啉 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,氧乐果。麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为 :啶虫脒 <甲基对硫磷 <抗蚜威 <毒死蜱 <氧乐果 <吡虫啉。     

胡瓜新小绥螨对B型烟粉虱的控制能力

为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能，在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下，研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明，胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短，不取食烟粉虱，其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱，捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型；胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌），对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）；雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明，胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强，是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。     

水杨酸和油菜素内酯对花椰菜幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响

为了探讨外源水杨酸(SA)、油菜素内酯(BR)对花椰菜幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响,以花椰菜品种雪峰为材料,采用盆栽法,于幼苗第4片真叶展开时,分别喷施不同浓度SA和BR溶液,并进行干旱胁迫,清水处理为对照.结果表明,一定浓度的SA、BR处理均可提高壮苗指数、地上部干物质含量、根冠比及净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含...     

Biology and behaviour of Ephestiasula pictipes (Wood-Mason) (Hymenopodidae: Mantodea) under captive breeding

The biology and behaviour of a common predator in cashew plantations, Ephestiasula pictipes (Wood-Mason), were studied under captivity for three seasons using greater wax moth larvae as prey. During Feb–May, incubation and nymphal developmental period were shorter when compared with Jun–Sep and Oct–Jan. The female mantids laid ootheca once in every 3–4 days, for a period of 70–77 days. Adult longevity and oviposition period were significantly higher during Feb–May, while no significant difference was observed in sex ratio, oviposition interval and pre oviposition period during different seasons. Sexual behaviour consisted of preliminary courtship and copulation, involving 14 activities in sequence. Duration of mounting, copulation and riding around on the female by the male widely varied from 2 min to 28 h; 5.15 to 6.10 h; and 2 to 74 h, respectively. High fertility, high fecundity, shorter life cycle, multivoltinism and feasibility of laboratory rearing throughout the year are the advantageous features of E. pictipes that permits for its mass rearing and emergence as a viable biocontrol agent in future.     

抗褐飞虱兼抗白背飞虱水稻种质资源发掘

为了发掘出对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ、孟加拉型及白背飞虱具有抗性的稻种资源供抗褐飞虱兼抗白背飞虱育种选用,采用苗期群体鉴定法对383份水稻种质资源进行了抗性鉴定。发掘出107份抗褐飞虱兼抗白背飞虱的稻种资源。其中,抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ兼抗白背飞虱的稻种资源58份,占抗性鉴定总数的15.14%;抗褐飞虱孟加拉型兼抗白背飞虱的稻种资源49份,占抗性鉴定总数的12.79%。本研究发掘的107份抗褐飞虱兼抗白背飞虱的稻种资源,在育种时可作为亲本选用。