南美斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂消长规律

对云南省南美斑潜蝇及其主要寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂和潜蝇茧蜂的种群消长规律进行了研究。南美斑潜蝇在昆明关上菜区于 4、7、10月出现 3个高峰。潜蝇姬小蜂在春季蚕豆上种群数量较高 ,是控制南美斑潜蝇的主要蜂种。潜蝇茧蜂在秋季大棚内种群数量较高 ,是控制大棚南美斑潜蝇的主要蜂种。这两种寄生蜂对作物寄主有明显的选择性 ,潜蝇姬小蜂在春季的蚕豆、豌豆和芹菜上种群数量较高 ,潜蝇茧蜂在秋季的莴笋上种群数量较高     

甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂的密度制约效应研究

在温室条件下,就甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生作用进行了研究,建立了其功能反应和干扰反应数学模型。结果表明:甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的寄生作用受寄主幼虫密度的制约,其功能反应模型为Na=0.4918TN0/1 0.011N0,甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂处理每头美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的时间是0.022d,瞬时攻击率为0.4918,每头雌成虫在1d内的最大理论寄生量为22.35头。甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的寄生作用受自身密度制约的影响,其干扰反应模型为:a=00946P-0.2835。     

不同水稻挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂的引诱作用

为了解水稻挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中的作用,采用触角电位仪和Y-型嗅觉仪测定了稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对不同水稻挥发物的触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应和行为反应。不同生育期水稻挥发物中,稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对幼苗期挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,显著高于分蘖期及抽穗期。行为测定显示中优5617和湘优109幼苗期稻株挥发物对稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂具有显著引诱作用。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂对虫害植株挥发物的EAG反应最强烈,与健康植株和机械损伤植株之间均存在显著差异。稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂明显趋向于湘优109、黔香优302和宜香481三个品种的虫害处理植株。结果表明,幼苗和虫害稻株挥发物在稻虱红螯蜂雌蜂寻找寄主过程中起到了重要作用。     

欧洲山芥植株挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫选择行为的影响

利用Y型嗅觉仪在实验室内测试了莲座期和开花结籽期欧洲山芥植株挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫选择行为的影响,以阐明其对小菜蛾雌成虫的引诱作用。结果表明,欧洲山芥两个生长期挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫具有相似的、较强的引诱作用,小菜蛾首先选择欧洲山芥植株气味源的虫数显著多于首先选择甘蓝植株气味源的虫数,小菜蛾在与欧洲山芥植株相连接的侧臂前臂持续活动的总时间占总观测时间的百分比显著高于与甘蓝植株相连接的一侧(df=1,P<0.05)。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂对几种挥发性物质的定向行为

笔者采用Y型管嗅觉仪法和培养皿法,研究菜蛾绒茧蜂 Cotesia plutellae对挥发物的定向行为反应,并探讨学习经历对菜蛾绒茧蜂寻找寄主能力的影响,以及触角在寄主定向中的作用.     

南美斑潜蝇和潜蝇茧蜂成虫的日活动规律研究

南美斑潜蝇成虫羽化主要集中于12时前。南美斑潜蝇成虫活动,在晴天有两个高峰:一个在11时左右,另一个在16时左右。潜蝇茧蜂成虫的活动规律与南美斑潜蝇成虫相似,但其峰值出现比南美斑潜蝇成虫稍晚;阴天时,南美斑潜蝇成虫和潜蝇茧蜂都只有1个活动高峰,在12～13时;南美斑潜蝇成虫的最适活动温度为27℃左右。     

Bt玉米对中红侧沟茧蜂发育的间接影响及室内行为研究

利用Y-型嗅觉仪研究了中红侧沟茧蜂(Microplitis Mediator Haliday)对Bt玉米、常规玉米、粘虫幼虫和其虫粪及虫害苗挥发物的行为反应,同时研究了Bt玉米对中红侧沟茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明,两种玉米健康植株的挥发物对中红侧沟茧蜂均有引诱作用;中红侧沟茧蜂对两种玉米的健康植株及机械损伤株挥发物之间的选择性无显著差异;相对于Bt玉米,中红侧沟茧蜂更趋向于选择常规玉米的虫伤苗及玉米-粘虫幼虫-虫粪混合物的挥发物。与对照(寄生于取食常规玉米粘虫的中红侧沟茧蜂)相比,寄生于取食Bt玉米粘虫幼虫的中红侧沟茧蜂幼虫历期延长,出茧率、茧重、羽化率、蜂重均有显著降低,茧历期、蜂历期则差异不显著。     

南美斑潜蝇对寄主的选择及虫源变迁研究

研究明确蚕豆作物是南美斑潜蝇最喜嗜寄主 ,危害严重。秋播蚕豆生长季节 ,南美斑潜蝇嗜好的敏感作物除蚕豆外 ,还有莴苣、牛皮菜、菠菜、芹菜、白菜、芥蓝菜及春马铃薯等。研究表明 ,莴苣、牛皮菜等是秋播蚕豆出苗前后的主要虫源地 ;春季蔬菜及烤烟苗上南美斑潜蝇虫源主要来自蚕豆田。     

西藏地区豌豆彩潜蝇的发生为害及其寄生蜂种类调查

豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola是我国重要的潜叶蝇类蔬菜害虫,寄生蜂是其重要的天敌。2018年7月,豌豆彩潜蝇首次在西藏地区被发现。为探明西藏地区豌豆彩潜蝇的发生情况及其天敌寄生蜂种类,于2018年-2019年对西藏拉萨、林芝、山南、日喀则4个地区进行了调查采样。结果表明,豌豆彩潜蝇在西藏地区发生程度中等,为害等级达Ⅲ级。调查到被其为害的寄主植物为5科7属7种,主要嗜好菊科和豆科植物。豌豆彩潜蝇的寄生蜂种类包括3科8属12种,其中优势种为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea、双斑潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus bimaculatus和西伯利亚离颚茧蜂Dacnusa sibirica,分别占总羽化寄生蜂个体数的35.71%、28.18%和21.01%,豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂主要来自寄主植物豌豆,双斑潜蝇姬小蜂和西伯利亚离颚茧蜂的发生期最长,7月-9月均有发生。同期,我们在西藏调查发现了入侵种南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis,为此,本文还讨论了西藏地区豌豆彩潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇的寄生蜂种类组成差异和寄生蜂的控害特性及控害效应,以期为制定生态调控和绿色防...     

寄主植物对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主选择行为的影响

研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜和甘蓝上寄主的选择性 ,以及白菜和甘蓝经不同处理所产生的挥发物对该蜂寄主选择的作用。结果表明 :当白菜和甘蓝上小菜蛾幼虫密度相等时 ,半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜上小菜蛾幼虫的寄生数明显高于甘蓝 ;在对挥发物的行为反应观察中 ,半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜 小菜蛾复合体的选择性大于甘蓝 小菜蛾复合体 ,对被小菜蛾损伤的白菜植株的选择性也大于被小菜蛾损伤的甘蓝植株 ;而该蜂对两种蔬菜的完整植株或机械损伤植株之间则无明显的选择性。     

转cry1Ab基因粳稻对稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵行为的影响

为评价转cry1Ab基因粳稻(KMD1和KMD2)对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)成虫产卵行为的影响,采用"Y"型嗅觉仪和笼罩以及田间试验等方法对稻纵卷叶螟成虫对转基因水稻的趋性以及其产卵选择性进行了研究,并利用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术测定了这2种Bt水稻及其对照亲本秀水11挥发物的组成及其相对含量。结果表明,稻纵卷叶螟成虫在"Y"型嗅觉仪和小型笼罩内对Bt水稻和对照亲本的选择性差异不显著,而在大型笼罩和田间条件下均显著趋向于在非转基因水稻上产卵,其中大田中稻纵卷叶螟在KMD1、KMD2和对照中的百叶卵量分别为2.20±1.28、1.00±0.77和5.60±2.16粒。水稻挥发物的组成及其相对含量在Bt水稻及其对照亲本之间差异不显著。表明相对于Bt水稻,在田间条件下稻纵卷叶螟成虫趋向于在非转基因水稻产卵,而水稻挥发物可能不是引起这种行为趋性的直接原因。     

Systemically released volatiles from Solena amplexicaulis plant leaves with color cues influencing attraction of a generalist insect herbivore

Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi (Cucurbitaceae) is a promising vegetable in Southeast Asia. Infestation of Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults on leaves of the crop plant causes death of the plant and reduces crop production. Currently, growers are applying insecticides to control this pest, which are harmful to health and environment. Hence, an attempt has been made to find out allelochemicals from leaves attracting the insect, which might be used for ecofriendly pest management program. The emission of volatiles was detected from undamaged leaves of herbivore-induced plants after 24 h and 120 h of continuous females feeding on lower leaves of the same plants by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. The insect showed attraction to systemically released volatiles from herbivore-induced plants against unharmed plants in Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassays. The insect was attracted to a synthetic blend of 1.2 µg linalool oxide + 3.2 µg nonanal + 1.5 µg trans-2-nonenal dissolved in 20 µL CH₂Cl₂ in olfactometer and wind tunnel bioassays, and hence, this blend could be used in development of baited traps in pest management strategies.     

Olfactory response of the ladybird beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stethorus gilvifrons</Emphasis> to two preys and herbivore-induced plant volatiles

The spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) cause severe economic losses to vegetable farms and deciduous fruit orchards in Turkey. One of their predators, the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Col., Coccinellidae), aggregates on mite-infested patches of plants. The present study assessed whether there is a role for herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and/or odors emitted directly from these two mite species in the aggregative response of ladybird beetles. The olfactory responses of the predator females to volatiles from T. urticae- and/or P. ulmi-infested sweet pepper (four cultivars, viz. ‘Demre’, ‘Yalova Carliston’, ‘Kandil Dolma’ and ‘Yag Biberi’), kidney bean (cv. ‘Barbunya’) and apple (M9 rootstock) were investigated using a two-choice olfactometer. Our results showed that HIPVs emitted from both T. urticae- and P. ulmi-infested plants significantly attracted S. gilvifrons adults for all plants except the sweet pepper cv. Yag Biberi. In addition, it was found that volatiles from apple plants infested by T. urticae and, especially, P. ulmi are more attractive for S. gilvifrons females than those emitted by other infested plants. The results also suggest that the odors of T. urticae adults and their products might influence the attraction of S. gilvifrons females.     

黑缘红瓢虫对几种林果害虫与寄主复合体的行为反应

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了黑缘红瓢虫对几种常见林果健康无虫植株、桃粉大尾蚜和朝鲜球坚蚧虫体自身与分泌物,及植物与蚜虫复合体的定向和选择行为。结果表明：健康无虫的桃树、樱桃李、毛白杨和油松,不产生招引黑缘红瓢虫的挥发性次生物质;桃粉大尾蚜和朝鲜球坚蚧虫体自身与分泌物对黑缘红瓢虫搜索行为亦无显著影响;当寄主植物受到两种害虫为害后,桃树和樱桃李能释放招引黑缘红瓢虫的挥发性物质,而毛白杨和松树在受到蚜虫为害后所释放的挥发物对黑缘红瓢虫无招引作用。结果表明,受害植物的挥发性物质在黑缘红瓢虫搜索猎物中具有重要作用。经长时间不同食物源喂养黑缘红瓢虫,并不影响其搜索行为。     

稻虱缨小蜂对吡虫啉处理的水稻植株挥发物的行为反应

利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定稻虱缨小蜂对吡虫啉处理的水稻植株挥发物的行为反应,并通过GC-MS对挥发物组分进行了定性和定量分析.行为测试结果表明:吡虫啉和施用了吡虫啉的不同水稻品种挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的寄主选择行为无明显影响.稻虱缨小蜂在不同浓度吡虫啉处理的水稻植株之间表现出明显的嗅觉偏好.当褐飞虱密度为10头/苗时,与高浓度吡虫啉处理相比,低浓度吡虫啉处理植株释放的挥发物引诱到了更多的稻虱缨小蜂(施药5天除外).GC-MS分析发现:与对照植株释放的挥发物相比,吡虫啉处理的稻株挥发物组分种类不变;吡虫啉浓度不同导致水杨酸甲酯等8种组分的相对含量明显不同;同时一些组分的相对含量因吡虫啉浓度与水稻品种、褐飞虱密度及施药天数等因子的互作发生了明显改变.     

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) floral volatiles causing attraction of Epilachna dodecastigma (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Epilachna dodecastigma (Wied.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) causes economic losses to bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) production in India and Bangladesh because adults feed on the leaves and flowers resulting death of the plant. This insect is currently controlled by insecticides, which are harmful to human health and environment. We studied the behavioral responses of E. dodecastigma females to floral volatiles and synthetic compounds comparable to floral volatiles in a Y-tube olfactometer to determine their potential for monitoring this pest. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analyses of M. charantia floral volatiles revealed the presence of 20 compounds. Myrcene was predominant followed by methyl jasmonate and 1-octadecanol in floral volatiles. Epilachna dodecastigma females were attracted to floral volatiles by a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. Females were attracted to individual synthetic 1-heptanol, sabinene, myrcene and ocimene at 16, 1, 20, and 8 µg/25 mL methylene chloride in a dose response bioassay, respectively, and hence, these compounds might be used for insect pest management strategies such as baited traps.     

蚕豆染色病毒(BBSV)在中国的发生与鉴定

 在1985年4月蚕豆病毒病的调查中,先后在四川、湖北、江苏和浙江4省的秋播蚕豆试验区内都发现一种由种子带毒的蚕豆染色病毒(BBSV)。所有病株都发生在由叙利亚国际旱地农业研究中心供种的试验区内,约10-40%的小区或品系发病,株发病率在0-18%之间。病害是随种子传入我国的。
病株为系统感染,病株叶片上的症状可以是轻花叶、斑驳、褪色斑或畸形,有的小叶正常而无明显病变。病毒粒体为等径球状体,直径28毫微米。病毒样本能与英g国染色病毒的抗血清发生沉淀反应,但与真花叶病毒的抗血清不发生反应。在病株上未发现能传毒的象甲,也无象甲的为害状,病毒病尚未扩散。在试验区以外的农田里未发现有蚕豆染色病毒存在。     

THE EFFECTS OF SUB-LETHAL DOSES OF MCPA ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND YIELD OF VEGETABLE CROPS

Summary. The effects of sub-lethal doses of MCPA-sodium on the morphology, yield and maturity of French beans, and on the morphology of broad beans, were studied in field and glasshouse experiments. Epinasty in French beans developed at 0.002 lb/ac a.e., but formative effects were not seen at less than 0–1 lb/ac. With doses up to 0.4 lb/ac there was no significant reduction in yield or haulm weight, but at 1.0 lb/ac and above, yield was reduced and some of the plants sprayed at an early stage of growth were killed. There were characteristic modifications of the roots and stems and of those leaves which were at a susceptible stage of development when sprayed. Broad beans were only slightly injured by 0.2 lb/ac but were generally killed by 2.0 lb/ac. Abnormalities were noted in the germination of seed produced by affected plants.
Effets de doses sub-léthales de MCPA sur la morphologic et le rendement des cultures légumières IV. Haricots verts et fèves