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1.
甘肃地区小麦条锈病菌越夏规律的初步研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
 小麦条锈病菌主要在海拔2300公尺左右的晚熟春麦和海拔1400-1500公尺以上的自生麦苗上越夏。根据自然地理区划、越夏特点和菌源传布作用等,初步将甘肃省的越夏地区划分为以下四个区:(1)陇东晚熟春麦及自生麦苗越夏区;(2)洮岷晚熟春麦及自生麦苗越夏区;(3)陇南半山地带自生麦苗越夏区;(4)天祝高寒山区晚熟春麦越夏区。这四个越夏区中以洮岷越夏区的菌源最多。  相似文献   

2.
基于EPIC模型的中国典型小麦干旱致灾风险评价   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
运用EPIC(Environmental Policy Integrated Climate)农作物生长模型模拟了1966—2005年中国典型小麦生长过程,构建了基于水分胁迫的小麦干旱致灾强度指数,对中国小麦干旱致灾强度和风险的时空分布规律进行了定量评价分析。结果表明:小麦干旱致灾强度呈现出从西北干旱区向东南湿润区递减的趋势,且春小麦分布区旱灾致灾强度高于冬小麦分布区;中国农牧交错带是小麦干旱致灾强度较强且波动较大的区域,也是小麦干旱致灾风险较高的区域;1966-2005年春小麦区干旱致灾强度呈现下降趋势,而冬小麦区呈现普遍上升趋势,其中北部和黄淮冬麦上升趋势最为明显。  相似文献   

3.
雨养农业区地膜春小麦持续高产栽培施肥技术研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在甘肃省洮岷高寒二阴区农田生态条件下,采用裂区与二次回归结合的设计方法,多点同步研究影响地膜小麦高产优质高效与氮磷钾施用量配比间张相关效应,并在试验的基础上同时进行生产示范验证,建立地膜小麦持续高产施肥数学模型。根据模型选用相应的分析程序地计算机模拟寻是到地膜春小麦每公颂产量高于6750kg,纯收益大于3750元的技术方案92套。该方案95%置信域为每公倾施优质农肥6万kg,纯N119?85kg-  相似文献   

4.
甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估及其区划   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为提高西北旱作冬小麦干旱风险管理水平,选用甘肃省41个气象站1971—2016年逐日常规气象观测资料及甘肃省冬小麦农业生产相关资料,基于自然灾害风险理论,从危险性、暴露性、脆弱性、防灾能力4个因子出发,建立了甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估模型,并用Arc GIS对甘肃省冬小麦进行干旱风险区划。结果表明:甘肃省冬小麦全生育期干旱高危险区和次高危险区主要位于陇中北部、陇东北部和陇南南部;高暴露区和次高暴露区集中在陇东和陇南地区;高脆弱区和次高脆弱区主要位于陇东大部;次低防灾能力区和低防灾能力区位于陇东大部和陇南北部。甘肃省冬小麦高风险区分布于庆阳市北部和陇南市南部,次高风险区和中度风险区主要位于陇东大部、陇中北部和天水市北部,省内其余冬小麦区属于次低和低风险区。该研究成果将为甘肃冬小麦防灾减灾及可持续发展提供一定理论依据。  相似文献   

5.
甘肃省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生及分布   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了解甘肃省小麦孢囊线虫病发生程度和分布情况,2009-2012年于小麦抽穗至灌浆期,采用Z字形取样法,取根际0~20cm土壤,用漂浮法分离孢囊,统计100g土样的孢囊数量,用形态学方法鉴定线虫。从甘肃省12个地区50个县区,134个乡镇共采集到463个小麦田间土样。结果表明,孢囊平均检出率为47.9%,其中冬麦区孢囊平均检出率为61.5%,春麦区平均检出率为34.2%,冬麦和春麦混播区为52.3%,冬麦、春麦及冬春麦混播区平均孢囊数分别为3.5、6.8和3.9个/100g土样。其中平凉市灵台县和兰州市永登县孢囊线虫发生最为严重,个别地块每100g土样中孢囊数超过40个。根据孢囊形态学特征的观察,将甘肃省采集到的孢囊线虫鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)。研究结果可为有效防治甘肃省麦类孢囊线虫病提供依据。  相似文献   

6.
甘肃河东地区为全省春玉米主要种植区,同时也是易发生干旱的地区,基于FAO推荐的Penman-Montith模型以及其提供的作物系数计算了甘肃省河东地区春玉米作物水分亏缺距平指数(CWDI_a),采用甘肃省河东地区54个气象站1961—2017年逐日气象数据以及河东各县(区)春玉米多年产量资料,从干旱的年际变化趋势、干旱空间分布特征以及春玉米干旱灾损风险区划三方面对近57年来河东地区春玉米各生育期干旱演变特征及其灾损风险区划进行了分析。结果表明:受降水的影响,河东地区春玉米生长期各旬需水量、CWDI_a值均呈先增大后减少的趋势,全区CWDI_a值15,表明该区虽为雨养农业区但仍需通过灌溉补给保证作物生长期所需水分。生长季内春玉米水分亏缺的变化幅度:抽雄~开花期拔节期乳熟~成熟期出苗~七叶期。出苗~七叶期水分亏缺程度由南向北呈递减趋势,其他三期水分亏缺程度由南向北呈递增趋势。河东地区春玉米干旱风险具有明显的区域性和差异性,低风险区主要在陇东南部地区,陇南中部、北部、南部地区,甘南高原东北部地区;中风险区主要在陇东中部地区,陇南东南部地区,陇西黄土高原中部地区;较高风险区主要在环县,渭北地区;高风险区主要在黄河以南地区至靖远-榆中区。总体来看,河东春玉米干旱灾损风险区由南向北呈纬向分布,且受积温影响,海拔高于2 500 m的高山区不适于种植春玉米。  相似文献   

7.
中国主要小麦种植区雨养条件下水分胁迫发生规律模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
运用EPIC(Environmental Policy Integrated Climate)作物生长模型模拟了1961—2011年中国各小麦种植区小麦生长过程,对中国各小麦种植区小麦生育期内水分胁迫规律进行了分析。结果表明:雨养条件下,全国11个小麦种植区的水分胁迫程度可分为3个等级;冬麦区(新疆冬麦区除外)和东北春麦区水分胁迫均值、发生频率均明显低于其他春麦区;南方的3个冬麦区(华南、西南、长江中下游),水分胁迫的程度、发生频率均低于其他麦区;黄淮、北部冬麦区水分胁迫规律相似,在1、2月和5、6月较高,而北部冬麦区水分胁迫程度和发生频率略高于黄淮冬麦区;北部、西北、北疆春麦区、新疆冬麦区在雨养条件下水分胁迫最为严重,如果没有灌溉,小麦几乎绝收,尤其是新疆冬麦区。  相似文献   

8.
甘肃黄土高原主要农作物水分胁迫敏感性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用甘肃黄土高原几个代表站点气候、物候、产量、土壤水分等资料,计算了本区几种主要农作物在不同生育时段对水分胁迫的敏感系数。结果表明,不同作物在不同时段对水分亏缺的敏感性有所不同,冬小麦在孕穗—开花期的敏感系数最大,冬前苗期和返青拔节期的敏感系数较大,不同的地方这两个阶段的敏感性大小不同;玉米在拔节—抽雄期敏感系数较大,抽雄—灌浆期次之;春小麦只存在一个敏感性高值区,即拔节—开花期,其余时段敏感性较小。  相似文献   

9.
干旱对不同基因型春小麦碳同化物分配的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
采用盆栽试验,选用和尚头、定西24、陇春8139三个春小麦品种分别进行两种水分处理(正常供水、干旱处理),在各生育期前10 d14CO2光合标记,孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期分别采样,测定其叶、茎、根、颖壳不同器官中14C同化物放射性。研究结果表明:春小麦发育过程中,14C同化物的分配中心随生育期的不同而改变,适当的干旱处理,能够促进根中同化物向地上器官的转移,增加穗中同化物量的积累。将春小麦三个品种相比较:在正常水分下,小根系的新品种陇春8139根中同化物滞留量较少,同化物主要分布在地上器官,有利于穗的生长;在干旱处理下,大根系的老品种和尚头根部没有同化物的冗余。  相似文献   

10.
基于MCI指标的甘肃省近50年干旱特征分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
基于甘肃省16个气象站1961—2010年改进气象干旱指标(MCI)对甘肃省近50年不同季节的干旱特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:春旱和夏旱发生频率最高,为55.4%和55.0%;秋旱发生频率最低,为41.1%;冬季干旱发生频率为46.3%。全省夏秋季易出现大范围干旱,冬季较少。近50年来,干旱发生范围在全年各季节都有不同程度增加。春季各等级干旱发生天数均较高,且更容易发展成为重旱甚至特旱;夏季和冬季易发生大范围的轻旱和中旱,而严重干旱发生较少;秋季干旱发生日数最少,且干旱强度也最轻。总的来说,甘南地区干旱发生最少,而河西东部、陇中北部和陇南南部发生干旱较多。近50年,研究区干旱平均持续日数、发生干旱站次比以及干旱强度虽有不同程度增加或减少趋势,但变化并不显著。春季干旱强度最强,秋季最弱。干旱强度与无雨日数有显著负相关关系。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

17.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

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