两种扁柏属植物精油对蚊虫的毒杀、驱避活性及化学成分分析

为了解绒柏Chamaecyparis pisifera精油和日本扁柏Chamaecyparis obtuse精油对蚊虫的生物活性,通过浸渍法测试了两种植物精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus 4龄幼虫及蛹的毒杀活性,采用人体局部涂肤法测试其对白纹伊蚊成蚊的驱避活性,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）定性分析了精油的化学成分。结果表明,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为47.66/152.33和73.11/205.06 μg/mL,对致倦库蚊4龄幼虫/蛹的24 h LC₅₀分别为31.74/107.61和63.94/131.42 μg/mL。以1.5和2.0 μL/cm²剂量涂抹人体皮肤,绒柏精油、日本扁柏精油驱避白纹伊蚊的完全保护时间分别是3.24 h和0.78 h、5.45 h和1.86 h。经GC-MS分析鉴定出绒柏精油中含α-蒎烯（29.89%）、17-norkaur-15-ene（9.96%）、Δ-3-蒈烯（9.79%）等16种成分,日本扁柏精油含Δ-3-蒈烯（35.33%）、α-蒎烯（25.60%）、β-月桂烯（12.86%）等22种成分。可见,绒柏精油和日本扁柏精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫及蛹有较强的毒杀活性,而且绒柏精油对白纹伊蚊还有很强的驱避活性,具有研发为环保型蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀活性

采用浸液法研究了野胡萝卜Daucus carota果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫的毒杀活性;利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）对精油的主要成分进行了定性、定量分析。结果发现,野胡萝卜果实精油毒杀白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的24h LC50值分别为67.87μg.mL-1和34.12μg.mL-1;精油中共含有34种化合物,相对含量最高的是α-蒎烯（54.72%）,其次为β-红没药烯（11.35%）和β-细辛脑（10.14%）;对6种活性化合物进行定量分析,含量最高的是α-蒎烯（577.46mg.mL-1）,其次是月桂烯（80.26mg.mL-1）、柠檬烯（28.95mg.mL-1）、β-石竹烯（24.38mg.mL-1）、β-蒎烯（11.59mg.mL-1）和γ-萜品烯（2.33mg.mL-1）。研究结果表明,野胡萝卜果实精油对蚊幼虫的毒杀效果强于以往文献报道的多种植物精油,是开发高效环保蚊虫杀幼剂的好材料。     

福建柏精油对蚊虫的生物活性

为筛选环保型植物源灭蚊剂,从福建柏Fokienia hodginsii叶中提取精油,采用浸液法测试了该精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus IV龄幼虫和蛹的毒杀作用,采用密闭圆筒法研究了该精油对2种蚊虫成蚊的熏蒸活性,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法对其化学成分进行了检测。结果表明:福建柏精油对白纹伊蚊IV龄幼虫和蛹的LC50值分别为53.21和144.34μg/mL,对致倦库蚊分别为55.85和147.68μg/mL;在4.36μg/cm3熏蒸剂量下,该精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值分别为14.63和14.90 min,24 h校正死亡率均为90.00%。从福建柏精油中共检测出16种主要化学成分:其中相对含量最高的为α-蒎烯(α-pinene),为29.25%;其次是马鞭烯醇(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-3-en-2-ol)10.88%和氧化石竹烯(caryophyllene oxide)9.64%等。研究结果表明,福建柏精油对2种供试蚊虫具有显著的杀虫活性。     

植物精油驱蚊片对蚊的驱避效果及其气相色谱分析

本文研究了植物精油驱蚊片对蚊的驱避效果及其气相色谱分析方法。采用Y型管法测定5种不同含量的桉叶素·香茅醛驱蚊片对蚊的驱避活性,建立气相色谱内标法对试样中的桉叶素和香茅醛进行气相色谱分离和定量分析。结果表明含量为8mg桉叶素·10mg香茅醛驱蚊片驱避效果最好,优于其他4个含量,并达到显著水平。该分析方法的桉叶素和香茅醇的线性相关系数为0.992和0.998,标准偏差分别为0.006 2和0.007 4,平均回收率分别为99.74%和99.61%,变异系数分别为0.77%和0.73%。     

四种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀活性及酯酶活性的影响

为了筛选高效、环保、低抗性的植物源灭蚊剂,揭示植物精油熏杀蚊虫的作用机理,测试了湖南香薷Elsholtziahunanensis、藿香Agastacherugosus、八角Illiciumverum和剑叶金鸡菊Coreopsislanceolata精油对白纹伊蚊Aedesalbopictus和致倦库蚊Culexpipiensquinquefasciatus成蚊的熏杀活性及对2种蚊虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和非特异性酯酶（NSE）活性的影响。结果表明,4种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀效果显著,但同种植物精油对2种蚊虫的熏杀活性有差异。藿香精油对白纹伊蚊的熏杀效果最好（LC50值为26．12μg．cm-3）,八角精油对致倦库蚊的熏杀活性最强（Lc50值为29-31μg·cm-3）。4种植物精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊体内AChE活性起诱导作用;对致倦库蚊体内NSE活性均有抑制作用,其中八角精油的酶活性抑制率最高（19．79％）。湖南香薷和八角精油对白纹伊蚊NSE活性有抑制作用,酶活性抑制率分别为34．90％和25．26％;藿香和剑叶金鸡菊精油对白纹伊蚊NSE活性有促进作用,酶活性增长率分别为25．66％和66．35％。综合分析4种植物精油对蚊虫的熏杀活性及对酯酶活性的影响,湖南香薷和藿香精油更适宜作为植物源灭蚊产品的备选材料。     

4种植物精油对瓜实蝇毒杀及驱避作用

瓜实蝇 Bactrocera cucurbitae (Copullett)是我国瓜类蔬菜的重要入侵害虫, 为筛选出对瓜实蝇具有毒杀及驱避作用的植物精油, 室内测定了4种植物精油在不同浓度下对瓜实蝇的毒杀及产卵驱避效果, 并进行了田间验证。结果表明:4种植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫的毒杀效果随精油浓度升高而升高, 浓度为7 mg/mL和10 mg/mL的肉桂精油对瓜实蝇的毒杀效果极显著高于其他精油, 处理后24 h瓜实蝇校正死亡率分别为75.9%和100%;雌虫对冬青精油的嗅觉反应率为93.3%, 显著高于紫苏精油和山苍子精油。不同植物精油对雌虫产卵的驱避效果不同，当植物精油浓度为10 mg/mL时, 冬青精油对雌虫的产卵驱避率为69.04%, 显著高于其他精油。田间试验结果显示:不同植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫具有一定防控效果, 但处理间差异不显著, 可能是由于田间环境复杂、植物精油理化性质存在差异等因素导致。     

10种植物精油单组分化合物及其混配对蓝莓黑腹果蝇的驱避效果

为了筛选出对蓝莓上黑腹果蝇雌蝇具有驱避效果的植物精油单组分化合物,本文采用Y形嗅觉仪,评价10种植物精油单组分化合物对该种雌果蝇的驱避效果,筛选出驱避效果最优的植物精油单组分化合物后进行不同体积的混配,测定其对黑腹果蝇雌蝇的驱避活性.结果表明:D-柠檬烯、香茅醛2种植物精油单组分化合物对黑腹果蝇雌蝇的驱避效果最佳,且在...     

7种植物精油对黑腹果蝇驱避/引诱活性及其化学成分分析

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen为害多种水果, 化学农药对其防控效果较差, 从具有特殊气味的植物中寻找可有效驱避或引诱黑腹果蝇的化合物是防控黑腹果蝇的有效方法之一。本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了青蒿Artemisia caruifolia、花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum、蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum、艾蒿Artemisia argyi、蕺菜Houttuynia cordata、万寿菊Tagetes erecta 等7种植物的精油, 并测定了这些精油对黑腹果蝇的驱避及引诱活性。结果表明:青蒿精油的驱避活性最好, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率为88.58%; 其次为花椒和艾蒿精油, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率分别为73.33%和68.58%。高浓度(500 mg/L)的番茄精油表现为驱避作用, 随着浓度降低(20~100 mg/L)则表现出一定的引诱作用。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对各精油的化学成分分析结果表明:青蒿精油和艾蒿精油中以烷烃类化合物和醇类化合物为主要组分, 石竹烯氧化物和萘嵌戊烷分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 花椒精油和万寿菊精油中主要组分为萜类化合物, 芳樟醇-L和胡椒酮分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 番茄精油中主要化合物种类是萜类和醇类化合物, 薄荷脑是其中含量最高的化合物; 蒲公英精油中以酚类化合物为主, 其中丁子香酚含量最高; 蕺菜精油中以萜类和烷酮类化合物为主, 其中2-十一烷酮是含量最高的化合物。对其中含量较多的化合物进行活性测定, 发现苯乙醇对黑腹果蝇的驱避活性最好, 浓度为1 000 mg/L时, 驱避率为89.87%; 丁子香酚、α-萜品醇、萘嵌戊烷在低浓度时表现为引诱活性, 浓度为62.5 mg/L时, 驱避率分别为-71.11%、-46.30%、-27.30%。     

两种圆柏属植物精油对蚊虫的熏蒸活性

用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取龙柏和铺地柏鲜枝叶精油,采用三角瓶法测定其对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的熏蒸活性,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析两种精油的化学成分。结果表明在20.82、31.24μg/cm3和15.73、23.59μg/cm3熏蒸剂量下龙柏精油和铺地柏精油对白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊的24 h熏蒸LC50值分别为19.44、29.08μg/cm3和16.77、21.68μg/cm3;龙柏精油和铺地柏精油对白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值为8.66、6.68 min和9.21、7.66 min。龙柏精油中鉴定出52种化合物,主要为α-葑酯(18.8%)、榄香醇(16.66%)、柠檬烯(12.26%)和β-月桂烯(6.75%)。铺地柏精油中鉴定出55种化合物,相对含量最高的是α-葑酯(12.49%),其次是榄香醇(10.46%)、t-木罗烯(9.05%)、桧烯(8.29%)。以上结果表明两种精油对两种成蚊均有较好的熏蒸活性,具有开发为环境友好型灭蚊剂的潜力。     

鸡粪沼液“新壮态”对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果

为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。     

Larvicidal and oviposition‐altering activity of monoterpenoids,trans‐anithole and rosemary oil to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti L. is the major vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an effort to find effective tools for control programs to reduce mosquito populations, the authors assessed the acute toxicities of 14 monoterpenoids, trans‐anithole and the essential oil of rosemary against different larval stages of Ae. aegypti. The potential for piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to act as a synergist for these compounds to increase larvicidal activity was also examined, and the oviposition response of gravid Ae. aegypti females to substrates containing these compounds was evaluated in behavioral bioassays. RESULTS: Pulegone, thymol, eugenol, trans‐anithole, rosemary oil and citronellal showed high larvicidal activity against all larval stages of Ae. aegypti (LC₅₀ values 10.3–40.8 mg L^?1). The addition of PBO significantly increased the larvicidal activity of all test compounds (3–250‐fold). Eugenol, citronellal, thymol, pulegone, rosemary oil and cymene showed oviposition deterrent and/or repellent activities, while the presence of borneol, camphor and β‐pinene increased the number of eggs laid in test containers. CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified the lethal and sublethal effects of several phytochemical compounds against all larval stages of Aedes aegypti, providing information that ultimately may have potential in mosquito control programs through acute toxicity and/or the ability to alter reproductive behaviors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Structure–activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a severe public health problem for several countries. In order to find effective larvicides to aid control programs, the structure‐activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were evaluated. Additionally, the composition and larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil was assessed. RESULTS: Four compounds representing 99.05% of S. aromaticum essential oil have been identified. The essential oil was active against Ae. aegypti larvae (LC₅₀ = 62.3 and 77.0 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity of eugenol, the major compound of the essential oil, was further evaluated (LC₅₀ = 93.3 and 71.9 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity and structure‐activity relationships of synthetic derivatives of eugenol were also assessed. The larvicidal activity of the derivatives varied between 62.3 and 1614.9 ppm. Oxidation of eugenol allylic bond to a primary alcohol and removal of the phenolic proton resulted in decreased potency. However, oxidation of the same double bond in 1‐benzoate‐2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐propen‐1‐yl)‐phenol resulted in increased potency. CONCLUSION: Structural characteristics were identified that may contribute to the understanding of the larvicidal activity of phenylpropanoids. The present approach may help future work in the search for larvicidal compounds. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

6种植物精油对黑腹果蝇行为影响及活性成分研究

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 是多种水果生产中为害最为严重的害虫。植物精油可影响多种昆虫的行为。本试验提取了辣椒Capsicum annuum、小香葱Allium cepiforme、韭菜A.tuberosum 、洋葱A.cepa 、薄荷Mentha canadensis及大黄Rheum officinale 的精油,测试了各精油对黑腹果蝇行为的影响并分析了主要化学成分,在此基础上,测试了5种精油中主要化合物对黑腹果蝇行为的影响。结果表明:6种植物精油均对黑腹果蝇表现出一定的驱避活性,活性次序为:薄荷＞洋葱＞韭菜＞大黄＞小香葱＞辣椒。各精油中所含的主要化合物为长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、茴香脑、大黄酸、3-甲氧基苯酚。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑及茴香脑对黑腹果蝇表现出显著的驱避活性,当浓度为62.5 mg/L时,它们对黑腹果蝇的驱避率均高于90%,15.62 mg/L的大黄酸和3-甲氧基苯酚表现出显著的引诱活性,驱避率分别为-87.50%和-117.76%。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、3-甲氧基苯酚具有开发为昆虫驱避剂和引诱剂的潜力。     

紫茎泽兰挥发性成分及抑菌活性研究

采用索氏提取器及水蒸气蒸馏两种方法对采于不同时间、不同产地的紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng挥发性成分进行了提取,比较了两种方法的得油率、化学组成及其相对含量;采用GC-MS联用技术对其中的挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明:同一种植物挥发性成分的组成及相对含量因提取方法不同而具有明显的差异,如贵州紫茎泽兰叶中的α-红没药醇用索式提取器提取和水蒸气蒸馏提取的相对含量分别为1.99%和7.55%;不同采集时间、不同产地及不同植物器官的化学组份及相对含量也具有明显差异,如姜黄烯(gurcumene)在不同紫茎泽兰叶或种子中的相对含量在0.41%~5.23%之间。初步的抑菌试验表明:紫茎泽兰挥发油提取液在浓度为3 000 mg/kg时对4种供试真菌的抑制率均大于60％,其中对番茄灰霉菌抑制作用最强,其EC50值为580.5 mg/kg。     

16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定

测定了16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的产卵忌避、驱避及毒杀生物活性。试验结果表明,海芋、山苍子及盐肤木茎叶的乙醇提取物有明显的产卵忌避作用,忌避率在96.43%以上;山苍子、枫香植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的驱避作用明显,驱避率在80%以上;山苍子、盐肤木茎叶、牡荆和幌伞枫提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的毒杀效果明显,在处理72h后,死亡率在92%以上。     

Coactivity of sulfide ingredients: a new perspective of the larvicidal activity of garlic essential oil against mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The activity of several garlic oil ingredients against Culex pipiens L. larvae was studied. In addition to diallyl sulfide (DS) and diallyl disulfide (DDS), the garlic oils used included one essential oil (EO) and two semi‐synthetic garlic essential oils (SSGEO1 and SSGEO2), which resulted from the enrichment of EO with DS and DDS standards respectively. The oils were compared with respect to their toxicity. RESULTS: The chemical composition of the tested oils was evaluated by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Experimental data from the tested samples revealed high toxicity. In detail, DDS (6.09 mg L^?1) was the most active, followed by SSGEO2 (7.05 mg L^?1) and EO (8.01 mg L^?1), while SSGEO1 and DS were relatively inactive. CONCLUSION: The addition of DDS to EO did not change the toxic effect of the essential oil, whereas the presence of DS in excess produced an enriched essential oil with low toxicity. Furthermore, the antagonistic effect of DS and DDS against the other components of EO was shown by the application of two equations obtained from the literature. Their larvicidal performances were correlated, for the first time, with their detailed chemical composition. Data analysis strongly indicated the toxicity of the other EO sulfur ingredients. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry