云南省3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害发生动态分析

为了解云南省滇牡丹叶部病害的发生动态, 本研究开展了3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害周年调查及病原真菌初步鉴定, 并探讨海拔高度、温度和降雨量对滇牡丹病害发生的影响。结果表明, 3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害为黑斑病、红斑病和炭疽病, 病原菌分别为链格孢属Alternaria、枝孢属Cladosporium和刺盘孢属Colletotrichum的真菌。其中黑斑病和炭疽病在稗子乡(2 000 m)发病较重, 其次是梁王山(2 400 m)和香格里拉(3 400 m), 发病率和病情指数呈现随海拔升高逐渐下降的趋势。此外, 稗子乡的病害发生动态与月平均温度、降雨量的变化规律基本趋于一致, 且3种病害的发病程度与月平均温度、降雨量显著相关。综上所述, 低海拔且温湿度较大的区域滇牡丹叶部病害发生较重, 本研究为滇牡丹病害防治提供了参考依据。     

洛阳牡丹新病害—柱枝孢叶斑病

为了明确河南省洛阳地区牡丹叶部一种新病害的病原种类,对采自田间的典型症状叶片进行了常规组织分离,对单孢菌株进行了形态鉴定、rDNA ITS序列分析及致病性测定.结果表明,病原菌在PDA培养基上菌落初期白色绒毛状,后期红褐色.分生孢子梗通常呈扫帚状,有2～3个分支,末端膨大呈泡囊状.分生孢子直棒状,两端钝圆,有0～1个隔膜,大小为(38.4～86.4)μm× (4.6～5.9)μm,平均60.1 μm×5.2 μm.离体叶片与活体植株接种结果表明,该菌均能侵染牡丹叶片并引起与田间相同的症状.据此将分离物鉴定为Cylindrocladium canadense,将该病害命名为牡丹柱枝孢叶斑病.     

玉米顶腐病鉴定

报道了玉米顶腐病发生的系统性症状特点及病原菌鉴定的结果。玉米顶腐病抽穗前主要表现叶缘缺刻、叶片枯死、扭曲卷裹、弯头、顶叶丛生;抽穗后表现为叶片基部腐烂,叶鞘、茎秆腐烂,植株畸形。叶缘缺刻和叶片撕裂是顶腐病区别于其他病害的鉴别性特征。引起玉米顶腐病的病原菌小分生孢子呈假头状着生,而不是串珠状着生,因此,将该病原菌鉴定为亚粘团镰孢霉[Fusarium subglutinans（Wr．＆Reink．）Nelson,Toussoun ＆ Marasas]。引起茎、叶部两种症状的亚粘团镰孢霉同源性很高,在遗传上具有较高的相似性,是同一病原。与串珠镰孢霉复合侵染可加重病害的发生,其发病率较单独接菌高11．1％。     

玉米顶腐病鉴定

报道了玉米顶腐病发生的系统性症状特点及病原菌鉴定的结果。玉米顶腐病抽穗前主要表?叶缘缺刻、叶片枯死、扭曲卷裹、弯头、顶叶丛生;抽穗后表?为叶片基部腐烂,叶鞘、茎秆腐烂,植株畸形。叶缘缺刻和叶片撕裂是顶腐病区别于其他病害的鉴别性特征。引起玉米顶腐病的病原菌小分生孢子呈假头状着生,而不是串珠状着生,因此,将该病原菌鉴定为亚粘团镰孢霉[Fusarium subglutinans(Wr.&;Reink.)Nelson,Toussoun&;Marasas]。引起茎、叶部两种症状的亚粘团镰孢霉同源性很高,在遗传上具有较高的相似性,是同一病原。与串珠镰孢霉复合侵染可加重病害的发生,其发病率较单独接菌高11.1%。     

新疆葡萄枝孢果腐病病原菌的鉴定及生物学特性

2019年在新疆葡萄上发现一种新病害,主要危害成熟葡萄果实。感病果实病部产生橄榄绿色霉层,导致葡萄产量和品质严重下降。为明确该病害病原菌种类及其生物学特性,从南北疆11个葡萄园采集80个病样,用常规稀释分离法和单孢分离法对病原菌进行分离和纯化,根据采集地点、葡萄品种、菌落生长速度等特征选取21个代表性菌株进行形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定以明确病原菌种类;并研究了温度、光照、培养基、pH对病原菌生长及产孢的影响。结果表明,引起新疆葡萄果腐病的病原菌为枝孢菌,有两个种,即枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides和柠檬形枝孢Cladosporium limoniforme,其中枝状枝孢为优势种。两种病原菌的适宜生长和产孢的温度均为25℃,适宜生长和产孢的培养基是PDA,不同光照条件下都可大量产生分生孢子,最适宜生长和产孢的pH为7。明确了新疆葡萄枝孢果腐病病原菌及其生物学特性,为今后该病害的预测预报、发生规律和防治方法的研究打下基础。     

洛阳市牡丹灰霉病病原菌的鉴定

为明确洛阳市牡丹灰霉病的病原菌种类,于2015年从该地区的4个牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.种植区采集灰霉病样品,采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离和纯化,结合形态学和基因序列分析对分离物进行鉴定,采用针刺接种法测定不同分离物对牡丹离体叶片的致病性。结果表明,从灰霉病样品中分离获得40株分离物,这些分离物分别属于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型菌,I型菌不易产孢但产菌核;Ⅱ型菌易产孢,后期产生少量菌核;Ⅲ型菌易产孢,且产生大量菌核。产孢分离物均形成直立状分生孢子梗,孢子梗分枝顶端聚生葡萄穗状分生孢子,分生孢子卵圆形或长卵圆形。供试菌株的ITS序列和G3PDH基因序列与灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea Pers.的同源性达到99%;致病性测定结果表明,各菌群代表菌株对牡丹均有致病性,但不同菌群间致病力有差异。研究表明,引起洛阳市牡丹灰霉病的病原菌为灰葡萄孢,且菌群类型多样。     

甘肃省药用植物上链格孢属(Alternaria)病原的种类及分布Ⅰ

2004年以来,在对药用植物病害进行调查时发现,链格孢属(Alternaria)是引起药用植物病害的重要病原之一.本文采用田间调查和室内鉴定相结合的方法对甘肃省药用植物上链格孢属的种类和危害情况进行了调查.调查结果表明,链格孢属可危害豆科、茄科、菊科等13科20种药用植物,发病轻重不一.已鉴定出病原菌12种,待定种(菌株)7个.本文结果为制定药用植物病害的防治措施奠定了基础.     

甜瓜真菌性叶斑病研究进展

甜瓜真菌性叶斑病作为多种病原真菌引起的甜瓜叶部斑点病害的统称,主要包括链格孢菌引起的甜瓜叶枯病、甜瓜黑斑病和甜瓜大斑病,瓜类尾孢引起的甜瓜斑点病,瓜灰星霉菌引起的甜瓜叶点病以及棒孢霉引起的甜瓜棒孢叶斑病.针对这几种真菌性叶斑病的病害症状、发生为害、病原菌种类、病害循环及其综合防治进行了综述.     

牡丹上的一种新病害——牡丹瘤点病

介绍了牡丹瘤点病的症状,病菌经PDA培养基培养,进行病原菌鉴定,引起该病发生的病原菌为瘤座孢菌(Tubercularia sp.)。     

橡胶树速衰病的病原菌种类鉴定

橡胶树速衰病是云南植胶区近年发生的重要病害,引起橡胶树快速衰退后死亡。对云南主要植胶区进行速衰病调查采样及病原菌分离鉴定,根据病原菌的形态学、培养特征,以及ITS1/ITS4引物扩增获得ITS序列,鉴定其病原为可可毛色二孢Lasiodiplodia theobromae和茄镰孢Fusarium solani。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.