“三北”防护林甘青宁类型区土地沙漠化遥感调查研究

本文是“七五”期间“三北”防护林甘青宁类型区土地沙漠化遥感调查成果总结。该区沙漠化土地面积为２５８７８．３７ｋｍ２，其中轻度、中度、重度和极度沙漠化土地分别为３０２０．３０ｋｍ２，７２７７．４４ｋｍ２、７０８５．５９ｋｍ２ｔ和８４９５．０４ｋｍ２．文中对沙漠化土地的分布及影响因素进行了分析，最后筛出合理的农林牧用地结构。     

西藏“一江两河”流域中部地区沙漠化土地类型及其分布规律

西藏“一江两河”中部流域地区是我国青藏高原高寒区的一部分，存在着诸多环境问题，其中以土地沙漠化问题最为突出，要保护和改善其生态环境，首先要防治土地沙漠化。在实地考察及沙漠化图件编制工作基础上，本文对沙漠化土地指征确立、类型划分及分布规律进行了较为系统的阐述。根据对本区各种类型沙漠化土地量测的结果，沙漠化土地总面积１８６０．９ｋｍ￣２，按沙漠化发展程度，本区可划分轻度、中度、严重沙漠化土地，面积分别为５３０．５ｋｍ￣２，７５２．８ｋｍ￣２，５７８．６ｋｍ￣２。根据地表物质组成的不同，本区可划分为砂质和砂砾质沙漠化土地，面积分别为９１６．４ｋｍ￣２和９４４．５ｋｍ￣２。从分布规律看，沙漠化土地主要分布在河谷地区，尤以雅鲁藏布江宽谷段的面积分布最大，并从河谷的江心洲延续至山前冲洪积扇及山坡等不同地貌单元上。同时，文章对本区非沙漠化土地及潜在沙漠化土地问题作了必要的说明。     

库布齐沙漠典型地区沙漠化动态分析——以展旦召苏木为例

以达拉特旗中部的展旦召苏木为研究区域,以达拉特旗1987、1995、2000和2003年四期遥感影像为信息源,在3S技术支持下,对遥感影像进行解译,获得1987～2003年来沙漠化动态变化数据,分析了展旦召地区20世纪80年代中期到21世纪初的沙漠化变化情况.结果表明:该地区近20 a来,沙漠化土地处于逆转-发展-逆转的过程中;半固定沙丘面积变幅最大,而流动沙丘面积变幅最小;就斑块数量而言,近20 a来,沙漠化土地斑块数量大体呈现增长的趋势,其中,流动沙丘的斑块数量呈现减少-增加-减少的变化趋势,而其余类型的沙漠化土地斑块数量均有不同程度的增加.在沙漠化发展变化的原因分析中,定量描述了年平均气温、年平均风速、年平均降水量、人口、牲畜数量等因子对沙漠化的影响,在各种影响因子中,人口、牲畜量和年均风速对沙漠化的影响最为显著.     

近滨海缺水盐渍区冬小麦返青期灌水对土壤脱盐及产量的影响

近滨海缺水盐渍区冬小麦返青期灌水试验表明,当每公顷浇水量为７５０ｍ＾３时,０ ｃｍ～２０ｃｍ耕层土壤ＨＣＯ３＾－,ＣＩ＾－,ＳＯ４＾２－,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋,Ｎａ＾＋＋Ｋ＾＋盐离子含量分别下降３．５０％,５０．０４％,６７．７６％,４１．１５％,３８．８９％和２９．５９％,淋脱量大小顺序为：ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＣＩ＾－〉Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｎａ＾＋＋Ｋ＾＋〉ＨＣＯ３＾－,耕层脱盐率４２．１７％。浇水处理,返青期灌水１０ｄ后单株人蘖数与干物重分别比对照增加１．２条,０．０９ｇ;灌浆期绿叶面积增加３．９５ｃｍ＾２;成熟期株高、穗数、穗粒数和千粒重分别比对照增加６．９ｃｍ,１８０．０万／ｈｍ＾２,３粒和２．２３ｇ,增产６８．４０％,其中分蘖数、穗数和产量与对照的差异达极显著水平,灌浆期单株绿叶面积达显著水平。     

1993年全国小麦秆锈菌种群动态分析

１９９３年我国小麦秆锈病发生较轻，从８个省１８个区县中的４７个品种上采集到的９５个标样中分离到菌株３３６个，鉴定出２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＨ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＲ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＨ和３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ等９个致病类型；２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ的出现频率为６５．２％，居于首位，２１Ｃ３ＣＤＨ为１４．５％，２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ为１０．７％，２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ为４．２％     

对小菜蛾高毒的苏云金杆菌菌株筛选试验初报

从田间自然死亡的小菜蛾虫尸中分离到Ｂ．ｔ．９４１９茵株，经复壮选育及摇瓶考核，在自选培养基上生长良好，２４ｈ孢子开始脱落形成晶体，３６ｈ全部形成晶体。晶体大、宽棱形、角尖。４８ｈ发酵液含菌量为３５亿／ｍＬ。经发酵液对小菜蛾毒力测定，４８ｈＬＣ_５０：对照ＨＤ－１含菌量为２７４ｍＬ／Ｌ，而９４１９仅１２４ｍＬ／Ｌ。     

沙漠化逆转过程中不同粒组颗粒养分与全土养分的关系

通过野外采样和实验室分析,利用空间变化代替时间变化的手段,研究了宁夏盐池县多年围封区沙漠化逆转过程中不同粒组颗粒养分与全土养分的关系。结果表明：随着沙漠化程度的减小,中粗砂、极细砂和黏粉粒组分中有机碳和氮、磷、钾的含量及全土中有机碳和氮、磷、钾的含量均呈逐渐增大的趋势;相关分析表明,不同粒组颗粒养分与全土养分呈极显著正相关,沙漠化逆转过程中全土有机碳和氮、磷、钾养分的固存效应是与不同粒径颗粒结合的有机碳和氮、磷、钾养分共同作用的结果。通径分析表明,不同粒组颗粒养分对全土中各养分指标的影响程度和重要性不同,与粒径较大的中粗砂和极细砂结合的非保护性颗粒养分对全土养分的影响较显著。     

渗透胁迫对梭梭幼苗体内保护酶活性的影响及其抗旱性研究

分别用浓度为０、－０．５、－１．０、－１．５和－２．０ＭＰａ的ＰＥＧ（６０００）处理梭幼苗１２ｈ，测定体内ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ活性，ＭＤＡ和蛋白质含量以及膜透性。结果表明：Ｄ 渗透胁迫小于－１．５ＭＰａ情况下，梭梭幼苗具有较高的ＳＯＤ活性，ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ活性随渗透胁迫加强而升高；ＭＤＡ含量和膜透性维持在较低的水平。表明梭纪苗具有较强的抗旱性。     

我国小麦秆锈菌种群动态分析

１９９５～１９９６年间,在我国７省区６２个县点共收集标样２８３份,涉及品种１１７个,分离到菌株４５５份,鉴定出１５个致病类型,其出现类型的发生频率分别是２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ为１７．５％,２１Ｃ３ＣＦＨ９．６％,２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ８．８％,２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ６．０％,２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ２２．０％,２１Ｃ３ＣＰＲ９．４％,２１Ｃ３ＣＴＨ８．８％,２１Ｃ３ＣＰＨ１１．９％,３４ＭＫＧ１．３％,３４Ｃ２ＭＫＨ０．２％,３４Ｃ２ＭＫＫ０．１％,３４Ｃ２ＭＦＨ３．６％,３４Ｃ２ＭＦＫ０．４％,３４Ｃ１ＭＫＲ和３４Ｃ１ＭＦＲ为０．２％。１９９６年２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ的出现频率上升为第１位,对Ｓｒ１１有毒力的致病类型出现频率有所下降。     

渗透胁迫对绵刺(Potaninia mongolica Maxim.)嫩枝保护酶活性的影响

分别用不同浓度的 Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ（ Ｍ Ｗ ６０００）对当年生绵刺嫩枝进行渗透胁迫处理,测定其超氧化物歧化物（ Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ）、过氧化氢酶（ Ｃ Ａ Ｔ）的活性和丙二醛（ Ｍ Ｄ Ａ）含量的变化。结果表明：绵刺嫩枝在渗透份胁大于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ 迫条件下,能维持较高的 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整; 渗透胁迫小于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ。 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性明显下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加。 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量与 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性呈负相关关系（ｒ＝ － ０９４２１７）; Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 的活性随渗透胁迫强度增大而逐渐增强,达到一个峰值（－ ２．５ Ｍ Ｐａ）后,呈现下降趋势。说明绵刺嫩枝中 Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 和 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性具很强的抗水分胁迫能力。     

Carbon sequestration in the total and light fraction soil organic matter along a chronosequence in grazing exclosures in a semiarid degraded sandy site in China

Horqin Sandy Land is a fragile,seriously desertified region located in Inner Mongolia of China.Overgrazing is one of the primary drivers of desertification in this region.We investigated whether the establishment of grazing exclosures in areas with active sand dunes enhances soil carbon(C) sequestration and benefits soil recovery.The results showed that soil organic C storage was 1.4,1.9,and 3.5 times,and light fraction C storage was 2.3,3.2,and 4.4 times in the 100-cm topsoil after 7,12,and 25 years of grazing exclusion,respectively,compared to the case in active sand dunes.The light fraction of soil played an important role in soil C sequestration,although it might not change rapidly to provide an early indication of how soil C is increasing in response to grazing exclusion.The results indicated that soils could potentially sequester up to 13.8 Mt C in 25 years if active sand dunes in the study area were to be protected by exclosures.This corresponds to 12.8% of the estimated carbon loss(107.53 Mt) that has been associated with desertification over the past century in the Horqin Sandy Land.Our results suggested that exclosures have the capacity to increase soil C sequestration;however,decades will be required for soil C to recover to historical grassland levels observed prior to desertification.     

西藏高原沙漠化研究中的问题和建议

西藏高原是我国沙漠化灾害严重的地区之一,近年来该区沙漠化的调查和研究得到了国内外许多学者的关注,并取得了一系列可喜的成果。文中对近年来西藏高原沙漠化研究进展进行系统的概括,并对目前高寒沙漠化研究的不足和争议进行总结,最后提出了5条建议。     

环青海湖区沙漠化综合治理规划研究

环青海湖区沙漠化土地总面积 16 95 .12km2 ,根据其分布特点分为潜在沙漠化土地、正在发展中的沙漠化土地、强烈发展中的沙漠化土地和严重沙漠化土地 4个等级。研究了沙漠化发展趋势、防沙治沙和生态环境建设的规划 ,针对环青海湖区沙漠化危害特点提出了防治原则和目标、综合防治方案、防治工程和效益分析。     

Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates in abandoned agricultural lands in an arid ecosystem of Northwest China

Soil organic matter content in water-stable aggregates(WSA) in the arid ecosystems(abandoned agricultural lands especially) of China is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the WSA sizes and stability, and soil organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) contents in agricultural lands with abandonment ages of 0, 3, 12, 20, 30 and 40 years, respectively, in the Minqin Oasis of Northwest China. The total soil OC and N contents at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm in abandoned agricultural lands were compared to those in cultivated land(the control). Agricultural land abandonment significantly(P0.05) influenced the distribution of MWD(mean weight diameter), and OC and N contents. There were significant increases in MWD and the proportion of macroaggregates(sizes 0.25 mm) as the age of agricultural land abandonment increased. The effect of abandonment ages of agricultural lands on MWD was determined by the changes of OC and N accumulation in WSA sizes 2 mm. The total OC and N contents presented a stratification phenomenon across soil depths in this arid ecosystem. That is, both of them decreased significantly at depths of 0–20 and 40–60 cm while increased at the depth of 20–40 cm. The WSA sizes 0.053 mm had the highest soil OC and N contents(accounting for 51.41%–55.59% and 42.61%–48.94% of their total, respectively). Soil OC and N contents in microaggregates(sizes 0.053–0.25 mm) were the dominant factors that influenced the variations of total OC and N contents in abandoned agricultural lands. The results of this study suggested that agricultural land abandonment may result in the recovery of WSA stability and the shifting of soil organic matter from the silt+clay(0.053 mm) and microaggregate fractions to the macroaggregate fractions. However, agricultural land abandonment did not increase total soil OC and N contents in the short-term.     

我国北方半干旱区草地水分供需状况研究

利用半干旱区181个站点40a的气象资料,依据伊万诺夫湿润系数对半干旱区草地进行气候分区,采用计算精度较高的FAO Penman-Monteith方法(1998)计算可能蒸散。在计算不同草地类型草地蒸散系数的基础上,计算半干旱区草地实际蒸散量,通过水分盈亏和水分订正系数等来分析评价不同草地类型的水分供需状况。结果表明:不同草地类型的蒸散系数也不同,草甸草原的蒸散系数最大,荒漠的蒸散系数最小;不同草地类型的实际需水量也不同:草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠化草原>草原化荒漠>荒漠;在半干旱地区实施退耕还草有利于水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的改善。     

Accumulation of soil organic carbon during natural restoration of desertified grassland in China’s Horqin Sandy Land

China's Horqin Sandy Land,a formerly lush grassland,has experienced extensive desertification that caused considerable carbon(C) losses from the plant-soil system.Natural restoration through grazing exclusion is a widely suggested option to sequester C and to restore degraded land.In a desertified grassland,we investigated the C accumulation in the total and light fractions of the soil organic matter from 2005 to 2013 during natural restoration.To a depth of 20 cm,the light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) storage increased by 221 g C/m2(84%) and the total soil organic carbon(SOC) storage increased by 435 g C/m2(55%).The light fraction dry matter content represented a small proportion of the total soil mass(ranging from 0.74% in 2005 to 1.39% in 2013),but the proportion of total SOC storage accounted for by LFOC was remarkable(ranging from 33% to 40%).The C sequestration averaged 28 g C/(m2·a) for LFOC and 54 g C/(m2·a) for total SOC.The total SOC was strongly and significantly positively linearly related to the light fraction dry matter content and the proportions of fine sand and silt+clay.The light fraction organic matter played a major role in total SOC sequestration.Our results suggest that grazing exclusion can restore desertified grassland and has a high potential for sequestering SOC in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land.     

农牧交错带土地荒漠化及其影响因子研究——以扎鲁特旗为例

以扎鲁特旗2000年TM影像作为信息源,并结合野外考察进行人机交互判读,建立土地荒漠化数据库.结果表明:扎鲁特旗土地荒漠化严重,荒漠化率达28.88%.荒漠化类型有沙质荒漠化、水蚀荒漠化和盐渍化.土地荒漠化空间分异明显,南、北部严重而中部较轻,农牧交错区比纯农区和纯牧区严重.地形地貌、松散的土质以及干旱多风的大陆性季风气候是土地荒漠化的基本条件,过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度樵采是土地荒漠化的直接原因,人口剧增是间接原因,而管理失误才是土地荒漠化的根源.要遏制农牧交错带土地退化的严峻态势,必须加强管理,控制人口,改革土地利用制度,调整土地利用结构,重视环境建设.     

盐池半荒漠风沙区土地沙漠化发生发展规律的研究

本文耐盐池半荒漠风沙区土地沙漠化发生发展规律进行了探讨，主要分析了在土地沙漠化的过程中土壤和植被的变化过程及其成因。     

试论我国西北干旱区近四十年的区域环境变化问题

我国西北干旱区近四十年来,绿洲环境有所改善,而绿洲外的广大地区环境在恶化。本文论述了造成环境变化的原因及其后果,并提出了保护和改善环境的对策。