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1.
Nargues Falahi Charkhabi Masoud Shams-bakhsh Heshmat Rahimian 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(3):303-310
To investigate the variability of Brenneria nigrifluens, the casual agent of shallow bark canker of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), a collection of 24 strains isolated from five geographic regions, was analyzed by means of three marker systems, repetitive
polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), insertion sequence (IS50)-PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Cluster analysis
was performed using UPGMA. Strains were differentiated into 6 groups at about 80% similarity according to geographic regions.
This is possibly due to cultivation of Persian walnut being mainly based on the ecotype and/or local seedlings that have become
adapted to particular environments and so have allowed selection of different B. nigrifluens populations. The results of this study showed that the four rep-PCR primers produced 75 products of which 73.3% were polymorphic,
eight RAPD primers produced 146 fragments of which 74.6% were polymorphic and IS50 produced 32 fragments of which 93.75% were
polymorphic. The usefulness of each system was examined in terms of polymorphism information content (PIC) and marker index
(MI). The highest MI was observed for IS50-PCR (21.11) followed by RAPD (7.85), and rep-PCR (6.92). The Mantel test identified
significant correlation between the similarity coefficients calculated from them. Among the molecular markers tested, IS50-PCR
appears to be a more suitable marker for fingerprinting and assessing genetic relationships among B. nigrifluens strains. This is the first study on genetic diversity of B. nigrifluens. The results can have a bearing on the choice of disease management strategies. 相似文献
2.
Mitsuo Horita Yasuhiro Suga Atsushi Ooshiro Kenichi Tsuchiya 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(3):196-207
We assessed the geographic distribution, biovar, phylotype, DNA fingerprints (rep-PCR), and/or endoglucanase sequence of potato
bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), in Japan. Rs has been isolated from potato fields in southwestern, warm, temperate regions. Of the 188 isolates, 74
belonged to biovar N2 (39%), 44 to biovar 3 (24%), and 70 to biovar 4 (37%). Biovars N2 and 4 strains were widely distributed,
from northern (Hokkaido) to southern (Okinawa) Japan. Based on the results of multiplex-PCR analysis, every potato strains
belonged to either phylotype I or IV. Phylotype I comprised both biovars 3 and 4 strains. On the other hand, phylotype IV
included biovar N2 strains. None of the strains belonged to phylotype II or III or biovar 1 or 2. Phylogenetic analysis based
on DNA fingerprints and endoglucanase gene sequences clarified the genetic diversity of the Japanese potato strains and the
close genetic relationship between the Japanese strains and the Asian strains in phylotypes I and IV. 相似文献
3.
We recently reported that two diverse types (types 1 and 2) were identified among strains of Erwinia carotovora from mulberry trees. Type 1 strains were similar to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), whereas type 2 strains were distinct from Ecc and other E. carotovora strains. In this study, seven more mulberry strains of type 2 and reference strains were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and randomly amplified of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). On the basis of SDS-PAGE profiles of whole-cell proteins, type 2 strains had high similarity with one another. In addition, they had an unique peptide band with a molecular mass of approximately 28kDa. RAPD analysis showed that they were also effectively differentiated by a strong, specific RAPD fragment for type 2 strains. Based on these two approaches, we have confirmed that the present type 2 strains from mulberry can be discriminated clearly from other soft rot Erwinia species. 相似文献
4.
Kohei Osaki Shozo Fujiyama Akiko Nakayama Yoshiaki Shimizu Shin-ichi Ito Shuhei Tanaka 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2008,74(4):281-288
The relation between diversity of pathogenicity on clubroot-resistant (CR) cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) bred in Japan and DNA polymorphisms in 17 populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae from cruciferous plants was examined by inoculation tests and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 18 arbitrary
primers. Four pathotypes (A–D) were identified after inoculation of six CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage in the 17 populations
from cruciferous crops. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was also detected among these populations in the RAPD
analysis. Although the four pathotypes could not be clearly differentiated using the RAPD data, most populations of three
pathotypes had a consistent location on the dendrogram. All pathotype B (virulent on five cultivars except Utage 70) and D
(avirulent on all cultivars) populations, which were common in incompatible interactions with cv. Utage 70, were located in
a single subcluster. All five pathotype C populations (virulent only on cv. Utage 70) except for one population grouped in
another single subcluster. Because four pathotype A populations (virulent on all six cultivars, races 4 and 9) fell in different
subclusters, the populations may be genetically polyphyletic. Populations from cruciferous weed Cardamine flexuosa differed remarkably from those from cruciferous crops in pathogenicity on common cultivars of Chinese cabbage and turnip
and C. flexuosa, but they grouped in a single cluster with all race 9 populations from crops. Race 9 populations from crops may thus be closely
related to populations from the weed rather than to races 1 and 4 from crops. 相似文献
5.
Sándor Süle Marie Horká Hana Matoušková Anna Kubesová Jiří Salplachta Jaroslav Horký 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(1):81-89
Tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, A.rubi, and A.vitis were examined using capillary isoelectric focusing, phenotypic determinative tests, PCR and fatty acid analysis. The isoelectric
points (pI) of the 40 strains investigated clearly differentiated the strains according to their respective species. The different species
were characterized with the following pI values: A. tumefaciens 2.2, A. rhizogenes 4.0, A. rubi 2.15, and A. vitis 2.6. This differentiation corresponded to the phenotypic, PCR and fatty acid characterizations. Strains with the similar
chromosomal background but different plasmid content, e.g. A.vitis strain S4, and F2/5 gave the same pI values. Strains of Rhizobium species differed from Agrobacterium strains in their pI values. The advantage of capillary isoelectric focusing over the phenotypic determinative tests, PCR and fatty acid analysis
is its speed (15 min), relative simplicity, and the very small amount of chemicals used. This rapid and simple method is a
major improvement over the classical methods of separation of Agrobacterium species and should prove useful for rapid characterization of Agrobacterium-like colonies isolated from plant tumours for epidemiological and generic diversity studies. 相似文献
6.
Yutaka CHIDA Kazuyuki OKAZAKI Akira KARASAWA Kayoko AKASHI Yoshiko NAKAZAWA-NASU Shuu HASE Hideki TAKAHASHI Yoshio EHARA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(3):242-250
We previously demonstrated that cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar Kurodane-Sanjaku contains the Cry gene, which confers resistance against Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection. In this paper, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was carried out to tag the Cry locus. Bulked segregant analysis for RAPD resulted in many polymorphisms in amplified DNA patterns. Candidates were further
screened using parental and/or F2 cowpea DNAs. As a result, we obtained three RAPD markers, D13/E14-350, WA3-850 and OPE3-500, flanking the Cry locus. In addition, we amplified cowpea sequences coding for the putative nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Degenerate primers
based on NBS sequences of tobacco N and Arabidopsis RPS2 disease resistance genes were used for polymerase chain reaction, and resultant products were cloned and sequenced. Among
eight independent clones, cowpea resistance gene analog (CRGA) 5 showed a distinct polymorphism when used as a probe for restriction
fragment length polymorphism analysis against the susceptible cowpea cultivar PI 189375 and a near-isogenic line for the Cry. Linkage analyses of these molecular markers showed that genetic distances of CRGA5, D13/E14-350, WA3-850 and OPE3-500 to
the Cry locus were 0.7, 5.2, 11.5 and 24.5 cM, respectively.
Received 16 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 22 March 2000 相似文献
7.
M. López D. Ruano-Rosa C. J. López-Herrera E. Monte R. Hermosa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(2):201-205
Fifty-five isolates of Rosellinia necatrix, the cause of common avocado white root rot disease, were collected from south-east Spain and characterised according to
their virulence behaviour and their molecular patterns to assess broader levels of genetic diversity. Virulence properties
were revealed by in vitro inoculation on avocado plants. Differences in reaction types showed variability among these isolates.
No sequence differences were observed when the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and ITS2 regions and DNA fragments of
the β-tubulin, adenosine triphosphatase and translation elongation factor 1 genes were explored in representive isolates from
five virulence groups. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplifications were also performed for each isolate using 19
random primers. Four of these primers revealed polymorphism among isolates and repetitive and discriminative bands were used
to build an unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean tree. However, RAPD clustering showed low stability, and no correlation
between RAPD and virulence groups was observed, possibly indicating high levels of sexual recombination. 相似文献
8.
Genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ralstonia solanacearum</Emphasis> strains from China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Xu Z. C. Pan P. Prior J. S. Xu Z. Zhang H. Zhang L. Q. Zhang L. Y. He J. Feng 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(4):641-653
A survey of bacterial wilt in China collected 286 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum from 17 plant species in 13 Chinese provinces to investigate genetic diversity using the biovar (bv.) and phylotype classification
schemes. A phylotype-specific multiplex-PCR showed that 198 isolates belonged to phylotype I (bv. 3, 4 and 5) and 68 to phylotype
II (bv. 2 and bv. 1). A phylogenetic analysis examined the partial sequence of the egl and hrpB gene of all strains and the genetic diversity of 95 representatives was reported, demonstrating that Chinese strains are
partitioned into phylotype I (Asia) and II (Americas). Phylotype I strains (historically typed bv. 3, 4 and 5), had considerable
phylogenetic diversity, including 10 different sequevars: seven previously described sequevars 12 to 18 and three new sequevars:
34, 44 and 48. Chinese strains Z1, Z2, Z3, Z7, Pe74 and Tm82 were not genetically distinguishable from the edible ginger reference
strain ACH92 (r4-bv. 4) for sequevar 16. This is believed to be the first report of this ginger group in China. All Chinese
bv. 2 strains falling into the genetically and phenotypically diverse phylotype II were placed into phylotype IIB sequevar
1 (historically the Andean race3-bv. 2 potato brown rot agent). In both the egl and hrpB sequence-based trees, strains isolated from mulberry were present in two distinct branches found in sequevars 12 and 48 (reference
strains R292 and M2, respectively). 相似文献
9.
Monika Sławiak Jose R. C. M. van Beckhoven Adrianus G. C. L. Speksnijder Robert Czajkowski Grzegorz Grabe Jan M. van der Wolf 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(2):245-261
Sixty-five potato strains of the soft rot-causing plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya spp., and two strains from hyacinth, were characterised using biochemical assays, REP-PCR genomic finger printing, 16S rDNA
and dnaX sequence analysis. These methods were compared with nineteen strains representing six Dickeya species which included the type strains. A group of twenty-two potato strains isolated between 2005-2007 in the Netherlands,
Poland, Finland and Israel were characterised as belonging to biovar 3. They were 100% identical in REP-PCR, dnaX and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. In a polyphasic analysis they formed a new clade different from the six Dickeya species previously described, and may therefore constitute a new species. The strains were very similar to a Dutch strain
from hyacinth. On the basis of dnaX sequences and biochemical assays, all other potato strains isolated in Europe between 1979 and 1994 were identified as D. dianthicola (biovar 1 and 7), with the exception of two German strains classified as D. dieffenbachia (biovar 2) and D. dadantii (biovar 3), respectively. Potato strains from Peru were classified as D. dadantii, from Australia as D. zeae and from Taiwan as D. chrysanthemi bv. parthenii, indicating that different Dickeya species are found in association with potato. 相似文献
10.
Masamichi Isogai Koji Ishii Seisaku Umemoto Manabu Watanabe Nobuyuki Yoshikawa 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(2):140-143
Virus-like symptoms—red ringspots on stems and leaves, circular blotches or pale spots on fruit—were found on commercial highbush
blueberry (Vaccinium
corymbosum) cultivars Blueray, Weymouth, Duke and Sierra in Japan. In PCR testing, single DNA fragments were amplified from total nucleic
acid samples of the diseased blueberry bushes using primers specific to Blueberry red ringspot virus (BRRV). Sequencing analysis of the amplified products revealed 95.7–97.7% nucleotide sequence identity with the BRRV genome.
This paper is the first report of blueberry red ringspot disease caused by BRRV in Japan.
The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ database as accessions AB469884
to AB469893 for BRRV isolates from Japan. 相似文献
11.
A total of 88 strains of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) isolated from various host plants in several geographic regions were screened for production of antibacterial substances using the same strains as indicators. Of the 88 strains, 72 produced antibacterial substances. One of these 72 strains, a Brazilian strain Ecc 32, produced an antibacterial substance active against all tested Ecc strains on TSA medium. The antibacterial spectrum of the compound from Ecc 32 strain was limited to closely related strains of soft-rot Erwinia species. Such a narrow spectrum of activity is typical of bacteriocins. The compound produced by Ecc 32 strain, however, was resistant to some enzymes and detergents. Moreover, the compound was heat-stable and active over a wide pH range. The physical characteristics of the compound were not in agreement with those of bacteriocin or carotovoricin. 相似文献
12.
Akira Kawaguchi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2011,77(5):299-303
Forty-one strains of Rhizobium vitis, either tumorigenic (Ti) or nonpathogenic, were characterized using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the partial nucleotide
sequences of pyrG, recA, and rpoD. The strains separated into seven clades. Rhizobium vitis (Ti) strains isolated from Japan were divided into five genetic groups (A to E), and nonpathogenic R. vitis strains were divided into two genetic groups (F and G). This result suggests that there are new genetic groups of R. vitis in Japan. Among these groups, members of A and B groups are widely distributed throughout Japan. 相似文献
13.
Ryo Kubota Mark A. Schell Gabriel D. Peckham Joanne Rue Anne M. Alvarez Caitilyn Allen Daniel M. Jenkins 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2011,77(3):182-193
New rapid diagnostic methods are urgently needed to discriminate the quarantine pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) from other populations of Rs that lack the adaptation to cause bacterial wilt disease in temperate
regions. We used an in silico bioinformatic approach to identify several genome sequences potentially specific to R3B2 strains. Primer sets were designed
to PCR-amplify sequences in these regions, and four sets were ultimately shown to be >99% accurate for detection of R3B2 strains.
On the basis of these results, several primers were designed to enable development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification
assay that was rapid, technologically simple, and essentially 100% accurate for identification of R3B2 when applied to a comprehensive
collection of geographically diverse Rs strains. We fortuitously found that a sequence in one of the “R3B2-specific” regions
has ~90% identity to a sequence present in strains of the blood disease bacterium (BDB), a member of the Rs species complex
that infects banana. Alignments of these sequences allowed design of a second PCR primer set that proved 100% accurate for
identification of BDB strains when tested on the 22 BDB strains available to us. These results demonstrate the power of in silico genomic subtraction for rapid identification of population-specific DNA sequences and for the development of simple, reliable
detection methods for Rs subpopulations. 相似文献
14.
M. P. You H. A. Yang K. Sivasithamparam M. J. Barbetti 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(1):99-103
A new disease was observed on Trifolium dasyurum, with symptoms beginning as a halo spot and developing into a leaf blight. The causal organism was identified by microscopy
and DNA sequence studies as Botrytis fabae. This strain of B. fabae was also demonstrated to cause disease on foliage of a range of pulse crops, including Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, and Lens culinaris. This study demonstrates the potential of this strain of B. fabae to not only pose a significant threat to T. dasyurum but also to pulses grown in rotation with T. dasyurum that are susceptible to this strain of B. fabae. 相似文献
15.
Fusarium wilt is an economically important fungal disease of common eggplant (Solanum melongena) cultivated in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Seventy-four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from diseased eggplant displaying typical Fusarium wilt symptoms were screened for pathogenicity on the highly susceptible
cv. ‘Pala’. All the isolates tested were pathogenic to eggplant and designated as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae (Fomg). Genetic diversity among a core set of 20 Fomg isolates that were selected based upon geographic locations, were characterized by using pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility
grouping (VCG), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was
calculated for each Fomg isolate until 21 days after inoculation (DAI). The most virulent isolate was identified as Fomg10 based on AUDPC, disease severity and vascular discoloration measurements at 21 DAI. At this date, a good correlation was
observed between disease severity and AUDPC values for all isolates (r = 0.73). UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average) cluster analysis of RAPD data using Dice’s coefficient
of similarity differentiated all the Fomg isolates tested, and indicated considerable genetic variation among Fomg isolates, but isolates from the same geographic region were grouped together. There was no direct correlation between clustering
in the RAPD dendrogram and pathogenicity testing of Fomg isolates. Twenty isolates of Fomg were assigned to VCG 0320. 相似文献
16.
Carla M. R. Varanda Marta S. M. R. Silva Maria do Rosário F. Félix Maria Ivone E. Clara 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(2):165-172
Transmission of three strains of OMMV by an Olpidium sp. was evaluated and compared. The three strains were 1) an OMMV wild type (WT) recovered from olive trees, 2) an OMMV variant
(L11) obtained after 15 serial passages of single local lesions induced in Chenopodium murale plants, and 3) a construct OMMV/OMMVL11 in which the coat protein (CP) gene replaced that of the wild type. A single-sporangial
culture derived from Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) used as a bait plant grown in soil of an olive orchard, was identified as Olpidium brassicae based on the size and sequence of the generated amplicon in PCR specific tests. Each of the three virus strains was soil
transmitted to cabbage roots in the absence of the fungus at similar rates of 30 to 40%. Separate plant inoculation by O. brassicae zoospores incubated with each viral strain resulted in enhanced transmission of OMMV, reaching 86% of infection whereas that
of the other two strains remained practically unaffected at ca. 34%. Binding assays showed that the amount of virus bound to zoospores, estimated spectrophotometrically, was 7% in the
case of OMMV, and practically nil in the case of the other two viral strains. Substitution of the coat protein (CP) gene of
OMMV by that of the OMMV L11 strain, drastically reduced viral transmissibility in the presence of zoospores to the level
of that observed in their absence. Our data shows that OMMV soil transmission is greatly enhanced by O. brassicae zoospores and that the viral CP plays a significant role in this process, most likely by facilitating virus binding and later
entrance into the host plant roots. 相似文献
17.
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás Antonio Valverde-Corredor Encarnación Pérez-Artés 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(4):561-576
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod), is the most important carnation disease worldwide. The knowledge of the diversity of the soil population of the pathogen
is essential for the choice of suitable resistant cultivars. We examined the genetic diversity of Fod isolates collected during the period 1998–2008, originating from soils and carnation plants in the most important growing
areas in Spain. Additionally, we have included some Fod isolates from Italy as a reference. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments generated by single-primer PCR were
used to compare the relationship between isolates. UPGMA analysis of the RAPD data separated Fod isolates into three clusters (A, B, and C), and this distribution was more related to aggressiveness than to the race of
the isolates. The results obtained in PCR amplifications using specific primers for race 1 and race 2, and SCAR primers developed
in this work, correlated with the molecular groups previously determined from the RAPD analysis, and provided new molecular
markers for the precise identification of the isolates. Results from successive pathogenicity tests showed that molecular
differences between isolates of the same race corresponded with differences in aggressiveness. Isolates of races 1 and 2 in
cluster A (R1I and R2I isolates) and cluster C (R1-type isolates) were all highly aggressive, whereas isolates of races 1
and 2 in cluster B (R1II and R2II isolates) showed a low aggressiveness profile. The usefulness of the molecular markers described
in this study has been proved in double-blind tests with Fod isolates collected in 2008. Results from this work indicate a change in the composition of the Spanish Fod population over time, and this temporal variation could be related to the continuous change in the commercial carnation cultivars
used by growers. This is the first report of genetic diversity among Fod isolates in the same race. 相似文献
18.
Susanne Vogelgsang Franco Widmer Eveline Jenny Jürg Enkerli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(4):477-482
Fifteen novel microsatellite markers were isolated from Fusarium graminearum. The level of polymorphism at these novel and 13 previously published microsatellite markers was analysed in 33 F. graminearum strains from Europe, North America, and Nepal. The number of alleles for each of the novel markers ranged from 4 to 20 and
gene diversity from 0.417 to 0.962. In comparison with the previously published markers, the resolution for distinguishing
among different strains was slightly increased. Twenty-seven markers were also detectable in three F. culmorum strains and one F. crookwellense strain. None of the markers was detected in three F. avenaceum and four F. poae strains, underlining the potential use of these microsatellite markers for species differentiation. 相似文献
19.
Nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum can be successful antagonists of pathogenic forms of the same fungal species that commonly attacks crop plants. The characteristics that distinguish nonpathogenic from pathogenic forms are not well understood. In this study, the mode of root colonization of Eucalyptus viminalis seedlings by a nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strain is described at the ultrastructural level. Root systems of E. viminalis plants were inoculated with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strain Fo47 in an in vitro model system. Changes in the occurrence of nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins in colonized E. viminalis roots were evaluated by in situ immunolabeling using two monoclonal antibodies, JIM 5 and JIM 7. Modes of penetration and root colonization patterns in E. viminalis seedlings by the nonpathogenic fungus were similar to those described for pathogenic forms of F. oxysporum. However, root interactions differed in that the nonpathogenic fungus did not induce host tissue damage. No papilla-like appositions were observed in host cells in response to invading hyphae, which did not disrupt the host plasma membrane in many cases, suggesting that a biotrophic relationship was established. Root colonization by the nonpathogenic strain did not induce alteration in JIM 7 labeling of methyl-esterified pectin in E. viminalis cell walls, whereas nonesterified pectin was detected to a significantly greater extent in cell walls of roots colonized by the fungus. Pectin components decreased slightly only at points of hyphal contact with host cells. Because nonpathogenic strains utilize pectin in pure culture, host control over enzyme activity or production by the fungi may at least partly explain their compatible interactions with host tissues. 相似文献