不同施肥水平与组合对玉米生产性能的影响研究

应用三因素最优设计构造试验方案,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同水平与组合对玉米产量的动态关系。结果表明,磷肥对产量的影响最大,氮肥较小,钾肥居中。氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,其中氮肥、磷肥间的交互作用较大,钾肥与磷肥间的交互作用较小。在试验范围内,就玉米籽粒产量而言,施肥量投入应为N:149.87～207.07kg/hm2,P2O5:38.23～143.52kg/hm2,K2O:24.63～129.91kg/hm2在此施肥范围内,可预报玉米籽粒产量为4707.5～5616.2kg/hm2。     

榆阳区农户春玉米施肥现状调查评估

为了解陕北地区施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,2011年通过问卷调查方式,对榆阳区24个乡镇进行了春玉米养分资源投入调查分析。结果表明:2010年春玉米产量以9 500~11 500 kg/hm2所占比例最大且适中,占到调查样本的52.78%。氮肥(N)用量变化为321.8~1 084.3 kg/hm2,平均为650.5 kg/hm2;磷肥(P2O5)用量变化为60.2~450.3 kg/hm2,平均为244.8 kg/hm2;钾肥(K2O)用量变化为47.3~222.8 kg/hm2,平均为134.5 kg/hm2,且钾肥均由有机肥提供。其中化肥氮施用量适中农户仅占5.56%;偏低农户占10.65%;很低农户占5.09%;偏高农户占33.80%;很高农户占44.91%。磷肥施用量适中农户仅占12.04%;偏低农户占21.30%;很低农户占25.46%;偏高农户占19.44%;很高农户占21.76%。春玉米产量与NPK养分总量、氮肥和磷肥用量之间关系极显著,氮肥和磷肥偏生产力分别为24.38 kg/kg和86.94 kg/kg。榆阳区农户春玉米施肥中存在问题主要包括:产量水平差别较大,变化为6 750~15 000 kg/hm2;养分投入差别也较大,肥料利用率很低;肥料品种单一。研究认为提高榆阳区春玉米生产与施肥技术途径有选择优良品种、实现养分资源综合管理,提高养分资源利用效率、加强科学技术的推广应用,提高农民的栽培水平和加大对肥料生产企业的监督检查。     

肥密组合对寒地半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米产量的影响

为揭示黑龙江西部半干旱区膜下滴灌栽培方式下玉米高产措施,以郑单958为材料,选取氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和密度四因素作为试验因素,每个试验因素设计5个水平,按照二次通用旋转组合设计(1/2实施)统计分析方法建立回归模型,分析不同肥料和密度组合对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:四因素各单因子对籽粒产量有较明显的影响,均呈开口向下的抛物线趋势变化,影响顺序为施氮密度施钾施磷,且单位水平施入量引起边际产量的减少量为施磷密度施钾施氮;氮肥与磷肥之间的配合对产量的增加具有相互促进作用;要获得≥12231.97 kg·hm~(-2)的产量,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥及种植密度的最优组合取值范围为:氮肥246.24~279.59 kg·hm~(-2),磷肥133.77~151.52 kg·hm~(-2),钾肥82.85~97.16 kg·hm~(-2),种植密度79 676~85 324株·hm~(-2)。     

杨凌地区黄精氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾的施肥量与黄精一年生根茎产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对黄精产量的增产作用大小依次为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥,对多糖含量的作用大小依次为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,其中磷肥为负效应,氮、钾肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,当目标产量为3 500~4 500 kg/hm2时,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为N 89.74~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~157.16kg/hm2,K2O 61.06~92.63 kg/hm2。在多糖含量8%~9.5%之间,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为:N 103.91~153.65 kg/hm2,P2O569.5~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~95.36 kg/hm2。黄精高产优质高效栽培的优化施肥量为:N103.91~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~92.63 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O的最佳比例为:1∶0.89~0.91∶0.5~0.68。     

柴达木地区杂交油菜青杂2号高产栽培模式研究

为了提高柴达木地区青杂2号油菜的籽粒产量,采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,分析种植密度、施氮量、施磷量与其籽粒产量的回归关系.结果表明:随着密度、氮肥、磷肥施用量的增加,产量逐渐增加,到一定水平时,产量最高.各水平继续增加,产量逐渐下降.低、中水平密度与高氮肥用量配合,高水平密度与低氮肥用量配合,油菜产量高.在低氟(磷)水平下、产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加逐渐增加,在中高氪(磷)水平下,产量随着磷(氮)肥施用量的增加先增后减.青杂2号油菜产量最高时的密度、氮肥与磷肥施用量的最优组合是密度38.9×104株/hm2、氮肥施用量90 kg/hm2、磷肥施用量71.75 kg/hm2.     

滴灌春小麦高效施肥技术试验研究

在干旱区灰漠土中等肥力条件下,分析了滴施不同肥料在土壤和小麦植株体内的运行方式及不同施肥量和施肥方式对小麦的增产效应.结果表明:①小麦滴灌的最佳施肥量为,氮肥234kg/hm2,磷肥108kg/hm2,钾肥61.7 k岁hMh2;最佳施肥方式为,氮肥以75%滴施25%基施,磷肥75%基施25%滴施,钾肥50%基施配合50%滴施.②滴灌小麦全肥区增产效应为26.5%～41.5%,其中,氮肥35.9%,磷肥13.8%,钾肥平均增产效应8.1%0③小麦植株体内各部位氮、磷、钾的含量均随氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加有增高趋势,氮、磷、钾肥用量每增加1kg/hm2,小麦植株体内氮、磷、钾的含量分别提高9.95%,3.09%和11.26%.④壤质土壤滴施的氮肥可以随水移动,被分配到耕层湿润峰的各个部位,磷肥主要集中在0～10cm表层,钾肥移动性好于磷肥,但弱于氮肥.     

地面灌溉条件下高产棉田水肥耦合的产量效应

以中棉43号为材料,采用"3414"方案,在新疆沙雅新垦农场,通过田间小区试验,研究了地面灌溉条件下不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量的影响,并建立了棉花产量的水肥回归数学模型.结果表明:不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量都有显著影响;各因素对棉花产量的效应顺序为:施磷量＞灌溉量＞施氮量;各因素间耦合效应顺序为:氮、磷＞氮、水＞磷、水;水肥调控的最佳组合为:氮肥用量为545.55 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为199.8 kg/hm2,灌溉量为6 429.3 m3/hm2.     

施肥对紫花苜蓿产量的影响

在青海大通县长宁地区采用四因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究氮、磷、钾、硫肥的施用效果.结果表明:在该地区,随着氮、磷、钾、硫施用量的增加,苜蓿产量先增后减.施用量的最优组合为尿素225 kg/hm2,过磷酸钙675 kg/hm2,加拿大钾肥225 kg/hm2,硫磺粉15 kg/hm2.在低氮时,苜蓿产量随磷肥用量增加而增加,随钾肥用量的增加而先增后减;在高氮情况下,产量随磷肥用量先增后减,随钾肥用量增加而增加.在低磷的情况下.产量随氮肥用量增加而增加;在高磷情况下,随氮肥用量的增加产量变化不大,磷、钾配合,在一个因素固定后,另一因素随着施肥水平的增加苜蓿产量先增后减.在低磷条件下,增加硫肥的施肥量,苜蓿产量先增后减,在高磷条件下,增加硫肥施肥量的苜蓿产量逐渐增加.     

有机无机肥配施对甘肃省秦王川灌区蚕豆产量、养分吸收量及肥料利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同施肥对蚕豆成熟期干生物量、籽粒产量、养分吸收量以及肥料利用率的影响.结果表明:在相同的施氮、磷水平下(N180.0kg/hm2、P2O5120.0kg/hm2),有机无机配施以及单施有机肥的肥效均高于无机肥配施以及单施无机肥.羊粪+氮磷配施(MNP),籽粒产量、全株吸氮量、籽粒吸氮量、全株氮肥吸收利用率、全株钾肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用效率、钾肥农学利用效率均最高,分别达到6557.6kg/hm2、227.36kg/hm2、162.73kg/hm2、45.49％、173.74％、5.47 (kg/kg)、20.78 (kg/kg),其中籽粒产量,比对照(CK)、秸秆+氮磷配施(SNP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、羊粪+氮配施(MN)、羊粪(M)分别增产17.67％、6.86％、4.57％、1.75％、4.99％.羊粪+氮配施(MN),籽粒吸钾量、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率、籽粒磷肥吸收利用率、籽粒钾肥吸收利用率、磷肥农学利用效率均最高,分别达到81.33kg/hm2、34.80％、12.38％、81.95％、12.11(kg/kg).羊粪(M),全株干生物量、全株吸磷量、籽粒吸磷量、全株吸钾量、全株磷肥吸收利用率均最高,分别达到15043.73 kg/hm2、33.85kg/hm2、27.00kg/hm2、194.23kg/hm2、20.55％.     

陕西关中灌区夏玉米土壤养分丰缺及推荐施肥指标体系的建立

2006~2008年,在陕西关中灌区的陈仓区、武功县、高陵县、扶风县、周至县共布置了66个夏玉米"3414"田间试验,分析了不同肥力水平下夏玉米土壤有效养分含量与相对产量的相关关系,建立了关中灌区夏玉米的丰缺指标体系;并利用肥料效应函数计算出了不同肥力水平下的平均推荐施肥量。结果表明,当土壤碱解氮含量处于低(55 mg/kg)、中(55~100 mg/kg)和高(100~120 mg/kg)等级时,氮肥(N)用量分别为200~225、165~195 kg/hm2和140~160 kg/hm2;当土壤速效磷含量处于低(10 mg/kg)、中(10~25 mg/kg)、高(25~40 mg/kg)和极高(40 mg/kg)等级时,磷肥(P2O5)用量分别为90~100、50~80、30~50 kg/hm2和15~25 kg/hm2;当土壤速效钾含量处于高(110~200 mg/kg)、极高(200 mg/kg)等级时,钾肥(K2O)用量为70~90 kg/hm2和30~50 kg/hm2。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.