盐碱地上耐盐小麦复播玉米综合效益的研究

在盐渍化地上直接种植耐盐小麦后复播玉米，既是作为快速改良盐碱地的技术措施之一，又是充分利用土地、光热、水分等自然资源的重要手段。在北疆条件下，本研究的结果为：土壤盐分（0－50cm)含量为1．07％的盐碱地上种植耐盐冬小麦并复播玉米，比一般的种植方式增产67％－152％，土壤当年的脱盐率达84％以上，光热资源和水资源的利用较高。这种种植方式有较高的生物产量，增加了农田的载畜量。同时既提高了经济效益，又有利于培肥土壤、改善土壤结构。     

新疆盐碱地生物改良的必要性与可行性

盐碱地资源的利用、盐渍化耕地的改良 ,在有盐碱地的地区 ,是农业生产发展的重要环节之一。新疆盐碱地总面积 2 181.4× 10 4 hm2 ,占全国盐碱土 (9913× 10 4 hm2 )面积的 2 2 .0 1% ;在 40 7.84× 10 4 hm2 耕地面积中 ,受不同程度盐化危害的面积占 30 .12 %。生物改良盐碱地 ,指利用耐盐植物直接种植 ,通过常规灌溉 ,不需要任何附加条件和设施 ,将土壤盐分控制在植物根系土层以下的土体中。新疆漫灌式种植生产有利于这种生物改良。生物改良盐碱地 ,灌溉水利用率高 ,又利于生态环境的良性循环和永久性建设。种植根系较多、较深的耐盐植物 ,土壤盐分在灌水条件 ,向下移动较深。     

新疆盐碱地种植耐盐小麦土壤盐分的变化

新疆干旱区有大量盐碱地 ,很大程度上限制农业的可持续发展。盐碱的利用改良和水资源的高效利用的研究 ,面临巨大的挑战。盐碱地上种植耐盐小麦既有生产效益 ,又有改良土壤盐渍化作用。在传统灌溉管理下 ,当土壤原始盐分 2 .0 %时 ,在壤质土壤上种植耐盐小麦 1— 2年 0— 40cm土层盐分可降到 0 .8%。在粘壤土、壤土土质的土壤中 ,种植耐盐小麦 5年时 ,0— 1 0 0cm土层盐分可降到 0 .5 % ;种植 7年后 ,0— 1 0 0cm土层盐分降到 0 .2 %左右 ,且在以后种植条件下 ,土壤盐分趋于平衡状态 ,变化很小。种植耐盐小麦引起的盐分变化 ,灌溉水为主要作用 ,以至经多年种植 ,土壤表现为脱盐碱化现象。     

不同浓度复合盐胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响

为探明不同浓度土壤复合盐胁迫对水稻生长发育、产量和品质的影响,利用盆栽的方式人为设置不同浓度土壤含盐量(0.05％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％),采用单因素随机区组试验,研究不同浓度土壤复合盐对水稻产量和品质的效应.结果表明:不同浓度土壤复合盐胁迫对水稻株高无明显影响;0.1％的土壤盐分促进了水稻植株干重、产量、整精米率、恶白粒率、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的增加;0.2-0.4％的土壤盐分引起了水稻植株干重、产量和整精米率的明显下降,同时造成了稻米中恶白粒率、蛋白质含量的显著提高,但并没有影响直链淀粉的含量.以上试验结果表明,低浓度盐分(0.1％)有利于改善水稻产量和品质,高浓度盐分(0.2-0.4％)易引起水稻减产和品质变劣,建议将土壤盐分含量0.1％作为盐碱地水稻生产的临界盐分指标.本研究结果为建立盐碱地水稻高产优质种植技术提供基础资料.     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

甘肃白银盐碱地区小麦品种的耐盐性研究

为了开发利用盐碱地,筛选适宜盐碱地区种植的小麦品种,以耐盐3号、8号小麦新品系为材料,以当地主栽品种宁春18号和764为对照,在甘肃白银引黄灌区不同程度盐碱地上进行了耐盐性试验研究。结果表明:耐盐3号、8号小麦在土壤全盐含量为0.299%～0.786%的盐碱地上种植,耐盐性强,比对照小麦增产明显。当土壤全盐含量0.299%时,小麦的农艺性状受到轻度影响,耐盐小麦比对照小麦略有增产;当土壤全盐含量在0.299%～0.786%时,小麦的生长发育受到明显的抑制,随着盐分浓度的上升,耐盐小麦比对照小麦增产幅度提高,优势明显;当土壤全盐含量在0.786%～0.828%时,小麦生长发育受到严重抑制,随着盐分浓度的继续上升,小麦产量急剧下降,耐盐小麦比对照小麦有优势,但产量太低,不宜种植。     

干旱区盐渍化土地三系统治理技术研究

运用工程改良、生物种植改良、养殖业发展增加土壤有机质的“三系统”治理盐渍化土地技术把“食物链－生产链－产业链”有机地连成一条主线,实现了农林牧互促相长的盐碱地治理利用可持续发展的目的。在干旱区临泽县小泉子盐渍化土地中实施4a来,使土壤含盐量降低40．6％－76．3％,土壤有机质增加29．2％左右,土壤孔隙度提高4．28％,全氮增加11．7％;示范区粮食产量增加了69．13％,示范农户经济收入增加23．37％。     

膜下滴灌棉田生物改良盐碱地效果研究

通过在膜下滴灌棉田间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)、孜然(Ⅱ)和碱蓬(Ⅲ)，并以未间作的处理作为对照(CK)，研究不同盐生植物改良盐碱地的效果。结果表明：间作盐生植物的棉田在生育期内可以达到保水和抑制盐分累积的效果，土壤含水量峰值基本保持在40 cm深度，其中以间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)和孜然(Ⅱ)的保水效果较好，在0～40 cm深度范围土壤含水量与对照组相比分别提升了29.80%和14.49%；间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)和孜然(Ⅱ)的处理抑制盐分累积的效果也较好，在0～40 cm深度范围抑盐率分别为125%和70.38%。同时，通过在膜间种植盐生植物，棉花的株高、茎粗和干物质量均有一定程度的增加，籽棉产量也有相应的提升，其中以间作孜然和苜蓿的处理提升较多，分别比对照组提升10.45%和7.74%。由此可见，膜下滴灌棉田间作盐生植物是一种有效的盐碱地改良措施，而盐生植物的选择对改良的效果影响较大，综合试验结果对比，间作孜然和间作苜蓿的生物改良措施效果较好。     

加拿大阿尔伯达省盐渍化土地治理与研究

加拿大西部的阿尔伯达省,盐渍化土地面积７５０００ｈｍ＾２,主要分布在山前溢出带,洼,地湖泊和水库等水体周围,其中渠系周围和水浇地盐渍化面积占盐渍化土地面积的１２％。盐渍化土壤治理的生物措施主要有种植高耗水作物,连续种植,种植耐盐牧草。减少积水,排放土壤亚表层贮水,打井为主要的工程改良盐渍土地措施,施用石膏和有机肥为辅助措施。     

基于HYDRUS-2D的滨海地区膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟研究

以春玉米“郑单958”为供试作物，采用膜下滴灌灌水方式，设定2种不同灌水定额，分别是单次灌水定额20 mm和10 mm，测定试验区土壤水分、盐分含量，利用HYDRUS-2D模型对土壤水盐运移进行模拟，将模拟值与实测值进行对比分析，探究滨海地区盐碱化土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明：滴灌过程中，水平方向土壤盐分由膜下向膜边运移，膜下土壤淋洗效果好于膜边；竖直方向0~20 cm土壤水分、盐分变化幅度最大，土壤含盐量降低16.1%，淋洗效果明显；下层土壤盐分淋洗效果一般，土壤含盐量降低值仅为9.6%。土壤水分重分布过程中，0~20 cm土层土壤含水率和含盐量变化幅度比20~60 cm土层大。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层高灌水定额（20 mm）处理对土壤盐分的抑制作用分别比低灌水定额（10 mm）处理高26%、11%、19%，并且高灌水定额滴灌将土壤盐分淋洗到60 cm土层以下，而低灌水定额滴灌未能将土壤盐分淋洗到60cm土层以下。HYDRUS-2D模拟得到的土壤含水率与含盐量和实测值基本吻合，模型可靠。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Rapid Identification of Clavibacter michiganensis Subspecies sepedonicus Using Two Primers Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (TP-RAPD) Fingerprints

Twenty strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic origins and other reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens, were analysed with a new procedure named TP-RAPD that originates fingerprints of bacterial species. This procedure uses two primers to amplify the 16S rDNA gene. At 45 °C of annealing, the PCR product electrophoresed in agarose gels produced a band pattern that was different in all bacterial species studied as well as in the subspecies of C. michiganensis. All strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus displayed the same TP-RAPD number of pattern. Unlike Gram negative bacteria, Gram positives of high G + C content, such as Clavibacter, produced low bands in TP-RAPD. By using a different set of two primers also based in the 16S rDNA sequence from Escherichia coli a more adequate amplification of Gram positives of high G + C including a greater number of bands was obtained. TP-RAPD patterns using the new set of primers described in this work is a reliable and fast method to identify C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.