雷帕霉素的水解行为及对4种非靶标生物的急性毒性

雷帕霉素为大环内脂类抗生素药剂,对多种人类疾病有效,近年发现其对多种植物病原真菌也有较好的抑制活性,有望开发为微生物源农药用于植物病害的防治,而目前关于雷帕霉素的水解行为及其对非靶标生物的急性毒性还未见报道。为评价雷帕霉素的水解行为及其对非靶标生物的急性毒性,本研究通过室内模拟试验,测定了雷帕霉素在不同pH值、温度、初始浓度及光源中的水解特性,同时测定了其对家蚕、意大利工蜂、斑马鱼及赤子爱胜蚯蚓4种非靶标生物的急性毒性。水解试验结果表明:碱性环境、紫外光照及高温有利于雷帕霉素的水解。当其初始质量浓度为10 mg/L时,半衰期分别为66.63、38.93及77.00 h;初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,半衰期分别为144.38、105.00及165.00 h。急性毒性试验结果表明:雷帕霉素对家蚕和斑马鱼的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为 386.46和3.50 mg/L (有效成分,下同);对意大利工蜂的急性经口毒性48 h-LD₅₀值为8.95 μg/bee,急性接触毒性48 h-LD₅₀值为16.79 μg/bee;对赤子爱胜蚯蚓的14 d-LC₅₀值为223. 81 mg/kg。按照 “化学农药环境安全评价准则” (GB/T 31270—2014) 的毒性等级划分标准,雷帕霉素对家蚕、斑马鱼、赤子爱胜蚯蚓的急性毒性分别为 “低毒”、“中毒” 和 “低毒”,对意大利工蜂的急性经口毒性为 “中毒”,急性接触毒性为 “低毒”。研究表明,雷帕霉素属于易降解性药剂,对家蚕、意大利工蜂、斑马鱼及赤子爱胜蚯蚓4种非靶标生物安全。     

新奥霉素母药对5种非靶标生物的急性毒性

测定了新奥霉素 (xinaomycin)母药对5种非靶标生物——斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio、大型溞Daphnia magna Straus、羊角月芽藻Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata、意大利工蜂Apis mellifera L.和家蚕Bombyx mori的急性毒性。结果显示:新奥霉素母药对斑马鱼96 h-LC₅₀值大于100 mg/L;对大型溞48 h-EC₅₀值为1.48 mg/L;对羊角月芽藻72 h-EyC₅₀值为8.74 mg/L,72 h-ErC₅₀值为29.2 mg/L;对意大利工蜂急性经口96 h-LD₅₀值为31.3 μg/蜂,急性接触96 h-LD₅₀值为39.9 μg/蜂;对家蚕96 h-LC₅₀值大于2.00×103 mg/L。研究表明,新奥霉素母药对斑马鱼、羊角月芽藻、蜜蜂、家蚕均为低毒,对大型溞是中等毒性。     

毒死蜱与氟虫腈复配对环境生物的影响研究

本文测定了毒死蜱与氟虫腈及其复配对靶标生物小菜蛾和二化螟的室内活性,对非靶标生物意大利蜜蜂、家蚕、斑马鱼的毒性。试验结果为毒死蜱对小菜蛾,二化螟,蜜蜂,斑马鱼,家蚕的LC50分别为586.2,45.97,2.482,0.723,1.749mg/L;氟虫腈对上述生物的LC50分别为0.121 4,1.038,0.025 1,0.180,2.325mg/L;复配后对上述生物的LC50分别为0.5256,5.626,1.983,0.535,1.528mg/L。复配后对小菜蛾、二化螟的共毒系数为230.6、153.3,对蜜蜂、斑马鱼、家蚕的共毒系数为11.6、103.8、117.3。     

嘧菌酯与三种外源硒对不同生命阶段斑马鱼的联合毒性

分别测定了嘧菌酯、3种外源硒 (亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和纳米硒) 对水体模式生物斑马鱼不同生命阶段的单一急性毒性,以及等毒性配比的二元混合体系的联合急性毒性,并分别采用相加指数 (AI) 法、毒性单位 (TU) 法和混合毒性指数 (MTI) 法对其联合效应进行了评价。结果表明:斑马鱼3个生命阶段对亚硒酸钠的敏感性 (以96 h-LC₅₀ (致死中浓度) mg/L表示,其中mg指硒的质量) 顺序为:仔鱼(1.11 mg/L) >胚胎(1.48 mg/L) >成鱼(13.05 mg/L);对硒代蛋氨酸的敏感性:仔鱼(0.80 mg/L) >胚胎(1.03 mg/L) >成鱼(9.36 mg/L);对纳米硒的敏感性:成鱼(0.48 mg/L) >仔鱼(1.67 mg/L) >胚胎(4.32 mg/L)。除MTI法计算嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸对成鱼表现为部分相加作用外,采用AI法、TU法和MTI法计算嘧菌酯与亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和纳米硒对斑马鱼成鱼、仔鱼和胚胎的联合作用结果一致,均表现为拮抗作用。     

丁氟螨酯在蚯蚓体内的富集及其急性毒性

丁氟螨酯 (CYF) 对土壤中非靶标动物蚯蚓的影响尚未明确。本研究建立了蚯蚓体内丁氟螨酯的检测方法。样品经乙腈提取，采用液-液萃取法去除样品中的油脂，利用正相液相色谱 (NP-HPLC) 进行检测。结果表明:在0.5、5和10 mg/kg 3个添加水平下，CYF在蚯蚓中的回收率在84%~88%之间，相对标准偏差在1.3%~3.1%之间，验证了该提取方法的可靠性。生物-土壤富集因子 (BSAF) 测定结果表明，蚯蚓富集CYF 7 d后两个对映体((+)/(?)? CYF)在蚯蚓体内的富集浓度达到最大值，且 (+)-CYF的富集能力显著高于 (?)-CYF的。蚯蚓在含0.5~10 mg/kg CYF的土壤中暴露28 d时会严重抑制其体重。通过滤纸法检测CYF对蚯蚓的急性毒性，测得CYF消旋体对蚯蚓的LC₅₀值为162.5 mg/L，(?)-CYF对蚯蚓的LC₅₀值为323.1 mg/L，(+)-CYF对蚯蚓的LC₅₀值为309.4 mg/L。根据联合毒性效应分析得到AI = ?0.03，表明同时使用CYF的两个对映体对蚯蚓造成毒性相加作用。     

4种常用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的急性毒性评价

测定了250g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂、15%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂和22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂4种常用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对鸟、蜜蜂、家蚕、鱼、藻、溞和蚯蚓的急性毒性。结果显示:4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对蜜蜂的LD50(48 h)值均100μg a.i./蜂,急性毒性均为低毒,对鸟类的LC50(48 h)值分别为743、 1 000、 1500和 1 000mg a.i./kg体重,急性毒性均为低毒;对家蚕的LC50(48 h)值分别为430.28、 2 000、31.61和345.48mg a.i./L,急性毒性均为低毒;对蚯蚓的LC50(48 h)值分别为19.84、 100、 100和 100mg a.i./kg干土,急性毒性均为低毒;对斑马鱼的LC50(48 h)值分别为7.46、0.65、0.051和0.12mg a.i./L,急性毒性分别为中毒、高毒、剧毒和高毒;对大型溞的EC50(48 h)值分别为0.59、0.22、0.067和0.018mg a.i./L,急性毒性分别为高毒、高毒、剧毒和剧毒;对绿藻的EC50(48 h)值分别为0.66、31.96、5.51和0.036mg a.i./L,急性毒性分别为中毒、低毒、低毒和高毒。综上,4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对陆生生物毒性较低,但对水生生态系统存在潜在的风险。     

几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术,以推动青海有机蚕豆生产,本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂,针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病,开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用,其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强,其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L;田间防效试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著,500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%;10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用,制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时,药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%;多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药,药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述,0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良,据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。     

手性乙虫腈对3种非靶标生物的急性毒性及初步风险评价

乙虫腈作为氟虫腈的替代药剂已在我国登记并推广使用,但其对环境有益生物的毒性研究鲜有报道。本研究分别采用点滴法、食下毒叶法和滤纸法测定了乙虫腈外消旋体及两个对映单体对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.、家蚕Bombyx mori和蚯蚓Eisenia foetida的急性毒性,并进行了初步风险评价。结果显示:乙虫腈外消旋体及其S-(+)-乙虫腈和R-(-)-乙虫腈单体对意大利蜜蜂的48 h-LD50值分别为0.0187、0.0181和0.0188 μg/bee,对家蚕的96 h-LC50值分别为66.9、63.7和70.3 mg/L,对蚯蚓的48 h-LR50值分别为511、488和547 μg/cm2。研究表明,乙虫腈对意大利蜜蜂具有高风险性,对家蚕为中等毒性,对蚯蚓毒性较低,田间施用时应防止药剂漂移至周围桑园对桑叶造成污染,并应避免在作物花期施药。此外,由于乙虫腈对供试3种非靶标生物的急性毒性均未表现出显著的对映体选择性差异,故无法通过对映单体的应用来降低其对蜜蜂、家蚕和蚯蚓的毒性及风险。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油对环境生物的急性毒性研究

室内测试甲氨基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐乳油对鹌鹑、蜜蜂、家蚕、鱼、蝌蚪5种环境生物的急性毒性.该药剂对鹌鹑7d的LD50为115(a.i.)mg/kg,对蜜蜂48h的LC50为0.0864(a.i.)mg/L,对家蚕96h的LC50为0.006 22(a.i.)mg/L,对斑马鱼96h的LC50为0.113(a.i.)mg/L,对蝌蚪48h的LC50为0.264(a.i.)mg/L.试验结果表明,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油对鹌鹑中毒,对蜜蜂剧毒,对家蚕剧毒,对鱼高毒,对蝌蚪高毒,对环境生物有较大风险,生产上使用该药剂时应注意环境生物的安全.     

6种特异性杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性评价及中毒症状观察

采用食下毒叶法,测定6种农药对家蚕的急性毒性,结果表明,阿维菌素、多杀菌素对家蚕96 h的LC50分别为0.002 0,0.089 1 mg/L,属剧毒级农药;烟碱的LC50为7.260 4 mg/L,属高毒级农药;苦参碱、狼毒素和苏云金杆菌LC50均大于200 mg/L,属低毒级农药。通过观察家蚕中毒症状,毒性较高的杀虫剂中毒症状较明显,得出结论阿维菌素、多杀菌素及烟碱不适合在桑园及周边使用。     

Toxicity and growth-suppression exerted by diafenthiuron in the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci

Diafenthiuron (CGA 106 ’630), a thiourea, was sprayed prior to a 48-h infestation by adult females of the sweetpotato whiteflyBemisia tabaci Gennadius, on cotton seedlings under greenhouse conditions; it subsequently suppressed strongly progeny formation of the whitefly, resulting in approximately 50% progeny formation relative to control at 5 mg a.i./l. When the different development stages were separately sprayed directly, the larval stage was the most susceptible, resulting in 50% and 90% mortality of 2nd instars at concentrations of 6.5 and 49.2 mg a.i./l, whereas the LC50 values of adults and pupae were 23 and 45 mg a.i./l, respectively. A mild (30–35%) reduction of egg hatch was obtained at a range of 5–125 mg a.i./l. Thus the potency of diafenthiuron against various stages was in the order larvae > adults > pupae > eggs. Diafenthiuron exhibited a low vapor phase toxicity and had no translaminar effect when tested on first instars ofB. tabaci. The high potency of diafenthiuron against whiteflies described herein, against aphids and mites, as stated in the literature, and against some lepidopterous pests, render this compound an important insect control agent for pests of cotton and other crops.     

三种不同类型杀虫剂对家蚕的慢性毒性试验及评价方法初探

为了解农药对家蚕的慢性毒性影响,探索建立我国农药对家蚕的慢性毒性试验及评价方法体系,以3种不同类型的代表性杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氟铃脲为代表药剂,针对家蚕进行了给药阶段、给药剂量及评价指标的系统研究。结果表明:慢性毒性试验中的给药阶段以2~3龄期为宜;给药剂量可为其急性毒性96 h-LC50值的1/50、1/100、1/200、1/400和1/800;主要评价指标应为结茧率。     

Comparative fungitoxicity of the insecticide permethrin and ten degradation products

The toxic effects of permethrin and ten of its degradation products on the growth of ten fungi were determined. Permethrin was relativelynon-toxic, with an EC₅₀ of > 100 mg litre^?1 but six of the degradation products were significantly (P= 0.05) more inhibitory. The ester hydrolysis products, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, had EC₅₀ values ranging from 8 to > 100 and 20 to > 50 mg litre^?1, respectively. Other degradation products that were more toxic than permethrin included 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, with EC₅₀ values as low as < 1 mg lite^?1. Hydroxylated and substituted-benzene metabolites were non-toxic. Combinations of selected test compounds yielded both synergistic, antagonistic and additive interaction responses, depending upon the test system employed.     

Toxicity and dissipation of soil insecticides applied in the management of arecanut white grub, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucopholis burmeisteri</Emphasis> Brenk. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

White grubs, Leucopholis spp. are subterranean pests of arecanut grown in South India. Grub infestation leads to yellowing, stem tapering, and crown size and yield reduction. Use of chemical insecticide to mage the white grubs gives varying degree of success. Hence an attempt was made to screen newer and safer insecticides. Imidacloprid (LC₅₀ at 120 h = 16.849 ppm on III instar larvae), chlorpyriphos (LC₅₀ = 14.242) and bifenthrin (LC₅₀ = 12.797 ppm) were identified as effective insecticides. Evaluation of these insecticide in the field over two year period indicated the following efficacy in reducing larval population: chlorpyriphos @ 4 kg a.i/ha (83.31%) > bifenthrin @ 4 kg a.i./ha (82.83%) > imidacloprid @ 0.24 kg a.i./ha (75.84%) > bifenthrin @ 2 kg a.i./ ha (74.26%) > chlorpyriphos @ 2 kg a.i./ha (69.15%) > chlorpyriphos @ 1 kg a.i./ha (61.79%) > imidacloprid @ 0.12 kg a.i./ha (56.54%) > bifenthrin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (54.34%) > imidacloprid @ 0.06 kg a.i./ha (41.47%). Bifenthrin in soil persisted for a longer period than chlorpyriphos. On the day of application, 59.46 ppm bifenthrin residue was recovered from soil. On 10th day, it was 7.29 ppm which decreased to 2.59 ppm on 30th day and was beyond detection limit on 65th day. Chlorpyriphos exhibited a rapid degradation in the initial stage; 27.46 ppm residue on the day of application, which further reduced to 0.964 ppm on 10th day, and was below the detection limit on the 30th day. Growth of Trichoderma harzianum was not affected by bifenthrin even up to 40 ppm concentration. However, chlorpyriphos affected the growth of Trichoderma at higher than 5 ppm dose. Similarly, imidacloprid inhibited the colony growth from 2 ppm onwards. Having high lipophylic property and contact toxicity, bifenthrin would be an ideal alternative insecticide to chlorpyriphos for the management of white grubs in palm garden, which is safe and long persisting.     

Comparative toxicity of two ecdysteroid agonists,RH-2485 and RH-5992, on susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of the Egyptian cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis

The comparative toxicity of two non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists, RH-2485 and RH-5992 (tebufenozide), on development stages, fecundity and egg viability of a susceptible laboratory strain and a pyrethroid-resistant field strain ofSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) was evaluated. Taking the LC₅₀s as the criterion, RH-2485 was 3–7-fold more potent than RH-5992 against the susceptible and 7–14-fold more against the field strain. The LC₅₀ of RH-2485 in the 1st and 6th instars of the susceptible strain was 0.32 and 0.57 mg a.i./l, respectively. The field strain showed a mild cross-resistance of about threefold to both compounds in 1st instars and to a lesser extent in 6th instars. A considerable increase in fecundity (~3-fold) and no effect on egg viability was observed when 6th instars were fed on cotton leaves treated with 0.25 mg a.i./l RH-2485 (~LC₄₀). Our results indicate that both compounds are potentially potent insecticides for controllingS. littoralis larvae, being 10-60-fold more potent than a previous ecdysteroid agonist, RH-5849.     

Protoporphyrinogen IX-oxidizing activities involved in the mode of action of a new compound N-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-{3-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl-methoxy}-phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide

N-[4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-{3-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl-methoxy}-phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (EK-5385) is an experimental substituted bicyclic herbicide. Soil-applied EK-5385 showed good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola) at rates of 3.9-250 g a.i./ha. Barnyardgrass was exhibited normal growth under dark condition, however, the growth of shoot and root was severely inhibited under light condition (14/10 h of light/dark, 50 μmol/m²/s of photosynthetically active radiation) when treated with EK-5385, oxadiazon, and oxadiargyl. IC₅₀ of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl to chlorophyll loss in cucumber cotyledons was approximately 0.3 and 0.7 μM, respectively. IC₅₀ of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl to carotenoids loss in cucumber cotyledons was about 0.26 and 0.1 μM, respectively. IC₅₀ concentration of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl on Protox activity was approximately 5.5 and 8 nM, respectively. Cellular leakage occurred without lag period from cucumber leaf squares treated with 1 μM of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl under light exposure.     

高效液相色谱法检测苦参碱在小白菜及土壤中的残留与消解动态

通过一年两季(春季和冬季)的田间试验,采用C18固相萃取-高效液相色谱分析方法,研究了苦参碱在小白菜及土壤中的残留和消解动态。方法验证试验表明:在0.02~0.5mg/kg添加水平下,苦参碱在小白菜和土壤中的平均回收率为71%~87%,相对标准偏差为5.7%~14%,在小白菜与土壤中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.02mg/kg。消解动态试验结果表明:苦参碱在小白菜及土壤中的消解过程均符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为1.0d(春季,小白菜)、1.5d(冬季,小白菜)、1.4d(春季,土壤)和1.6d(冬季,土壤)。最终残留结果显示:距最后一次施药7d后,高浓度(有效成分6.71g/hm2)和低浓度(有效成分4.47g/hm2)苦参碱在春季和冬季小白菜中的最终残留量在0.061~0.074mg/kg之间;在土壤中的最终残留量在未检出~0.075mg/kg之间。可见,苦参碱在小白菜及土壤中易消解,为保障小白菜食用安全,建议可将0.1mg/kg作为其最大残留限量,安全间隔期不小于3d。     

禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性基线的建立及药剂田间防效

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类新型吡啶酰胺杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺在中国小麦赤霉病防治中的应用潜力,分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了氟唑菌酰羟胺对湖北省6个地区106株禾谷镰孢菌的室内毒力、田间防效及其与多菌灵和氰烯菌酯的交互抗性。结果显示:氟唑菌酰羟胺对106株禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为 (0.018 0 ± 0.209 0) mg/L,平均值为 (0.072 8 ± 0.025 9) mg/L;对分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值为 (0.052 7 ± 0.473 2) mg/L,平均值为 (0.176 0± 0.059 6) mg/mL;且其EC₅₀值频率分布均呈单峰曲线,因此可分别将菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值作为禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线。初步的交互抗性测定结果表明,抗多菌灵或氰烯菌酯的菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺均未表现出抗性。田间试验显示,氟唑菌酰羟胺有效剂量200 g/hm2处理的防效 (超过90.0%) 显著高于对照药剂氰烯菌酯600 g/hm2的防效 (78.0%),与空白对照相比增产效果在127%~135%之间。经氟唑菌酰羟胺处理后,小麦籽粒中由禾谷镰孢菌产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 的含量比空白对照降低了55.09%。研究表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对禾谷镰孢菌呈现出较高的室内活性且田间防效优越,同时还能降低小麦籽粒中DON毒素的含量及提高小麦产量,因此可作为生产中防治小麦赤霉病的替代或后备药剂,同时也可考虑用作为禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵抗性治理的替代药剂。     

Properties of acetolactate synthase from sulfonylurea-resistant Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama

Properties of acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18; ALS) from sulfonylurea-resistant (SUR) Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama were studied biochemically and physiologically in comparison with those from sulfonylurea-susceptible weed (SUS). GR₅₀ values for growth inhibition and I₅₀ values for ALS inhibition by imazosulfuron were determined for both SUR and SUS. Imazosulfuron controlled the SUS above 80% at the dosage more than 10 g a.i./ha but did not control the SUR at the even great dosage of 1000 g a.i./ha. The rates required for 50% growth inhibition of the SUR relative to the SUS (R/S ratio) were 271-fold. The I₅₀ value for inhibition of ALS from the SUS was 15 nM, compared to I₅₀ of >3000 nM for inhibition of ALS from the SUR. These results suggest that a resistance may due to an altered ALS that is insensitive to imazosulfuron. The K_m (pyruvate) value of ALS from the SUR was similar to the K_m for ALS from the SUS, suggesting that a mutation resulting in resistance does not change the affinity of the enzyme for pyruvate. The specific activity of the SUR ALS was similar to that of the SUS ALS, which indicates that resistance is not an over-expression of the enzyme. ALS activity from both biotypes was inhibited by isoleucine, valine, and leucine in this order. However, the SUR ALS was less sensitive to inhibition by valine than the SUS ALS.