建立社会化的农产品营销与信息服务体系

解决＂小生产＂和＂大市场＂的矛盾,根本出路在于建立社会化的农产品营销与信息服务体系,为农民提供全方位的生产经营服务。一是强化农产品营销与信息服务工作体系建设。健全各级农业市场信息管理机构,配备专职工作人员并加大对管理人员和市场分析人员的培训。同时,政府要强化顶层设计,持续加大投入,对农民购买农产品营销和信息服务给予补贴。     

对拓展农产品市场植物检疫的思考

对拓展农产品市场植物检疫的思考潜江市农业局王德全荆州区植物检疫站桑梓德农产品市场是农业生产种质资源和农副产品交易的场所，是沟通四面八方农产品交流的桥梁，同时也是其流通环节中随调运的寄主植物及植物产品传带危险性病、虫、杂草及其它有害生物的重要传播途径。...     

农产品安全生产存在的问题及对策

农产品质量安全直接关系人民群众的日常生活、身体健康和生命安全．关系社会的和谐稳定和民族发展．关系农业对外开放和农产品在国内外市场的竞争。“国以民为本、民以食为天、食以安为先”．随着人们生活水平的提高和我国加入WTO后的新形势．农产品质量安全问题已成为各级政府和社会关注的焦点．也是现阶段我国实施农业和农村经济结构战备性调整、提高农产品国际竞争力必须着力解决的问题．     

浅谈农产品质量安全

本文从农业生产环境、农业产业化、农产品价格三方面阐述了农产品质量安全存在的问题,需要指导思想、农产品质量安全长期性和现实性、质量控制等环节来保障其安全。     

巴东县农产品质量安全的现状与对策

农产品质量安全关系到广大人民群众的身体健康和生命安全，是重大的民生问题、经济问题和政治问题，可以说是天大的事。为做好这项责任重大的工作，笔者通过近些年工作的亲身体会并作了大量的调查研究，分析了巴东县农产品质量安全现状与问题，提出了对策建议。     

五种出口农产品仓储昆虫群落结构的数量特征

利用群落物种的丰富度、生态优势度、多样性、均匀度等群落特征指数，研究了临沂市5种出口农产品仓储昆虫群落结构的数量特征，并分析了它们的相似性。通过系统聚类分析将5种群落分为4类，脱水蔬菜和中药材仓储昆虫群落同属于一类，其它3种农产品仓储昆虫群落各属一类。除大蒜群落结构合理外，其它群落结构都不合理，粮谷群落结构尤其不合理。结合仓储昆虫群落结构特征指数、害虫及天敌的发生情况，分析了4大类群落的特点，并提出了对应的仓储管理意见。利用群落特征指数，对粮谷昆虫群落时间格局的结构特点进行了研究，根据不同时间害虫及天敌的发生情况，提出了相应的害虫管理措施。     

玉林市农产品质量安全现状及治理对策

农产品质量安全是一个重大的民生问题，关系到人民群众日常生活和生命安全。通过调查，我们摸清了玉林市农产品质量安全监管的现状和存在问题，并提出了确保质量安全的一些对策。     

链格孢引起的病害严重危害农作物生产并危及农产品安全

链格孢属Alternaria Nees真菌是一类在自然环境中广泛分布的真菌,该属的一些种可引起多种重要农作物病害发生,严重危害农作物生产并造成巨大损失。另外,这些链格孢产生的毒素还积聚在农产品中,危及农产品食用安全。为此有必要加强有关链格孢病害的研究和治理。本文介绍了有关链格孢分类研究进展,近些年来链格孢危害农作物的主要种类及危害情况,以及世界范围内链格孢毒素所引发的农产品食用安全问题。在此基础上,也综述了链格孢病害的主要防控策略和治理技术。     

农产品流通方式改变和市场检疫探索

市场经济的发展,促使全国各地农产品专业市场兴起和农产品集散地形成,农产品流通方式发生了较大变化。在新的形势下,产地检疫越来越暴露其局限性。因此,应及时调整检疫思路,抓住机遇,大胆进驻专业市场进行市场检疫,并在市场检疫工作中提高业务素质和综合实力,使检疫工作真...     

加强对禁限用高剧毒农药销售使用管理严格控制农产品中农药残留

随着我国加入世界贸易组织以及人们消费观念变化和消费水平的不断提高，同时面对京津市场即将开始实行的安全产品准入制度，如何降低农产品特别是蔬菜、瓜果中农药残留量问题，是摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。造成农产品农药残留量超标的主要原因是不合理使用农药，特别是高剧毒农药。为解决这一问题，推动全市“无公害”农产品生产，２００１年５月２４日，唐山市人民政府办公厅转发了唐山市农业局《关于禁止和限制高剧毒农药销售使用意见的报告》，随后，唐山市农业局制订下发了《关于实行高、剧毒农药特许经营制度的实施意见》，各县（市…     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。