小麦品种耐盐性的研究

对经过连续3a的田间耐盐性鉴定筛选出的2份小麦耐盐性种质在4个不同含盐量梯度的田问鉴定，结果表明：2份小麦耐盐种质在农艺性状和产量水平上对盐胁迫有较高的耐盐性，在4个不同含盐量梯度上种植的产量均高于对照品种宁春4号，在含盐量0．3％～0．5％的盐渍土壤上种植有较大价值。     

甘肃白银盐碱地区小麦品种的耐盐性研究

为了开发利用盐碱地,筛选适宜盐碱地区种植的小麦品种,以耐盐3号、8号小麦新品系为材料,以当地主栽品种宁春18号和764为对照,在甘肃白银引黄灌区不同程度盐碱地上进行了耐盐性试验研究。结果表明:耐盐3号、8号小麦在土壤全盐含量为0.299%～0.786%的盐碱地上种植,耐盐性强,比对照小麦增产明显。当土壤全盐含量0.299%时,小麦的农艺性状受到轻度影响,耐盐小麦比对照小麦略有增产;当土壤全盐含量在0.299%～0.786%时,小麦的生长发育受到明显的抑制,随着盐分浓度的上升,耐盐小麦比对照小麦增产幅度提高,优势明显;当土壤全盐含量在0.786%～0.828%时,小麦生长发育受到严重抑制,随着盐分浓度的继续上升,小麦产量急剧下降,耐盐小麦比对照小麦有优势,但产量太低,不宜种植。     

青海省小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的抗性鉴定

为明确青海省不同小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2014—2015年采用堆测法人工接种鉴定了178份种质资源的抗病性。结果显示,不同小麦种质资源对黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,甘A100、川766、陕1059、兰麦-2的病情指数依次为14.83、23.60、23.99和24.66,表现出较好的抗病性;病情指数在50.00以上的高感品种有69份,包括尕老汉、白板麦、兴热密穗等,其中白板麦病情指数高达72.35,高于感病对照阿勃;其余种质资源病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病;甘A101、甘A99、藏515、藏519、木汉麦、群科大白麦、拉胎板麦、小红麦-2和朗县折达25初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性;抗病性不同的种质资源感染BYDV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病对照中4产量损失8.96%,耐病品种产量损失在13.64%~19.74%之间,高病品种尕老汉产量损失达41.91%,表明小麦种质资源中抗BYDV的品种极少。     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因，利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定，并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示，在苗期，有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性，有12份对CYR34表现出抗性，分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%；有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性；在成株期，有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因，其中有3份携带Yr9，有50份携带Yr18，有43份携带Yr48，有54份携带Yr65，所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67，抗性基因的组合分析发现，共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性，且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合），建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。     

不同小麦品种(系)对小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定

利用一套较完整的小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定方法对我国主要小麦产区推广或即将推广的 5 2 5分优良品种及材料对小麦吸浆虫的抗性在田间进行了鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种 (系 )对小麦吸浆虫抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种(系)有62份 ,其中高抗占2.85%、中抗3.04%、低抗5.90%。S山东928802、百农12、河农8424、郑农8号、豫展1号、中麦9号6个品种对小麦吸浆虫抗性较好     

人工合成小麦新种质抗条锈性鉴定与Yr18基因检测

对97份来自CIMMYT的人工合成小麦新种质进行了主要农艺性状考察、Yr18分子检测和成株期田间抗锈性接种鉴定。结果表明:参鉴种质间主要农艺性状变异程度较大,尤其千粒重普遍偏高,有30份材料千粒重达50 g以上、占30.9%;利用csLV34标记检测到合成20和合成43携带Yr18,占2.1%;鉴选出成株期呈抗性反应的材料30份、占30.9%,高度慢条锈材料19份、占19.6%,其中合成2、5、14、60、75、76、78、82、83、84计10个合成种同时表现高抗和高度慢锈。这些大粒、抗条锈或慢条锈合成小麦种质的鉴定筛选,为选育小麦新品种提供了优异资源。     

广西玉米种质资源抗病性鉴定

1987年——1990年作了广西玉米种质资源对玉米大、小斑病和丝黑穗病三大病害的抗性鉴定。4年来田间人工接菌鉴定1281份种质资源,筛选出抗病性能好、抗性遗传稳定,配合力较高、农艺性状较好的抗源材料16份供育种单位应用,已先后组配的杂交组合66个,其中已育成经省级鉴定并在生产上推广的有2个品种,有8个品种已通过省级区试,尚有4个品种正在区试中。     

不同基因型玉米杂交种大喇叭口期的耐盐性

以25个不同基因型玉米品种为试验材料,在宁夏银北盐碱地(土壤含盐量为2.337~6.935 g·kg~(-1)),通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期的表型性状和生理生化指标进行耐盐性鉴定,并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐性强弱进行综合评价。结果表明:随着盐胁迫程度的增加,不同玉米品种的株高、茎粗、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均明显降低;轻度胁迫(土壤含盐量为2.337 g·kg~(-1))时,株高、茎粗、SPAD三者之间均呈极显著正相关;严重胁迫(土壤含盐量为6.935 g·kg~(-1))时,茎粗、SPAD值、冠层温度三者之间均呈显著正相关,冠层温度与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)呈显著负相关,膜透性与SOD呈极显著正相关,其它各农艺性状与生理指标间均没有达到显著相关。不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐碱能力根据综合评价值(D值)大小来评价,将耐盐碱性分为四级:宁3-2/1528、A3高/1519为A类的玉米材料,其D值0.8,代表强耐盐性的品种;B类的玉米材料有6份,其0.6D值0.8,代表较耐盐性的品种;C类的玉米材料有12份,其由0.4D值0.6,代表弱耐盐性的品种;D类的玉米材料有5份,分别为H242/1522、北21/1522、A18/1506、A49/1528、TY1,其D值0.4,代表盐敏感性品种。     

26份芸芥种质的耐盐性评价

为了明确26份芸芥种质的耐盐性差异，本试验采用6个不同浓度盐溶液，包括0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% 和 1.0% NaCl处理芽期芸芥，测定了发芽率、胚根长等指标；筛选出0.6%、0.8% NaCl溶液处理苗期芸芥，测定了幼苗生长及耐盐生理相关指标，并采用模糊数学隶属函数法评价不同芸芥材料的耐盐性。 结果表明：(1) 0.6%盐胁迫所造成的芸芥萌发抑制率接近50%，0.8%盐胁迫基本造成了生长的停滞(发芽率8%)，因此认为这两个浓度是盐胁迫抑制芸芥生长的阈值。(2) 随着盐浓度的增加，正常种苗率变小，其均值变化为57.62%～34.45%；苗高、根长、根鲜重、苗鲜重均下降，其中各指标的变幅分别为0.99～0.77 cm，0.69～0.44 cm，0.0034～0.0023 g，0.0244～0.0176 g。(3) 根据隶属函数总平均值大小将参试材料进行耐盐性分类：耐盐性较强的材料（0.6133≤隶属值总平均值≤0.7261），包括08武芸3-1等；耐盐性中等的材料（0.4274≤隶属值总平均值≤0.5911），包括临洮芸芥等；耐盐性较弱的材料（0.3894≤隶属值总平均值≤0.0280），包括13芸芥68-3等。(4) 耐盐材料中游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著高于耐盐性较差的材料。总之，26份芸芥种质材料对NaCl溶液胁迫的耐受性存在明显差异，通过模糊数学隶属函数法综合苗期各指标筛选出的耐盐材料，可进一步用于耐盐育种与耐盐基因挖掘。     

无芒雀麦苗期耐盐指标筛选及耐盐性综合评价

采用温室模拟Na Cl盐胁迫试验方法,设置5种Na Cl浓度即0%(CK)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%,对5份无芒雀麦种质材料叶绿素含量(Chl)、相对电导率(REC)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛含量(Pro)等11项指标进行测定,对各单项指标的耐盐系数进行主成分分析、隶属函数法和逐步回归等方法进行无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:根据耐盐综合评价值D值得出材料耐盐性排序:ZXY05P-171>ZXY05P-604>ZXY05P-629>ZXY06P-2592>ZXY05P-735,筛选出叶绿素含量(Chl)、脯氨酸含量(Pro)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)4个无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性评价指标;5份材料耐盐性预测回归模型:D=-4.344+6.158Chl+0.076Pro-1.591POD-0.129MDA,为无芒雀麦苗期耐盐种质材料评价及新品种选育提供科学理论依据。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Rapid Identification of Clavibacter michiganensis Subspecies sepedonicus Using Two Primers Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (TP-RAPD) Fingerprints

Twenty strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic origins and other reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens, were analysed with a new procedure named TP-RAPD that originates fingerprints of bacterial species. This procedure uses two primers to amplify the 16S rDNA gene. At 45 °C of annealing, the PCR product electrophoresed in agarose gels produced a band pattern that was different in all bacterial species studied as well as in the subspecies of C. michiganensis. All strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus displayed the same TP-RAPD number of pattern. Unlike Gram negative bacteria, Gram positives of high G + C content, such as Clavibacter, produced low bands in TP-RAPD. By using a different set of two primers also based in the 16S rDNA sequence from Escherichia coli a more adequate amplification of Gram positives of high G + C including a greater number of bands was obtained. TP-RAPD patterns using the new set of primers described in this work is a reliable and fast method to identify C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.