土壤盐分对干旱区盐渍土壤碳垂直分布的影响

以新疆玛纳斯县盐渍土壤盐分和碳为研究对象,通过野外实地采样调查,分析干旱区盐渍土条件下的土壤盐分、有机碳、无机碳的垂直分布(0~300 cm)特征,探究土壤盐分对土壤碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明:土壤盐分含量随剖面深度增加呈"先增后降"的趋势,有机碳(SOC)含量随剖面深度增加呈下降趋势,无机碳(SIC)含量随剖面深度增加无明显变化规律。土壤剖面中,盐分与有机碳(SOC)含量及密度呈显著正相关(P0.05),在0~100cm土体中相关性最高(r=0.53);盐分与无机碳(SIC)含量及密度在整个土体中呈负相关关系,相关性不显著。     

长期施肥对绿洲农田土壤有机碳和无机碳的影响

以中国科学院阜康荒漠生态站的绿洲农田养分循环长期定位试验（始于1990年）为研究平台,研究了无施肥处理（CK）、单施化肥处理（NPK）、有机/无机配施处理（NPKM）和秸秆还田处理（NPKS）下,土壤无机碳(SIC)和有机碳(SOC)在剖面和各施肥年限的含量变化特征及其影响。结果表明：施肥、剖面层次和施肥年限对SOC与SIC含量变化影响显著(P<0.01)。在各施肥处理中,与CK相比,NPK、NPKM和NPKS的SOC与SIC含量明显增加(P<0.05）,并且有机/无机肥配施模式下的SIC含量显著高于单施化肥模式;在剖面层次间,SIC含量从0～20 cm 的9.12 g/kg 增加到40～60 cm 的9.94 g/kg,而SOC变化趋势与之相反。表明合理施肥能够增加土壤表层有机碳含量,有机/无机配施会使耕层以下土壤无机碳增加。     

小飞蓬入侵对伊犁河谷草原土壤有机碳的影响

为探讨小飞蓬入侵对伊犁河谷草原生态系统的影响,揭示小飞蓬的入侵机制,对不同入侵程度(轻度、中度、重度)小飞蓬及本地植物猪毛蒿根际土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤容重和土壤含水量的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:随着小飞蓬入侵程度的加深,土壤SOC含量上升:小飞蓬重度、中度、轻度入侵和猪毛蒿群落土壤有机碳含量平均值分别为16.70、11.31、9.56 g·kg~(-1)和8.23 g·kg~(-1),表明小飞蓬入侵增加了伊犁河谷草原土壤SOC的含量,随着入侵程度的加深,土壤SOC含量提高更加明显,同时增加了伊犁河谷草原土壤的碳汇功能。从垂直分布剖面上看,4个群落土壤SOC含量变化一致:随着土壤深度的增加而SOC含量减少,且最大土壤SOC含量均出现在0～20 cm土层,小飞蓬重度、中度、轻度入侵和猪毛蒿群落最大土壤SOC含量分别为:20.3、15.0、13.2 g·kg~(-1)和11.5 g·kg~(-1)。小飞蓬重度、中度、轻度入侵和猪毛蒿群落土壤容重平均值分别为5.02、4.94、4.85 g·kg~(-1)和5.09 g·kg~(-1),土壤含水量平均值分别为1.22%、1.20%、1.19%和1.24%,表明小飞蓬的入侵改变了伊犁河谷土壤物理性质,随着小飞蓬入侵程度的加深不断降低土壤容重与含水量,土壤含水量与土壤容重存在极显著的正相关性(P0.01),结合土壤SOC进行分析,发现土壤容重与含水量对土壤SOC的影响一致,均呈现极其显著的负相关性(P0.01)。     

连续14年保护性耕作对土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的影响

依托于2001年布设在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区的保护性耕作定位试验,于2014年测定了5种保护性耕作(免耕+秸秆覆盖NTS、免耕NT、传统耕作+秸秆翻埋TS、传统耕作+地膜覆盖TP和免耕+地膜覆盖NTP)和传统耕作T处理下小麦-豌豆双序列轮作中表层土壤(0~5、5~10、10~30 cm)总有机碳(SOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)在作物生育期前后的变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳在土壤剖面上均随着土层深度的增加而降低;相比传统耕作T,NTS和TS处理能显著提高0~30 cm土层中SOC、LFOC的含量,在作物播种前较T分别提高了19.51%、64.58%和13.36%、42.08%,在收获后分别提高了28.00%、85.37%和18.61%、77.82%,而SOC、LFOC含量NT和TP处理与T处理间差异不显著;从作物播种前至收获后,各处理下0~30 cm土层SOC含量均有减小趋势,其中NTS和TS处理变化量最小,NT和TP处理加大了作物生育期间SOC和LFOC的消耗;LFOC可以灵敏地反应出土壤有机碳的变化。因此,在该区推行以免耕、秸秆覆盖为主的保护性耕作措施更有利于碳的积累和土壤质量的改善,促进该区农业的可持续发展。     

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施，但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验，设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^-2,LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理，研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明：与CK相比，HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0～10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10～20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量，同时还显著提高了0～20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例；而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知，长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量，且提高覆盖量有助于促进...     

巴音布鲁克主要草地类型表层土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素的研究

以新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克主要草地类型为研究对象,分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明:分布在盆地海拔最低处的高山沼泽化草甸的土壤有机碳含量最高,而分布在盆地中间海拔的高山草原最低,分布在较高海拔的高寒草甸和高山草原化草甸处于高山沼泽化草甸和高山草原之间。0-30cm土壤有机碳含量与空气相对湿度、草地生产力、植被盖度、土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05),土壤有机碳与温度存在一定负相关,但未达到显著水平。偏相关分析显示,影响表层土壤有机碳含量最主要的因素是土壤含水量、土壤紧实度、草地生产力、空气相对湿度。     

盐湖区生态系统碳密度及其分配格局北大核心CSCD

由于对陆地生态系统土壤、植被碳蓄积量了解的缺乏,故在预测气候变化中存在较大分歧,因此很有必要对不同生态系统碳分布情况进行研究。本文以干旱盐湖为研究对象,探究盐湖生态系统碳分布特征。结果表明：土壤有机碳密度分布随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤无机碳呈无规律分布;100 cm土层内有机碳密度介于7.55-15.75 kg·m^-2之间,平均为12.54 kg·m^-2,占植物群落和土壤总有机碳密度的97.84%。黑果枸杞和铃铛刺为盐生群落的优势种,地上平均生物量为261.38 g·m^-2,占总生物量的70.49%,草本植物群落平均生物量仅为109.45g·m^-2;灌木和草本层地上生物量显著高于凋落物层（84.81±9.22）g·m^-2和（79.76±8.61）g·m^-2。盐生植物地下生物量随土层的增加而降低,0-100 cm土层总地下生物量为77.74 g·m^-2。盐生植物总生物量碳密度为276.48 g·m^-2,其中地上、凋落物和地下生物量分别占62.09%、25.75%和12.16%;地上植被和凋落物碳密度显著高于草本植物,根系生物量碳密度在剖面上分布不均,96.55%集中在0-50 cm土层。盐生植物地上地下以及凋落物平均碳含量43.09%,与经验系数（50%）换算得到碳密度相比实际碳密度高出13.80%,这将对植被碳储量的估算产生较大的偏差。     

露天煤矿复垦区土壤有机碳含量变化归因解析

土壤有机碳(SOC)是评价土壤质量变化的关键指标,辨析煤矿复垦区SOC演变过程、影响因素及驱动机制,对指导矿区复垦工作开展具有重要意义。文中以山西平朔露天煤矿复垦平盘土壤为研究对象,以空间序列替代时间序列,定量解析复垦SOC及剖面分布对复垦年限和复垦方式的响应。结果显示：复垦平盘SOC含量在0.82～16.11g·kg^-1之间,均值为3.53 g·kg^-1,变异系数为77.55%,其含量及变异性随土层深度增加而减小。随着复垦年限增加,SOC含量增加,不同复垦方式下SOC含量的分布特征依次为林地(5.31g·kg^-1)>耕地(2.98g·kg^-1)>未利用地(2.29g·kg^-1),而且林地SOC剖面分布差异最大,耕地SOC含量主要受复垦年限影响。变差分解显示,复垦年限、土层深度和土地利用方式分别可解释SOC含量变化的15.0%、10.3%和2.4%,复垦年限与土地利用方式共同解释11.2%的变化。复垦年限和复垦方式对20cm以下SOC的影响减弱,但复垦年限延长则增强...     

土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的影响

为了探求土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的效应,分析在改善土地利用形式和条件的同时,对生态环境效应的影响等。本研究开展了盐碱地、风沙地和黄土废弃宅基地等3类土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的作用和影响研究。结果表明,盐碱地、风沙地和废弃宅基地等3类土地整治类型土壤剖面总碳含量均得到提高;风沙地、废弃宅基地整治类型,土壤有机碳含量的变化显著影响土壤剖面总碳含量;而盐碱地整治类型,无机碳含量的变化显著影响土壤剖面总碳含量。3类整治类型不同程度地促使0~100 cm土壤剖面碳密度的提升;盐碱地、风沙地整治类型土壤剖面上的总碳含量和总碳密度变化趋势较一致;废弃宅基地整治类型因土壤容重变化较大,土壤剖面上的土壤总碳含量与总碳密度变化趋势不一致。由此可以得出,土地整治对增加农田土壤碳库容量有着重要意义,研究不同类型土地整治对土壤碳固持的影响有助于精确评估土壤碳库的总储量。     

准噶尔盆地西缘天然梭梭林土壤有机碳及养分的分布特征

采用现场调查取样、实验室分析的方法,研究了新疆准噶尔盆地西缘天然梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林下土壤有机碳和养分的分布特征,并分析了其与梭梭盖度的关系。结果表明:(1)天然梭梭林下土壤有机碳含量与梭梭盖度正相关,盖度≥70%(密盖度)时,SOC平均含量达4.17g/kg;盖度50-69%(中盖度)时,SOC平均含量达1.94g/kg;盖度30-49%(疏盖度)时,平均为1.79g/kg,表明土壤有机碳主要来源于梭梭林;(2)密盖度的土壤全N、全P、全K以及速效N、速效P和速效K均大于中、疏两种盖度;(3)土壤有机碳含量与全N、全P、速效N、速效K均呈显著或极显著正相关;(4)在土壤垂直剖面中,上层土SOC及养分含量稍大于下层土,表明梭梭体内积累的氮、磷、钾还可以归还土壤。总体上看,林下土壤中的SOC与氮、磷、钾的分布都受控于梭梭的分布与生长状况。     

Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests rapidly increased the content and ratio of inert carbon in soil macroaggregates

The lack of clarity of how natural vegetation restoration influences soil organic carbon (SOC) content and SOC components in soil aggregate fractions limits the understanding of SOC sequestration and turnover in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to explore how natural vegetation restoration affects the SOC content and ratio of SOC components in soil macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53-250 μm), and silt and clay (<53 μm) fractions in 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-year-old Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests, Shaanxi, China in 2015. And the associated effects of biomasses of leaf litter and different sizes of roots (0-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and >2.0 mm diameter) on SOC components were studied too. Results showed that the contents of high activated carbon (HAC), activated carbon (AC) and inert carbon (IC) in the macroaggregates, microaggregates and silt and clay fractions increased with restoration ages. Moreover, IC content in the microaggregates in topsoil (0-20 cm) rapidly increased; peaking in the 90-year-old restored forest, and was 5.74 times higher than AC content. In deep soil (20-80 cm), IC content was 3.58 times that of AC content. Biomasses of 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots and leaf litter affected the content of aggregate fractions in topsoil, while the biomass of >2.0 mm diameter roots affected the content of aggregate fractions in deep soil. Across the soil profiles, macroaggregates had the highest capacity for HAC sequestration. The effects of restoration ages on soil aggregate fractions and SOC content were less in deep soil than in topsoil. In conclusion, natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests improved the contents of SOC, especially IC within topsoil and deep soil. The influence of IC on aggregate stability was greater than the other SOC components, and the aggregate stability was significantly affected by the biomasses of litter, 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots in topsoil and >2.0 mm diameter roots in deep soil. Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests promoted SOC sequestration by soil macroaggregates.     

不同放牧压力下荒漠草原土壤有机碳特征及其与植被之间关系的研究

研究了荒漠草原土壤有机碳的特征及其与植被之间的关系。结果表明:0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量随着放牧强度的增加而降低,未放牧区(CK)>轻度放牧区(LG)>中度放牧区(MG)>重度放牧区(HG),中度放牧区和重度放牧区分别显著低于未放牧区(P<0.05);0-10cm土层土壤有机碳含量与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,与草群高度具有较强的相关性;10-20cm土层土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,而与草群高度的相关性较弱;根据相关性的强弱,建立了土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度的线性回归模型。     

密度调控对华北落叶松人工林土壤有机碳及养分特征的影响

以华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究不同林分密度下(分别为740、1480、2000和2170株.hm-2)各土层的土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度、养分特征以及它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量及碳密度随着土壤深度增加而减少,呈明显的垂直分布特征;当林分密度增大到2170株.hm-2时,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度显著增加至最大,分别为25.45g.kg-1和15.68kg.m-2,并与740株.hm-2林地土壤有机碳含量及碳密度差异显著。当林分密度由740株.hm-2增加到2170株.hm-2时,各种养分变化规律不尽一致,但当林分密度为2170株.hm-2时,0-60cm深度的土壤全氮、全磷及速效钾含量均保持在一个相对较高的水平,而土壤全钾和有效磷含量仅在0-20cm土层较高。对于落叶松人工林地整个土壤剖面,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度与土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾含量均呈显著或极显著正相关。从林地土壤固碳的角度,建议将华北落叶松人工林的林分密度控制在2170株.hm-2。     

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon (OC) associated with water-stable aggregates (WSA). Moreover, the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA. Corn straw was returned in the following depths: (1) on undisturbed soil surface (NTS), (2) in the 0-10 cm soil depth (MTS), (3) in the 0-20 cm soil depth (CTS), and (4) no corn straw applied (CK). After five years (2014-2018), soil was sampled in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and WSA fractions. The results showed that compared with CK, corn straw amended soils (NTS, MTS and CTS) increased SOC content by 11.55%-16.58%, WEOC by 41.38%-51.42%, KMnO₄-C and LFOC by 29.84%-34.09% and 56.68%-65.36% in the 0-40 cm soil depth. The LFOC and KMnO₄-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes. Compared with CK, soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%-40.48% in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00% of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK. No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period, indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure, and would not decline crop production.     

山西太岳山不同林分土壤有机碳储量研究

基于山西太岳山系灵空山景区侧柏林、油松林、辽东栎林、辽东栎和油松混交林4种林分调查,通过密集采样和样品分析研究不同林分土壤不同层次(0-10cm、10-20cm、20-30cm、30-50cm、50-100cm)有机碳含量、有机碳密度和有机碳储量及分布特征。结果如下:山西太岳山森林平均1m土层土壤的有机碳储量一般不超过30g·kg-1,调查的四种林分在16.2g·kg-1到29.6g·kg-1;所调查的四种林分的土壤有机碳储量、碳密度随着土层深度递减,其中油松林、侧柏林、辽东栎林30cm以上土壤中有机碳储量占到100cm土层中有机碳储量的85%以上,表层土壤碳储量贡献大;阔叶林碳储量高于针叶林,混交林碳储量高于纯林,辽东栎油松针阔混交林土壤有机碳含量是油松林土壤碳含量的2.4倍,辽东栎林土壤碳储量大约分别是侧柏林、油松林的1.4和1.9倍。因此为增加森林土壤固碳,建议使用混交林并减少人类活动对森林表土层的干扰和破坏。     

Hierarchical responses of soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics to soil acidification in a dryland agroecosystem,China

Soil acidification is a major global issue of sustainable development for ecosystems. The increasing soil acidity induced by excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization in farmlands has profoundly impacted the soil carbon dynamics. However, the way in which changes in soil p H regulating the soil carbon dynamics in a deep soil profile is still not well elucidated. In this study, through a 12-year field N fertilization experiment with three N fertilizer treatments(0, 120, and 240 kg N/(hm~2·a)) in a dryland agroecosystem of China, we explored the soil p H changes over a soil profile up to a depth of 200 cm and determined the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) to the changed soil p H. Using a generalized additive model, we identified the soil depth intervals with the most powerful statistical relationships between changes in soil p H and soil carbon dynamics. Hierarchical responses of SOC and SIC dynamics to soil acidification were found. The results indicate that the changes in soil p H explained the SOC dynamics well by using a non-linear relationship at the soil depth of 0–80 cm(P=0.006), whereas the changes in soil p H were significantly linearly correlated with SIC dynamics at the 100–180 cm soil depth(P=0.015). After a long-term N fertilization in the experimental field, the soil p H value decreased in all three N fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the declines in soil p H in the deep soil layer(100–200 cm) were significantly greater(P=0.035) than those in the upper soil layer(0–80 cm). These results indicate that soil acidification in the upper soil layer can transfer excess protons to the deep soil layer, and subsequently, the structural heterogeneous responses of SOC and SIC to soil acidification were identified because of different buffer capacities for the SOC and SIC. To better estimate the effects of soil acidification on soil carbon dynamics, we suggest that future investigations for soil acidification should be extended to a deeper soil depth, e.g., 200 cm.     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

川西北高寒沙地红柳灌丛内外有机碳及腐殖质碳组分变化特征

为了解川西北高寒沙地红柳对土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分的影响,选取了沙地上修复24 a的红柳灌丛作为研究对象,通过野外调查并结合土壤样品采集和室内分析,研究了川西北沙地红柳灌丛根区(SR)、灌丛中部(SM)、灌丛边缘(SE)、灌丛外部(SO)的0~20,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分变化特征。结果表明:随着距灌丛植株水平距离的增加,土壤有机碳(SOC)、胡敏酸碳(HAC)、富里酸碳(FAC)和胡敏素碳(HMC)含量均呈现下降的特征;0~20 cm表层土壤,灌丛根区、灌丛中部和灌丛边缘土壤有机碳含量分别为灌丛外部的1.86倍、2.35倍和1.63倍,灌丛根区、灌丛中部和灌丛边缘土壤腐殖质碳含量分别为灌丛外部的1.96倍、0.68倍和1.22倍;在距灌丛植株水平距离相同条件下,随土层深度增加,土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳各组分含量呈降低趋势;在灌丛根区,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤有机碳相对于0~20 cm土层分别降低了32.31%和38.38%,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤腐殖质碳相对于0~20 cm土层分别降低了49.34%和53.40%。研究得出,红柳灌丛内外土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分存在空间异质性分布。