利用SEBAL模型对沙拉沐沦河流域蒸散发的分析

以2001年7月10日的MODIS数据为数据源,采用基于地表热量平衡的SEBAL模型估算位于半干旱地区的沙拉沐沦河流域的实际蒸散发量,综合分析蒸散发量与土地利用/覆被、地表温度、植被指数、高程、坡度和坡向的关系。结果表明:该流域的夏季日实际蒸散发量空间差异比较大,从0mm到6.57mm,平均蒸散发约2.90mm;蒸散发的空间分布不均匀,流域边缘林地覆盖区的蒸散发最高,中部和流域出口所在的草地、耕地分布区相对较低。实际蒸散发量与地表温度和归一化植被指数高度线性相关;不同的土地利用类型具有不同的日平均蒸散发量,林地的日平均蒸散发量最高,其次为耕地,建设用地最低。     

基于双层阻抗模型的玛纳斯河流域ET遥感估算

针对水文水资源分析计算中最难估算的分量-蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET),以典型干旱区流域-玛纳斯河流域为研究对象,采用理论基础坚实、区域应用限制小、反演陆面蒸散发较为合理准确的双层阻抗模型,并根据研究区实际情况进行了模型参数化的基础上,结合MOIDS数据、气象观测数据和DEM数据,估算了该流域的陆面蒸散发量,并分析了其时空分布特征。研究结果表明:中高山区和绿洲平原区,由于植被覆盖度高,以植被蒸腾为主,蒸散发量小;而低山丘陵区和沙漠区,由于植被稀疏,以土壤蒸发为主,蒸发强烈,因而蒸散发量最大。     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的大安灌区旱田灌溉入渗补给研究

以吉林省大安灌区为研究对象,在野外调查和资料收集的基础上,借助Hydrus-1D模型,模拟分析了旱田(玉米地)灌溉条件下地下水入渗补给过程。结果表明：模拟期间蒸散发动态变化较大,蒸腾量约为蒸发量的2.18倍,玉米生育期内,土壤水分蒸腾损失约占蒸散发消耗的79.74%,蒸散发在作物生长旺季以蒸腾为主,其它时段则以蒸发为主;旱田灌溉条件下,降水灌溉大量入渗形成土壤水,土壤水与地下水发生双向的、动态的水量频繁交换,模拟中地下水入渗补给量约为33.63 mm,入渗比为5.21%,其与研究区细密的包气带介质岩性有关。研究成果可为进一步开展旱田灌溉合理方案的制定提供科学依据。     

祁连山老虎沟地区高寒草甸蒸散发估算

利用祁连山老虎沟地区海拔4200m气象观测站2010年的观测资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式,再利用作物系数法,对高寒草甸生长季(5月22-9月22)的蒸散发量进行估算和分析。结果发现:研究期共有124天,蒸散发总量为238.3mm,日均为1.87mm·d-1。生长初期、生长中期、生长末期的蒸散发总量依次为22.6mm,179.1mm,36.6mm,依次占研究期总量的8.4%,75.2%,15.3%。5月下旬至6月中旬,日均蒸散发量以较低水平缓慢上升;6月下旬迅速增加;6月末至7月中旬猛然回落;7月中旬至8月末,日均蒸散发量迅速上升且维持在较高水平;此后直到9月22日,缓慢减少。5-9月月蒸散发总量依次为6.6mm,46.4mm,74.5mm,77.6mm,33.1mm。     

柴达木盆地多元信息融合遥感蒸散发估算

蒸散发是水循环中水量、能量平衡的关键过程。REDRAW模型对典型遥感蒸散发模型SEBAL干湿限选取方式进行改进，使用理论计算法估算干湿限地表温度以降低空间歧义性。为检验这两个模型在柴达木地区的适用性，以及气象校正对于蒸散发的敏感性，文中使用ERA5再分析数据、地表站点观测融合作为气象输入，采用REDRAW和SEBAL两种单源遥感蒸散发模型反演柴达木盆地2001-2020年1km×1km分辨率逐月蒸散发，由此求得多年平均蒸散发并水量平衡闭合验证。结果表明：REDRAW模型估算的柴达木盆地年均蒸散发为178.5mm,水量平衡闭合度为89.2%,较SEBAL模型能更好地描述该区域蒸散发特征；基于随机森林模型的气象校正算法可以纠正ERA5再分析数据的系统性偏差，能一定程度上消除缺乏气象站点观测引起的蒸散发估算误差。     

青海湖沙柳河流域蒸散发时空变化特征

蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)是植被和地面整体向大气输送的水汽总通量，其作为能量平衡及水循环的重要组成部分，不仅影响植物的生长发育，还可通过影响大气环流从而调节气候。本研究基于MODIS影像数据，结合数字高程模型(DEM)数据和气象数据，采用ArcGIS空间分析和数理统计方法对2000—2019年青海湖沙柳河流域近20 a的蒸散发时空特征进行了研究，并探究了流域蒸散发和气象因子的相关关系及其地形和海拔效应。结果表明：(1)青海湖沙柳河流域年均蒸散量在379.7～575.4 mm，平均蒸散量为501.9 mm，年均蒸散量呈显著的增加趋势(P<0.01)，线性斜率为5.98 mm·a^-1。(2)青海湖沙柳河流域多年平均蒸散量空间差异显著，其值表现为“中间高，两端低”的分布格局，即河源地区和下游河口三角洲地区低于中游地区。从不同植被类型带的多年平均蒸散量来看，高山草甸带>高山寒漠带>高山草原带。蒸散量较显著增加的区域主要分布在流域下游河口三角洲地区，占流域面积的9.7%，较轻微增加的区域占据流域主体，占流域81.2%。(3)年均蒸...     

蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究进展

蒸散发是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是度量土壤-植被-大气耦合系统中水文与能量传输的关键指标。因此,准确估算蒸散发,充分理解蒸散发的驱动力对干旱半干旱区水资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文对区域蒸散发估算方法进行了总结与归纳,并从气候变化和人类活动两个角度总结了干旱半干旱地区蒸散发变化的驱动力。最后,评论了当前蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究存在的问题,提出未来应加强蒸散发估算模型的改进与完善,合理规划土地利用,提高水资源利用效率,从而促进区域的可持续发展。     

蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究进展

蒸散发是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是度量土壤-植被-大气耦合系统中水文与能量传输的关键指标。因此,准确估算蒸散发,充分理解蒸散发的驱动力对干旱半干旱区水资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文对区域蒸散发估算方法进行了总结与归纳,并从气候变化和人类活动两个角度总结了干旱半干旱地区蒸散发变化的驱动力。最后,评论了当前蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究存在的问题,提出未来应加强蒸散发估算模型的改进与完善,合理规划土地利用,提高水资源利用效率,从而促进区域的可持续发展。     

基于遥感数据的于田绿洲土壤湿度时空变化及其影响因素分析

以典型干旱区新疆于田县绿洲为研究区,利用相关分析和非线性回归分析方法,研究了不同季节和深度的土壤湿度时空变化的影响因素。研究结果表明,对于研究区表层1m深度土壤,各个土层的土壤湿度存在着显著且强烈的相关关系,不同深度土层的土壤湿度空间变异程度不同,表层土壤湿度的空间变异程度较大。地下水位和土壤蒸散发量是研究区土壤湿度时空变化的主要控制因素,不同季节,地下水位和土壤蒸散发量对不同深度土壤湿度空间变化的影响力和影响深度不同,春季和夏季,都是地下水位大于土壤蒸散发量的影响力,土壤蒸散发量的影响深度在春季达到60-80cm,在夏季达到100cm。海拔高度和土壤温度对土壤湿度的空间变异有微弱的影响。在对土壤湿度时空变化具有显著影响的因素中,除土壤温度外,其它因素对土壤湿度时空变化的影响呈非线性关系。     

荒漠-绿洲芦苇地蒸散量及能量平衡特征

运用波文比-能量平衡法,对荒漠绿洲芦苇地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定,并对芦苇地蒸散特点和能量平衡特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①芦苇的蒸散速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化,蒸散量随着芦苇的不同生长阶段存在明显的季节变化,生长季芦苇地总蒸散量为252.5 mm,各阶段降水量均不能满足蒸散发的需水要求,需要地下水的补给。②地下水作为干旱区绿洲的主要水源,其对绿洲蒸散发耗水的影响也是极为重要。净辐射是芦苇地蒸散耗水的能量来源和驱动力,气温是蒸散发的主导影响因子。风速在这些主导因子的影响下,起到加速的作用。③荒漠绿洲芦苇地平均感热通量峰值一般在250~300 W/m2之间,潜热通量平均最大值120~230 W/m2,平均土壤热通量峰值约20 W/m2。6月感热通量在地面能量交换中占主要地位,感热通量占净辐射的52.7%,潜热通量占净辐射的42.6%。7月潜热通量占净辐射的55.0%,感热通量占净辐射的40.4%。9月感热通量占净辐射的60%以上,潜热通量仅占净辐射的30%。土壤热通量约占净辐射的8%。     

Spatio-temporal pattern and changes of evapotranspiration in arid Central Asia and Xinjiang of China

Accurate inversion of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) in arid areas is of great significance for understanding global eco-hydrological process and exploring the spatio-temporal variation and ecological response of water resources.It is also important in the functional evaluation of regional water cycle and water balance,as well as the rational allocation and management of water resources.This study,based on model validation analysis at varied scales in five Central Asian countries and China's Xinjiang,developed an appropriate approach for ET inversion in arid lands.The actual ET during growing seasons of the study area was defined,and the changes in water participating in evaporation in regional water cycle were then educed.The results show the simulation error of SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model under cloud amount consideration was 1.34% at 30-m spatial scale,2.75% at 1-km spatial scale and 6.37% at 4-km spatial scale.ET inversion for 1980-2007 applying SEBS model in the study area indicates:(1) the evaporation depth (May-September) by land types descends in the order of waters (660.24 mm) > cultivated land (464.66 mm) > woodland (388.44 mm) > urbanized land (168.16 mm) > grassland (160.48 mm) > unused land (83.08 mm);and (2) ET during the 2005 growing season in Xinjiang and Central Asia was 2,168.68×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.05) and 9,741.03×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.4),respectively.The results unveiled the spatio-temporal variation rules of ET process in arid areas,providing a reference for further research on the water cycle and water balance in similar arid regions.     

Uncertainty assessment of potential evapotranspiration in arid areas,as estimated by the Penman-Monteith method

The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method in arid areas,although questions remain as to the degree of this estimation error and how different surface conditions may affect the estimation error.To address these issues,we evaluated the uncertainty of the PM method under different underlying conditions in an arid area of Northwest China by analyzing data from 84 meteorological stations and various Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)products,including land surface temperature and surface albedo.First,we found that when the PM method used air temperature to calculate the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,it significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration;the mean annual and July–August overestimation was 83.9 and 36.7 mm,respectively.Second,the PM method usually set the surface albedo to a fixed value,which led to the potential evapotranspiration being underestimated;the mean annual underestimation was 27.5 mm,while the overestimation for July to August was 5.3 mm.Third,the PM method significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration in the arid area.This difference in estimation was closely related to the underlying surface conditions.For the entire arid zone,the PM method overestimated the potential evapotranspiration by 33.7 mm per year,with an overestimation of 29.0 mm from July to August.The most significant overestimation was evident in the mountainous and plain nonvegetation areas,in which the annual mean overestimation reached 5%and 10%,respectively;during July,there was an estimation of 10%and 20%,respectively.Although the annual evapotranspiration of the plains with better vegetation coverage was slightly underestimated,overestimation still occurred in July and August,with a mean overestimation of approximately 5%.In order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the arid zone,it is important that we identify a reasonable parameter with which to calibrate the PM formula,such as the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,and the surface albedo.We recommend that some parameters must be corrected when using PM in order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in arid regions.     

西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素

为深入认识西藏参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征,采用联合国粮农组织1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算西藏37个气象站点32 a(1981—2012年)的逐日ET_0,通过联合国防治荒漠化公约提出的全球干旱指数(UNEP)进行气候评价,利用空间插值及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对西藏及各气候区ET_0时空变化特征进行分析,并通过偏相关分析法对其主要影响因素进行探讨,结果表明:西藏共分为特干旱、干旱、半干旱、干旱半湿润、湿润半湿润和湿润气候区,主要为半干旱气候区。近32 a参考作物蒸散量整体呈减小趋势,变化趋势为-1.508 mm·a~(-1),可将32 a分为3个时段,1981—1989年处于高蒸散阶段,1989年后处于低蒸散阶段,2005年起又持续回升。西藏西部到东部,年际ET_0呈减小趋势。各气候区气象因子的影响基本符合平均气温日照时数平均风速相对湿度,且平均气温、日照时数及平均风速在干旱区的影响较湿润区更为显著。     

Attribution analysis based on Budyko hypothesis for land evapotranspiration change in the Loess Plateau,China

Land evapotranspiration (ET) is an important process connecting soil, vegetation and the atmosphere, especially in regions that experience shortage in precipitation. Since 1999, the implementation of a large-scale vegetation restoration project has significantly improved the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau in China. However, the quantitative assessment of the contribution of vegetation restoration projects to long-term ET is still in its infancy. In this study, we investigated changes in land ET and associated driving factors from 1982to 2014 in the Loess Plateau using Budyko-based partial differential methods. Overall, annual ET slightly increased by 0.28 mm/a and there were no large fluctuations after project implementation. An attribution analysis showed that precipitation was the driving factor of inter-annual variability of land ET throughout the study period; the average impacts of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and vegetation restoration on ET change were 61.5%, 11.5% and 26.9%, respectively. These results provide an improved understanding of the relationship between vegetation condition change and climate variation on terrestrial ET in the study area and can support future decision-making regarding water resource availability.     

Actual evapotranspiration of subalpine meadows in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration(ET) is of great importance for water saving, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this study, the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization) Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate the magnitude and temporal dynamics of reference evapotranspiration(ET0) in 2014 in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Meanwhile, actual ET(ETc) was also investigated by the eddy covariance(EC) system. Results indicated that ETc estimated by the EC System was 583 mm, lower than ET0(923 mm) estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model in 2014. Moreover, ET0 began to increase in March and reached the peak value in August and then declined in September, however, ETc began to increase from April and reached the peak value in July, and then declined in August. Total ETc and ET0 values during the growing season(from May to September) were 441 and 666 mm, respectively, which accounted for 75.73% of annual cumulative ETc and 72.34% of annual cumulative ET0, respectively. A crop coefficient(k_c) was also estimated for calculating the ETc, and average value of kc during the growing season was 0.81(ranging from 0.45 to 1.16). Air temperature(T_a), wind speed(u), net radiation(R_n) and soil temperature(T_s) at the depth of 5 cm and aboveground biomass were critical factors for affecting kc, furthermore, a daily empirical kc equation including these main driving factors was developed. Our result demonstrated that the ETc value estimated by the data of kc and ET0 was validated and consistent with the growing season data in 2015 and 2016.     

Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan

Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan.     

Evapotranspiration of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River,Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration is of great importance for water saving and irrigation-measure making, especially in arid or semiarid regions. Although studies of evapotranspiration have been conducted for a long time, studies concentrated on oasis-desert transition zone are very limited. On the basis of the meteorological data and other parameters(e.g. leaf area index(LAI)) of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River from 2005 to 2011, this paper calculated both reference(ET0) and actual evapotranspiration(ETc) using FAO56 Penman-Monteith and Penman-Monteith models, respectively. In combination with pan evaporation(Ep) measured by E601 pan evaporator, four aspects were analyzed:(1) ET0 was firstly verified by Ep;(2) Characteristics of ET0 and ETc were compared, while the influencing factors were also analyzed;(3) Since meteorological data are often unavailable for estimating ET0 through FAO56 Penman-Monteith model in this region, pan evaporation coefficient(Kp) is very important when using observed Ep to predict ET0. Under this circumstance, an empirical formula of Kp was put forward for this region;(4) Crop coefficient(Kc), an important index to reflect evapotranspiration, was also analyzed. Results show that mean annual values of ET0 and ETc were 840 and 221 mm, respectively. On the daily bases, ET0 and ETc were 2.3 and 0.6 mm/d, respectively. The annual tendency of ET0 and ETc was very similar, but their amplitude was obviously different. The differences among ET0 and ETc were mainly attributed to the different meteorological variables and leaf area index. The calculated Kc was about 0.25 and showed little variation during the growing season, indicating that available water(e.g. precipitation and irrigation) of about 221 mm/a was required to keep the water balance in this region. The results provide an comprehensive analysis of evapotranspiration for an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River, which was seldom reported before.     

山西省不同生态分区增强型植被指数(EVI)对气候因子的响应

利用2000—2014年MODIS EVI数据、27个气象站点逐月气温和降雨量、MOD16蒸散量数据,分析了山西省15年来的植被覆盖变化及其对气温、降水和蒸散量的响应特征。结果表明:(1)山西省植被总体呈现上升趋势,增速为2.6%·10a~(-1),不同生态分区中Ⅱ东部大行山山地Ⅲ中部盆地Ⅳ西部山地Ⅰ晋北山地Ⅴ晋西黄土丘陵区。(2)山西省植被覆盖具有较大的区域差异,其中东南部的EVI明显高于西北部,EVI频度图呈现"单峰结构",全省绝大部分地区呈现不变或增加趋势,显著面积比例为25.95%,严重退化面积比例为1.04%。(3)基于年尺度的EVI与降水、蒸散量呈正相关,与温度负相关,基于月尺度的EVI与气温、蒸散量呈显著正相关,蒸散量与EVI的相关性好于降水、温度单一因子,而降雨量对EVI变化存在一个阈值。(4)从生长季考虑,从春季到夏季各大生态区蒸散量与EVI均为正相关并且逐渐加强,秋季除Ⅲ中部盆地外其它自然区均为负相关。     

干旱区农田蒸散量的日间变化分析

塔里木灌区位于中国新疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘 ,本区开垦前是沙漠起伏、灌木丛生的原始荒漠 ,原始胡杨林点片连绵生长于荒漠之中。 1 95 2年 3月开垦至 1 996年 ,全灌区总灌溉面积已达到 660 0 0 ha。形成了稳定的农业生态环境 ,成为塔里木盆地最大的新绿洲。绿洲内部农田蒸散的日变化规律 ,极具干旱区特点。本文通过中国科学院阿克苏水平衡试验站的观测试验和一些干旱、半干旱及湿润地区的蒸发日变化过程进行了对比分析 ,论述了干旱区蒸发日变化的某些特征。