非充分滴灌分配对等行距机采棉生长特性、产量及水分利用率的影响

以棉花品种新陆中54号为试材,采用裂区试验设计,主区为滴灌周期分别为7天1次(T1）和10天1次(T2）,副区为3个滴灌频次:6次(D6)、7次(D7)、8次(D8),研究等行距机采棉最适宜非充分滴灌周期与频次。结果表明:同一滴灌频次下,生育进程随着滴灌周期的增加而明显延迟,真叶数和有效果枝数随着滴灌周期的增加而增加,株高和倒四叶宽随着滴灌周期的增加呈增加的趋势;同一滴灌周期下,真叶数和主茎节间长随着滴灌频次的增加而增加,株高和倒四叶宽随着滴灌频次的增加而略有降低;有效果枝、LAI、SPAD值、现蕾数、成铃数随着滴灌频次的增加呈先升后降的趋势,以D7处理较高,生长特征值较为协调;滴灌周期处理间,单铃重、皮棉产量及水利用效率差异不显著,但随着滴灌频次的增加其呈先增后降的趋势,以D7处理最高,分别比D6、D8平均增产12.7%、13.5%,水分利用效率分别提高了12.9%、13.7%。因此,在南疆阿克苏地区,等行距机采棉滴灌周期为10天1次条件下,滴灌频次为7次适宜。     

滴灌施肥量对棉花生长、养分吸收及产量的影响

2012年以新陆早33号棉花为供试作物,利用田间小区试验研究了大田膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌施肥量对棉花植株氮、磷、钾养分的吸收、干物质积累及籽棉产量的影响。设置了5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60 kg·hm-2和350-140-70 kg·hm-2(分别记为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),灌水量为100%ETc(作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明:在新疆膜下滴灌条件下,棉花干物质积累与氮、磷、钾养分吸收和吸收速率均随着滴灌施肥量的增加呈增大的趋势,施肥量达到F4时,棉花的干物质累积和氮、磷、钾的吸收和吸收速率最大;随着施肥量的增加,棉花产量有增加的趋势,但当施肥量大于F3,棉花产量随施肥量的增加(F3,F4,F5)无显著性差异;F3施肥水平下的氮肥农学效率、磷肥农学效率、钾肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力显著大于F4与F5施肥水平。从节肥和生态可持续发展角度来看,F3施肥水平,即250-100-50 kg·hm-2(NP2O5-K2O)为最佳滴灌施肥量。     

极端干旱区降解膜对棉田耗水、籽棉产量及水分利用的影响

为探明降解膜在极端干旱区滴灌棉花的应用效果,设置4种不同类型的降解膜(黑色氧化—生物双降解膜M1、白色氧化—生物双降解膜M2、黑色全生物降解膜M3及白色全生物降解膜M4),以普通塑料地膜为对照(CK)开展试验,分析降解膜的降解情况、棉田耗水规律、株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、单株干物质累积量,籽棉产量及水分利用效率.结果表明...     

Tillage implement effects on herbicide efficacy and the yield of cotton grown under a sprinkler or drip irrigation system

Field experiments were conducted during 2003 and 2004 at four locations in northern Greece to evaluate the effects of tillage implements and herbicide treatments on the weed control and yield of cotton grown under a mobile sprinkler or drip irrigation system. The tillage implements consisted of three seedbed preparation tillage implements: a field cultivator with a double rolling basket, a disk harrow or a rotary harrow. The herbicide treatments consisted of a broadcast preplant-incorporated (PPI) application of trifluralin or S-metolachlor followed by pre-emergence (PRE)-applied prometryn, a PRE 38 cm band application of S-metolachlor plus fluometuron or a broadcast PPI application of S-metolachlor followed by early postemergence-applied trifloxysulfuron-sodium. In most cases, the PPI applications followed by the PRE application of prometryn resulted in the greatest control of black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.), redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.). The control of black nightshade and common lambsquarters was slightly reduced when the herbicides were incorporated by rotary harrow. The cotton yield was not affected in most cases by the tillage implements, while the drip irrigation system provided a greater or similar cotton yield as compared with the sprinklers. The PPI application of trifluralin followed by the PRE-applied prometryn in the cotton grown under drip irrigation provided the greatest lint yield in most cases. Therefore, a drip irrigation system and disk harrow or field cultivator implement could be used as the first choice of cotton growers in integrated crop management production systems.     

不同种植方式对棉田土壤温度、棉花耗水 和生长的影响

通过2010-2011年大田试验,研究了平作、沟播和地膜覆盖(沟播+地膜覆盖)下棉花生长、水分消耗以及棉田地温变化情况.结果表明:地膜覆盖对棉花苗期和现蕾期地温日变化、最高温影响最大,通过提高土壤温度的最高值来影响土壤温度变化,开花结铃期以后种植方式对地温的影响不明显;不同种植方式对土壤水分也产生了一定影响,覆膜处理的土壤含水量高于其他2种处理,2010年覆膜和沟播处理比平作处理下的水分利用效率分别提高62.4％和25.3％,2011年为26.1％和10.3％;覆膜处理下的棉花净光合速率、生物量和籽棉产量都高于平作和沟播处理,而沟播与平作间的差异不明显;与平作相比,2010和2011年覆膜和沟播处理下的棉花水分利用效率分别提高了0.17、0.10 kg·m-3和0.10、0.03 kg·m-3.覆膜处理与沟播和平作处理相比,能够提高棉花生育前期的地温,有效地保持土壤水分,有利于棉花增产,最终提高了水分利用效率.     

氮肥减施对棉花产量、干物质生产与氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究北疆棉花干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率对不同减氮水平的响应,本研究通过两年的田间试验(2020—2021年),设置农户常规施氮375 kg·hm^-2(N_100%)、常规减量20%为300 kg·hm^-2(N_80%)、常规减量40%为225 kg·hm^-2(N_60%)和不施氮肥(N₀)4个施氮水平,研究减氮下棉花干物质积累、农艺性状及产量的变化规律,分析植株氮素吸收量、氮肥利用率对减氮的响应。研究结果表明,两年试验期棉花的株高均表现为N_100%>N_80%>N_60%>N₀,而茎粗表现为N_80%>N_100%>N_60%>N₀。各处理的年均干物质积累量在棉花生育期内基本表现为N_80%最高,且最终(120～13...     

Direct and indirect impacts of integrated pest management on pesticide use: a case of rice agriculture in Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Integrated pest management (IPM) technology has been disseminated since 1989 in Indonesia to cut down pesticide use, but the adoption and diffusion of the technology are still debated. This study aims to estimate the models of demand for pesticides and to analyse the impact of IPM technology on pesticide use. Aggregate cross-section time series data from 1990-1998 are used.RESULTS: The results show that IPM technology reduces the use of pesticides by improving the process of rice production, such that pesticides are more efficiently used. In this case, the IPM technology is not a pest control technique.CONCLUSION There is an indication that IPM technology has been adopted by farmers. This is evidence that the IPM programme in Indonesia was successful in this area. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

4种种衣剂防治棉花苗期主要病虫害效果及经济效益比较

为明确4种复合型种衣剂对棉花苗期主要病虫害的防治效果和经济效益,以‘新陆早41号’为试材,采用田间小区试验,研究400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵种子处理悬浮剂(FS)、26%多菌灵·福美双·甲基立枯磷FS、25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS和30%噻虫嗪·嘧菌酯·咪鲜胺FS对棉花出苗、苗期立枯病和红腐病、地下害虫、苗期蓟马、蚜虫和产量的影响,分析其防治病虫害的效果及经济效益,以期筛选出田间试验效果最佳的种衣剂。结果表明:播种10 d时4种种衣剂处理的出苗率显著优于对照,较对照增加6.64%~19.23%,播种30 d时4种种衣剂对苗期立枯病和红腐病防治效果分别为30.88%~50.74%和31.13%~59.15%,对棉花地下害虫和蓟马的防治效果分别为39.24%~69.62%和39.12%~63.04%。棉花上蚜虫发生时间推迟1~3 d。400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵FS防病效果最佳,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防虫效果最佳。种衣剂处理收获株数较对照增加0.78%~1.11%,增产量为53.70~184.40 kg/hm 2,经济效益为322.20~1106.40元/hm 2,投入产出比为1∶5.65~1∶12.29。综合分析显示,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防治苗期病虫害和增产效果较好,具有推广应用价值。     

Some effects of plant densities and carbofuran on the damage by Diopsis thoracica West,and Maliarpha separatella Rag. and yield of rice in Nigeria

Abstract

In a field study of the effects of plant densities and carbofuran on damage by Diopsis thoracica Westwood and Maliarpha separatella Ragonot, significant increases were recorded in the percentage of dead hearts and bored stems in widely spaced rice plants. Carbofuran treatments resulted in significant control of borers, the best treatment being that covering early growth up to 40 days after transplanting. There was a significant depression of yield components and total yield with closer spacing. Yield increases of 59%, 32% and 55% for the 1983 planting, and 55%, 35% and 50% for the 1984 planting, were recorded when carbofuran was applied to cover the periods 0 to 40, 40 to 80, and 0 to 80 days after transplanting, respectively.The percentage of dead hearts and bored stems increased with increasing seedling density. The yield components, however, did not show any significant differences.     

非充分滴灌下施氮量对棉花生长特性、产量及水氮利用率的影响

以新陆中54号为试材,采用裂区试验设计,主区为总灌溉量为2 800 m3·hm~(-2)(非充分滴灌)和3 800m3·hm~(-2)(常规滴灌),副区为4个施氮(纯N)水平,N0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N1(150 kg·hm~(-2))、N2(300 kg·hm~(-2))、N3(450 kg·hm~(-2)),研究棉花在非充分滴灌条件下最佳的施氮量。结果表明:同一滴灌量下,生育进程随着施氮量的增加而明显延迟,株高、真叶数和果枝数随着施氮量的增加而增加,倒四叶宽和有效果枝数随着施氮量的增加呈先增后减的趋势;同一氮肥处理下,株高随着滴灌量的增加而增大,真叶数、倒四叶宽、茎粗随着滴灌量的增加略有降低;现蕾数、成铃数、干物质积累量、持续时间和最大积累速率随着施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,以N2处理较高,生长特征值较为协调;两灌溉量间单铃重、皮棉产量及水氮利用效率差异不显著,但随着施氮量的增加其呈先增后降的趋势,以N2处理最高,分别比N0、N1、N3平均增产39.9%、20.1%、4.3%,水分利用效率分别提高了40.97%、19.02%、4.88%,氮肥利用率较N1、N3分别提高了53.91%、21.36%。因此,在南疆阿克苏地区,棉花滴灌量在2 800 m3·hm~(-2)条件下,施氮量以300 kg·hm~(-2)适宜。     

花铃期水氮互作对膜下滴灌杂交棉花产量与水分利用效率的影响

以早熟杂交棉石杂2号为材料,在花铃期进行了7个水分处理和4个氮素处理的水氮互作对杂交棉花产量和水分利用效率影响的大田试验。研究结果表明,在不施氮(N0)情况下,花铃期轻旱和中旱显著降低了棉花产量。在低频小灌量(5 d-18 mm)条件下,施氮籽棉产量差异不显著;在高频大灌量(3 d-30 mm)水分处理中,随着施氮量的增加,籽棉产量显著下降;在对照(75%FC),高频小灌量(3 d-18 mm)和低频大灌量(5 d-30 mm)三个水分处理中,水氮互作显著提高了棉花的产量和水分利用效率。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率,在杂交棉花花铃期以低频高灌量和高频低灌量(日耗水量6 mm)两个水分处理在施N 300 kg/hm2时为北疆杂交棉花较适宜的灌溉策略和施氮量。     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花水分利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对不同滴灌模式棉花产量、水分利用效率(WUE)的水氮耦合效应影响.试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行三种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区棉花膜下滴灌实验.结果表明,棉花产量的水氮耦合效应:灌水量和施氮量对棉花产量的影响,三种模式均表现为灌水量>施氮量,在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,三种模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关.棉花产量与施肥量的关系,1带4行在施氮量27.6～94.2 kg/hm2呈显著的正相关.2带4行在施氮量27.6～69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量69～94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关.2带6行施氮量27.6～55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量55.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;棉花WUE的水氮耦合效应:灌水量和施肥量对棉花WUE的影响,三种滴灌模式表现为施氮量>灌水量.棉花WUE与施氮量的关系,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行施氮量27.2～44.4 kg/hm2呈显著负相关,施氮量44.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关.2带6行在施氮量27.6～55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量55.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关.在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,三种滴灌模式棉花水分利用效率与灌水量均呈显著的负相关.根据不同滴灌模式的水氮耦合效应,提出以棉花产量、WUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮高效利用策略.     

土壤水分调控对南疆滴灌棉花生长、品质及水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、棉田水分利用效率低等问题,研究膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分下限调控对棉花生长、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。以棉花品种新陆中66号为材料,以田间持水量(FC)为土壤水分上限,棉花生育期设置85%FC(T1)、75%FC(T2)、65%FC(T3)、55%FC(T4)和45%FC(T5)5个土壤水分下限来调控土壤水分。结果表明:土壤水分下限的提升对株高和生物量有明显的促进作用,土壤水分下限从45%FC增至85%FC,棉花株高和生物量分别增加了25.80%和25.38%;随着土壤水分下限的降低,灌溉定额减少,T1处理灌溉定额最大(378 mm),T2、T3、T4、T5处理与之相比分别节水11.64%、33.07%、33.95%、46.83%;随着土壤水分下限的提升,棉花产量逐渐增大,但土壤水分下限过高,棉花单株有效铃数降低,产量增加不再明显,水分利用效率较低;土壤水分下限为75%FC时棉花单株有效铃数、单铃重增加,产量和水分利用效率分别达到7 146.4 kg·hm^-2和1.40 kg·m^-3;土壤水分调控对棉花纤维品质有显著...     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and vermicompost on yield,quality, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse cucumber

Water scarcity is the most significant barrier to agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. Deficit irrigation is an effective solution for managing agricultural water in these regions. The use of additives such as vermicompost(VC) to improve soil characteristics and increase yield is a popular practice. Despite this, there is still a lack of understanding of the interaction between irrigation water and VC on various crops. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect of ...