玫瑰瘿长尾小蜂调查研究初报

玫瑰瘿长尾小蜂( Torymus bedeguaris )为中国新记录种, 是玫瑰犁瘿蜂的主要天敌之一, 单寄生, 其生活史与玫瑰犁瘿蜂吻合性极好, 寄生率最高可达94.0%, 平均寄生率为78.6%; 在兰州一年发生2代, 以老熟幼虫在玫瑰犁瘿蜂虫瘿内越冬, 5月中旬越冬代成虫羽化, 7月中旬第一代成虫羽化, 雄虫先于雌虫羽化, 雌雄比为2.2∶1。     

栗瘿长尾小蜂生物学特性及寄生效能观察

栗瘿长尾小蜂(Torymus sp.)属长尾小蜂科,长尾小蜂属,是北京郊区栗瘿蜂幼虫的重要天敌。据调查,自然寄生率一般为50%左右,最高可达90%以上,且寄生效果逐年增高。对栗瘿蜂发生有显著的抑制作用。栗瘿长尾小蜂过去在国内未见报道资料。     

花椒波瘿蚊寄生蜂——广肩小蜂田间发生规律研究

广肩小蜂Eurytoma sp.是花椒波瘿蚊Asphondylia zanthoxyli bu & Zheng的重要寄生天敌.广肩小蜂1年发生3代,以蛹在花椒波瘿蚊为害形成的虫瘿内越冬.第2年花椒发芽后在4月中旬越冬代成虫羽化;第1代成虫6月上旬羽化;第2代成虫8月上旬羽化.成虫产卵于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫为害后形成的虫瘿内;孵化后外寄生于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫,将寄主幼虫吃光后化蛹.越冬代寄生率达48.39%,第2年花椒发芽前剪除虫瘿枝可有效保护广肩小蜂种群数量.     

中华长尾小蜂种群特性研究及成虫发生期预测

中华长尾小蜂是栗瘿蜂的专性寄生蜂，１ａ发生１代，因该蜂与寄主的食物链关系，使自然种群数量每６～８ａ出现１次变动周期。引起数量消长的主要因素有性比、过寄生现象、重寄生现象、幼虫期死亡和成虫羽化死亡等。本文还利用成蜂羽化进度与日期、积温和栗芽伸长的相关关系建立中华长尾小蜂发生期预测曲线，应用表明该预测曲线与实际情况吻合。     

气象因子对赣南桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫发生量的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在赣南发生蔓延速度很快,为摸清桉树枝瘿姬小蜂种群在赣南的发生规律及气象因子对其发生的影响,调查研究了该蜂的种群消长动态,并结合当地的主要气象因子,采用多元线性回归和逐步回归等方法对成虫发生量与气象因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明,月平均气温(x4)和月最高气温(x5)这两个气象因子对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫数量有显著影响,呈显著正相关关系。最优回归方程:y=-145.579+2.503x4+5.063x5;桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫数量与月平均最低气温月平均最高气温、月最低温度、相对湿度虽也有一定关系,但无较大关系,均为不重要变量。     

橘小实蝇3种本地寄生蜂的竞争作用

在室内研究了3种橘小实蝇幼虫寄生蜂切割潜蝇茧蜂、凡氏费氏茧蜂与长尾全裂茧蜂的竞争关系。结果表明,当寄生蜂数量相同时,切割潜蝇茧蜂或凡氏费氏茧蜂与长尾全裂茧蜂共同寄生橘小实蝇时,长尾全裂茧蜂的单头平均寄生率均占绝对优势,分别为13.5%、13.1%。寄生蜂数量不同且切割潜蝇茧蜂或凡氏费氏茧蜂的数量为长尾全裂茧蜂的2倍时,长尾全裂茧蜂单头平均寄生率分别为19.7%、18.4%,而切割潜蝇茧蜂和凡氏费氏茧蜂的单头平均寄生率分别为11.3%、9.7%,差异显著。当寄生蜂数量不同且长尾全裂茧蜂是切割潜蝇茧蜂或凡氏费氏茧蜂的2倍时,长尾全裂茧蜂的单头平均寄生率均为19.4%,而切割潜蝇茧蜂和凡氏费氏茧蜂的单头平均寄生率分别为7.6%、8.8%,差异显著。长尾全裂茧蜂的寄生率均显著高于其他2种蜂,长尾全裂茧蜂具有明显的竞争优势。     

南疆枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌的发生动态和空间分布

枣叶瘿蚊Dasineura jujubifolia是新疆枣树上一种重要害虫。明确枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌的发生动态与空间分布,将为科学防控枣园枣叶瘿蚊提供科学依据。本研究于2021—2022年在新疆南部阿克苏地区采用水盘诱捕法和目测法分别调查了枣园枣叶瘿蚊成虫、幼虫和捕食性天敌昆虫种群消长动态,及枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片的为害情况。同时,比较了枣叶瘿蚊幼虫和捕食性天敌数量、枣树叶片受害程度在枣树不同方位间的差异。结果表明：枣叶瘿蚊主要发生在5、6月,种群发生存在2个明显高峰期;成虫发生1周后幼虫开始为害,2～3周后下一代成虫羽化。枣园捕食性天敌主要是瓢虫和草蛉,种群数量较低。每年5、6月枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片为害严重,嫩叶受害率为6.2%～17.8%,枣吊受害率为11.0%～33.8%。枣叶瘿蚊幼虫的种群密度、捕食性天敌数量、枣树叶片受害程度在枣树东、西、南、北四个方位之间无明显差异;枣树叶片受害程度与枣叶瘿蚊幼虫的密度呈显著正相关关系。本研究明确了南疆阿克苏地区枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌昆虫种群消长动态及枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片的为害规律,为枣叶瘿蚊的防控提供了科学依据。     

橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂种群消长动态研究及可利用分析

通过定点调查橡胶盔蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner和寄生蜂种群消长动态及农药影响橡胶盔蚧寄生蜂寄生率的试验,分析评价寄生蜂在控制橡胶盔蚧上的可利用性及探讨橡胶盔蚧的综合防治技术。结果表明:寄生蜂种群消长变化趋势与橡胶盔蚧基本一致。橡胶盔蚧成虫和若虫的发生以及寄生蜂种群寄生率周年均出现3个高峰,成虫的寄生率高峰期出现在4月上旬、6月中旬和11月下旬,最高达33.48%,平均寄生率为21.48%;而若虫寄生率的高峰期为5月中旬、8月上旬和次年1月中旬,最高达87.29%,平均寄生率为28.92%。在寄生蜂存在的时间内优雅岐脉跳小蜂是绝对优势种,平均所占比例达59.04%。施用农药防治后,若虫和成虫的平均寄生率仅为2.40%和10.90%,而不防治区寄生率是化防区的15倍和2倍。在寄生蜂发生盛期,应注意保护利用,对橡胶盔蚧实行综合防治。     

山东烟区烟青虫和烟蚜及其天敌的发生动态

在山东烟区 ,烟蚜主要发生于 5月下旬至 6月上旬 ,烟青虫种群数量在 6月中旬至下旬较高。捕食性天敌主要有瓢虫、草蛉、食虫蝽、隐翅虫和蜘蛛 ,但是发生数量低、数量高峰明显滞后于害虫数量高峰。优势寄生性天敌有寄生于烟蚜的烟蚜茧蜂和寄生于烟青虫幼虫的棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂及中华卵索线虫。烟蚜茧蜂和烟蚜种群数量之间具有显著的相关 ,5月底到 6月中旬益害比大于或接近 1 ;齿唇姬蜂对烟青虫 1～ 3龄幼虫的寄生率 6月份为 74 0 % ,7月份为 4 9 8% ;中华卵索线虫仅发生于 7月中旬 ,对 3龄以上烟青虫幼虫的寄生率为 35 2 %。     

蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种不同寄主的选择性研究

为评估蝇蛹俑小蜂对橘小实蝇的控害潜能,室内利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了亲代蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种寄主家蝇和橘小实蝇的嗅觉反应,及连续5个子世代(F4~F8代)的1~6日龄的蝇蛹俑小蜂对两种寄主的选择性寄生率。结果表明,在供选择的家蝇或橘小实蝇的成虫、蛹和粪便等9个处理中,进入橘小实蝇粪便处理区的蝇蛹俑小蜂的数量最多,占总数量的46.7%,反应率为73.3%。蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化后1~6 d内,平均寄生率随着蝇蛹俑小蜂羽化时间的增加而降低,家蝇组的蝇蛹俑小蜂的平均寄生率由第1 d的86.4%下降至第6 d的61.5%,家蝇和橘小实蝇混合组的平均寄生率由87.2%降至49.6%,橘小实蝇组的寄生率的降幅最明显,由第1 d平均寄生率的82.1%下降至第6 d的22.2%;不同世代,相同日龄的蝇蛹俑小蜂对混合组的寄生率最高。因此,从蝇蛹俑小蜂对家蝇和橘小实蝇的寄生选择性结果表明,蝇蛹俑小蜂可作为橘小实蝇的理想防控天敌之一。     

Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) et son parasitoïde Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) au Maroc

Leaf galls causing severe damage were observed on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Gharb‐Maâmora region in 2002 due to Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reported for the first time in Morocco. Since then, this pest has spread to other eucalyptus stands nationwide. During field investigations, the authors noted that the degree of infestation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis differs from one region to another and were classified on a three‐level scale: low, moderate or high. The study of the life cycle of the insect in the field and in the laboratory revealed the presence of two generations per year. This work has shown that Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid used successfully in other EPPO countries as a biological control agent, is present in Morocco. The rate of parasitism was very high, which consequently resulted in the lack of damage caused by the gall pest on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Morocco.     

广东地区花绒寄甲替代寄主的研究

将花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire幼虫接于替代寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor、吉丁虫Buprestidaesp和大麦虫Zophobas morio,结果表明,黄粉甲幼虫、蛹和成虫均能繁育出花绒寄甲成虫,平均羽化率能达到20%以上,是较好的替代寄主。用黄粉甲繁育的花绒寄甲成虫存活情况良好,且能正常产卵;用吉丁虫幼虫繁育的花绒寄甲幼虫自相残杀的现象很严重,平均羽化率仅为7.8%;用大麦虫幼虫无法繁育出花绒寄甲成虫。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵的生物学特性

2019年7月,我们在贵州黔东南地区采集的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵块内发现1种卵寄生蜂,经分子鉴定确认为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus。为验证该蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生效能,本研究以草地贪夜蛾卵为主要研究材料,以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura卵为对照,统计了夜蛾黑卵蜂对这两种寄主卵的卵粒寄生率、单卵出蜂数、雄性比和个体大小等指标。结果显示,夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵和斜纹夜蛾卵的卵粒寄生率均可达到95%以上。与斜纹夜蛾卵相比,草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂个体较大,但单卵出蜂数相对较低。结果说明夜蛾黑卵蜂是草地贪夜蛾潜在的高效生防作用物,斜纹夜蛾卵可以作为替代寄主用于繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂。本研究将为我国利用夜蛾黑卵蜂防治草地贪夜蛾提供重要参考。     

Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The effects of an insecticidal soap on the survival, fitness and behaviour of an aphid parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani (Viereck), were studied in the laboratory. The LC(50) (soap concentration causing 50% mortality 24 h after treatment) was determined. The survival of parasitoid larvae (% adult emergence), fitness (tibia length of adults) and number of eggs produced per female parasitoid that survived in third- and fourth-instar aphids treated with insecticidal soap LC(50) were also assessed. The LC(50) for third- and fourth-instar aphids was determined to be 3.25 g L(-1). Acceptance by female parasitoids of aphids that survived their LC(50) was also tested. RESULTS: The soap concentration causing 100% mortality in adult wasps 24 h after treatment was 17.5 g L(-1). The LC(50) was 2.75 g L(-1). Soap did not have any effect on the survival of parasitoid immatures or on the fitness or number of eggs produced per female parasitoid. Wasps that were in contact with treated aphids did not oviposit as much in them as in untreated aphids, indicating that female parasitoids detected aphids treated with insecticidal soap. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aphid parasitoids released following treatment with insecticidal soap are likely to accept a lower proportion of the surviving aphids. Biological control programmes could be ameliorated by soap applications if the latter were made 1 day before the release of wasps in the greenhouse.     

稻田寄生蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的多样性及变化动态

稻田中的寄生蜂是水稻害虫重要的自然天敌,在生物防治中起重要作用,但是寄生蜂作用的发挥受到许多因素的影响。本文使用马氏诱集器调查了水稻各生育期稻田中寄生蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的种类及数量,分析了水稻生育期对寄生蜂及其主要寄主鳞翅目昆虫数量的影响。结果发现,在水稻各生育期捕获的寄生蜂数量均显著多于鳞翅目昆虫数量。其中姬蜂科、茧蜂科、赤眼蜂科、缨小蜂科及缘腹细蜂科等属于寄生蜂的优势类群,分别占物种总数的11.80%、11.71%、9.18%、15.51%和11.83%。鳞翅目中,螟蛾科、夜蛾科、卷蛾科和蛱蝶科等为优势类群,分别占物种总数的22.32%、20.87%、26.28%和12.75%。随着水稻生育期的变化,寄生蜂数量先上升后下降,在水稻乳熟期达到最大值,显著高于其他7个生育期的结果。寄生蜂科的Shannon多样性指数,辛普森指数无明显的变化,均匀度指数到乳熟期时有所降低(0.790),随后逐渐上升直到收获。鳞翅目昆虫也呈现先上升后下降趋势,水稻扬花期数量最多,与其他生育期间存在显著差异;鳞翅目科的Shannon多样性指数和辛普森指数在分蘖期到抽穗期虽有波动,但各生育期间差异不显著。在水稻抽穗期到蜡熟期,稻田中鳞翅目科的均匀度指数波动较大,多个生育期间存在显著差异。结果表明,水稻生育期对寄生蜂与鳞翅目昆虫发生数量存在一定的影响,在特定生育期间对昆虫丰富度和多样性存在显著的影响。     

New Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of Dasineura saliciperda (Dufour) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Bulgaria

Abstract The parasitoid complex of Dasineura saliciperda (Dufour) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Salix fragilis L. was studied in 1997 and 2002 in two localities in Bulgaria. As a result, 5 species from 3 families of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were reared from pest galls: Eurytoma afra Boheman, Eurytoma salicis Walker (Eurytomidae), Torymus microcerus (Walker) (Torymidae), Gastrancistrus sp. and Mesopolobus sp. (Pteromalidae). E. afra and T. microcerus are new species for the fauna of Bulgaria, and E. salicis – a new parasitoid of the host. Total parasitism of D. saliciperda in the studied years ranged between 44.1 and 53.5 %. E. afra was the most important, destroying 21.9-53.5 % of the pest.     

草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生效能的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是近期入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus是鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫卵期的重要寄生性天敌。本试验以有和无鳞毛层的草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾S.litura卵为寄主,揭示寄主卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生适应性的影响。结果表明:两种寄主的卵块,无论有无鳞毛层,夜蛾黑卵蜂对卵块寄生率均达到100%,卵粒寄生率均超过95%;且对夜蛾黑卵蜂子代羽化率和个体大小均无显著影响。但无论有无鳞毛层,斜纹夜蛾卵中夜蛾黑卵蜂的羽化率均显著高于草地贪夜蛾。研究结果说明寄主卵块表面的鳞毛对夜蛾黑卵蜂的寄生作用无显著影响。     

First report of Encarsia cubensis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) an exotic parasitoid on the Neotropical Whitefly Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in India

The Neotropical palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a highly invasive pest that was reported during 2019 on coconut in India. In a short span of time, it spread rapidly across states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh on coconut, oil palm and many other ornamental palm plants. During the recent survey, the immature stages of A. atratus were found parasitized by an aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia cubensis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). These parasitoids were identified by their morphological characteristics and also characterized by DNA barcoding of adult parasitoids using partial (658 bp) mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene (GenBank accession number ON881119). This is the first report on occurrence of Encarsia cubensis as primary parasitoids on A. atratus in India and its natural parasitism ranged from (46–68%) on coconut across the different locations in Karnataka. It is believed that the parasitoid likely entered India along with A. atratus in India and constitutes a potential biological agent against A. atratus. It is expected that the E. cubensis population will become fully established, increase, spread and exert a significant impact on A. atratus population in India. Therefore, efforts may be made by growers and other stakeholders to increase the rate of natural parasitism through inundative, conservation and classical biological control approaches to reduce the pest population, crop damage and yield loss.

     

Biological data onApanteles cerialis Nixon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite ofBoarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Apanteles cerialis Nixon, a thelytokous braconid parasitoid ofBoarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiff., attacks young caterpillars (preferably 2–5 days old) of this pest in avocado plantations of Israel. At 27±1°C, oviposition rate is 2.04 progeny per day and 18.3 progeny over the entire life span. The development time of preimaginal stages is 16.1 and 15.2 days at 25° and 30°C, respectively, and increases to 37.3 days at 17°C. The pupal stage averages 4.4 days at 30°C and 13.5 days at 17°C. The average longevity of adults is 24.2 and 7.9 days at 30° and 17°C, respectively. In avocado orchardsA. cerialis appeared in considerable numbers in late summer and autumn; it was slightly hyperparasitized by the ichneumonid waspStictopisthus sp. (1 and 2% of the samples at one site).

     

低温处理替代寄主对管氏肿腿蜂繁殖的影响

大规模、低成本繁殖天敌是开展害虫生物防治的前提和保障。本文以天牛类害虫寄生性天敌管氏肿腿蜂为研究对象,研究了-6、-3、0、3和6℃处理替代寄主黄粉甲蛹24 h(光周期16L:8D,相对湿度80%±10%)对该蜂人工繁殖的影响。结果表明,低温处理黄粉甲蛹可提升管氏肿腿蜂的繁殖效率,但-6℃下黄粉甲蛹的死亡率高达40.00%,不利于寄主资源的高效利用。在设置的5个温度梯度下,以-3℃处理黄粉甲蛹时寄主死亡率为16.67%,管氏肿腿蜂寄生率和存活率分别为86.67%和100.00%,寄生蜂麻痹寄主所需时间及管氏肿腿蜂产卵前期分别为9.6 h和4.67 d,后代羽化量为29.30头。低温处理替代寄主提高了管氏肿腿蜂子代幼虫的存活率,以-3℃处理更适宜,同时对卵和茧的存活率无显著影响。