基于Sentinel-2影像的河套灌区作物种植结构提取

作物识别是提取作物种植结构的基础,利用遥感技术对作物进行监测识别,对优化生产布局、调整农业生产模式有着重要意义。文中选取河套灌区杭锦后旗为研究区域,基于2019年覆盖生长周期的Sentinel-2号卫星影像数据,构建NDVI时间序列数据集,利用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波对NDVI时间序列数据集进行平滑,分析不同作物不同发育期的光谱曲线特征,计算各主要作物识别关键期的光谱阈值,构建基于决策树分层分类的农作物种植面积提取模型,并用验证样本对分类结果进行精度验证。结果表明:利用整个生育期内的NDVI最大合成影像确定植被地表覆盖,NDVI曲线变化区别林地与耕地,逐层提取地物,简便易行;采用S-G滤波重构高质量的NDVI时间序列曲线,研究证明重构后曲线更加平滑符合作物生长趋势;基于Sentinel-2号遥感数据和整个生育期NDVI时序数据,构建分层分类决策树模型,作物分类总体精度达92.1%,Kapppa系数精度达0.857。本研究采用的方法满足遥感观测应用化需求,也为县级区域农作物分类提供重要参考价值。     

基于TVDI的渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲植被生长期干旱遥感监测研究

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是新疆重要农业生产区,频发的旱灾始终是制约农业可持续发展的障碍因素。因此,文中以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用1989年和2011年植被生长期的两期TM影像提取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(Ts),构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,依据该特征空间设计的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为旱情指标,找出适合研究区的旱情判别模式,并进行旱情对比分析。结果表明:1)在Ts-NDVI特征空间中,该绿洲1989年和2011年干旱遥感监测的干、湿边拟合方程分别为TSmax=-13.795NDVI+296.5,TSmin=5.3374NDVI+283.12和TSmax=-27.861NDVI+315.52,TSmin=4.4736NDVI+292.46。说明随着干边斜率增加,湿边斜率也增加,形成稳定的三角形形状,能较好的反映土壤干旱状况;2)从TVDI旱情等级分布图上可以得出等级为干旱的面积有所增加,且这一区域主要集中在绿洲外围,表明随着绿洲内部干旱的缓解,绿洲外围生态环境有所恶化。通过以上研究发现利用温度植被旱情指数(TVDI)法对渭干河-库车河绿洲地区进行夏季干旱动态监测是可行的。     

基于多时相影像的棉花种植信息提取方法研究

为实现区域棉花种植面积信息的快速监测,利用2014年新疆奎屯市农七7师125团棉花不同生育期内2期关键期HJ-CCD数据影像,分别运用支持向量机(SVM)的分层监督分类法和专家知识决策树(CART)分类法,基于研究区棉花与其他作物物候和光谱差异提取棉花种植面积和位置,并对两种方法的分类结果进行分析。结果发现:1监督分类法与专家决策树分类法都能有效的提取棉花的面积,棉花总面积精度达96%以上,位置精度达82%以上,专家决策树分类更优一些。2相对而言,基于专家决策树法相对简单,分类精度高,分类位置精度较好。采用环境小卫星影像结合野外调查,在提取棉花种植面积方面有着覆盖面积大、观测周期短的综合优势,而决策树分类法提取棉花面积简单有效。由此可建立一种适用于棉花信息监测系统平台,方便快捷的提取作物种植面积,为棉花长势的研究和病虫害发生区域的确定提供了技术支持。     

基于条件植被温度指数的干旱监测研究

以黑龙江军川农场为研究区域,应用Landsat TM卫星遥感数据计算和反演归一化植被指数和地表温度,采用条件植被温度指数(VTCI)的方法对该区域进行土壤表层水分监测.通过与同一时期的LST和NDVI模型的反演结果进行对比,结果表明:VTCI与该模型的纹理特征相似,干旱的分布规律几乎一致.应用土壤表层含水量数据对干旱监测结果进行验证,验证结果表明VTCI与土壤表层含水量有较好的线性相关性,进一步证实了VTCI是一种实时的干旱监测方法.     

基于MODIS的河南省春旱遥感监测

以河南省冬小麦旱情遥感监测为例,利用MODIS/Terra卫星产品的归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(Ts)数据,构建双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间。基于双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)数据与气象站点实测土壤湿度进行相关性分析,揭示双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间能较好地反映地表10cm土壤水分状况。以双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间反演得到的TVDI作为旱情遥感监测指标,评估了2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年2月26日～6月1日的河南省春旱情况,并与当地气象站降雨数据对比,揭示了河南省旱情发展的时空特点,结果表明:利用MODIS NDVI和Ts数据构建NDVI-Ts特征空间呈双抛物线型,干边可决系数R~2在0.9以上;TVDI与实测土壤湿度呈现负相关关系,两者之间的线性拟合方程通过了P≤0.05的显著性检验;进一步将TVDI监测结果与降水量数据对比分析,表明TVDI监测旱情空间分布基本与降雨量空间分布一致。因而,基于双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间的TVDI可以用于研究区旱情监测;从2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的冬小麦旱情时空分布来看,河南省中南部冬小麦主产区土壤比较湿润,基本满足冬小麦需水量要求。     

棉花全生育期叶片SPAD值的遥感估算模型

叶绿素含量是评估棉花生长状况的重要参数,估算叶绿素含量对于棉花生长监测具有重要意义。以渭北旱塬区种植的棉花为试验材料,测量全生育期棉花叶片SPAD值与冠层反射率光谱,将原始高光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率、不同波段组合的遥感光谱参数分别与SPAD值做相关性分析,用传统回归分析方法构建五种重要光谱参数的SPAD值预测模型,同时,采用PLSR方法建立全生育期SPAD值的估算模型。最后对模型进行检验,筛选出精度最高的模型。建模结果表明,基于多种光谱参数的全生育期PLSR预测模型精度最高、预测效果最好,估算模型的决定系数R~2为0.733,验证模型R~2为0.737。PLSR方法建立的多光谱参数的SPAD值估算模型预测效果显著,利用高光谱技术对棉花SPAD值进行监测,可为全生育期棉花长势遥感监测提供依据。     

新疆耕地盐渍土遥感信息解译标志及指标探讨

目前新疆耕地盐渍土遥感调查常用方法为人工目视判读法.具体方法是:以土壤调查为基础,以盐渍土对农作物危害为主要解译标志,以地下水埋深为动态标志,进行综合解译判读;相应的解译指标为农作物的缺苗指标、农作物长势指标、地理景观特征、地下水位埋深等.新疆耕地盐渍土遥感调查结果得到了同行专家的认同,证明人工目视判读方法在新疆干旱盐碱地区是适用的.本文所提出的新疆耕地遥感调查盐渍土解译方法、标志、指标,在其它地区是否适用,需继续研究探讨.     

警惕双斑长跗莹叶甲加重为害北方多种作物

据内蒙古、陕西、新疆等北方省(自治区)植保站监测,原为次要害虫的双斑长跗莹叶甲[Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)]又称双圈莹叶甲、双斑莹叶甲近年在玉米、大豆、棉花及一些蔬菜等多种作物上为害程度明显上升.具为害作物种类多、发生面积大和虫口密度高等特点,对农作物生产造成较大威胁.     

中国西北盐碱区植被盖度遥感方法分析

通常在研究植被生态退化时,植被盖度是常用的一个监测指标。在遥感领域,使用植被指数进行植被盖度监测已经被广泛应用,本文以NDVI,MSAVI和混合像元线性分解植被成分为主要分析因子,以新疆艾比湖为实验区,经过实地调查和图像分析,认为改进后的植被指数固然提高了对弱植被信息的表现能力,但是混合像元线性分解后得到的植被丰度值更适合应用于低覆盖地区的植被动态监测。     

冬小麦生物量遥感监测模型的研究

本文利用１９９２－１９９４年乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站观测农学资料、光谱资料以及同步接收的ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料，计算了冬小麦生物量与比值植物指数（ＲＶＩ）和归一化差值植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）的相关系数，并建立了冬小麦生物量的光谱监测模型和气象卫星遥感监测模型，为冬小麦长势的动态监测提供了理论依据。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Rapid Identification of Clavibacter michiganensis Subspecies sepedonicus Using Two Primers Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (TP-RAPD) Fingerprints

Twenty strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic origins and other reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens, were analysed with a new procedure named TP-RAPD that originates fingerprints of bacterial species. This procedure uses two primers to amplify the 16S rDNA gene. At 45 °C of annealing, the PCR product electrophoresed in agarose gels produced a band pattern that was different in all bacterial species studied as well as in the subspecies of C. michiganensis. All strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus displayed the same TP-RAPD number of pattern. Unlike Gram negative bacteria, Gram positives of high G + C content, such as Clavibacter, produced low bands in TP-RAPD. By using a different set of two primers also based in the 16S rDNA sequence from Escherichia coli a more adequate amplification of Gram positives of high G + C including a greater number of bands was obtained. TP-RAPD patterns using the new set of primers described in this work is a reliable and fast method to identify C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.