杂草稻的发生及其控制措施

杂草稻的发生与耕作方式、栽培方式等因素有关.杂草稻不仅严重影响水稻的产量,而且降低水稻的商品价值.应采取预防、调整耕作栽培方式以及化学防除的杂草稻综合防治措施对杂草稻进行积极的控制.     

我国杂草稻危害现状及其防控对策

随着直播稻和稻麦免、少耕技术的推广,杂草稻在我国的危害越来越重,已严重影响水稻产量和稻米质量.笔者分析了稻田杂草稻的发生危害原因,提出了采用高纯度的种子,从源头上防止杂草稻蔓延和侵入危害;及时清理收割机等农机上携带的杂草稻种子,防止杂草稻的传播;翻耕、诱杀以及手工拔除,轮作、直播改移栽水稻栽培方式;使用化学除草剂防除等综合防除技术.     

水稻田恶性杂草发生新特点及防除技术

1稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性上升稗草是稻田最常见的恶性杂草,在各种栽培方式的稻田均会发生。近年来我省水稻栽培方式发生较大变化,旱直播稻、机插稻、抛栽稻等面积不断增加,这些轻简栽培方式都采用了前期土壤湿润无水层或浅水层的水分管理方式,有利于稗草的萌发、出苗和生长。     

栽培措施对杂草稻和栽培稻生长的影响

无论何种杂草稻密度和移栽措施下,杂草稻生长受到明显抑制,栽培稻生长没有受到明显影响,移栽不仅较好地抑制了杂草稻的发生,同时保证水稻产量,使产量达到3 496.65 kg/hm2。旱直播对杂草稻出苗率影响较小,造成杂草稻密度过高,栽培稻产量严重降低,较移栽下降了1 011.15 kg/hm2。水直播对杂草稻出苗抑制作用要明显优于旱直播,使得杂草稻出苗率较旱直播下降9.14%,但是水直播对杂草稻出苗后的生长抑制不明显,使得杂草稻发生量达到1 219.35 kg/hm2,栽培稻产量仅为1 829.85 kg/hm2。随着杂草稻密度的增大,对自身种群的影响主要表现为个体地上部分干生物量显著降低和抽穗时间的推迟;其对栽培稻的影响主要表现在栽培稻剑叶宽、分蘖数、有效穗数、地上部分干生物量、穗长、每穗饱粒数、每穗总粒数、千粒重和实际产量等方面随着杂草稻密度的增加而逐渐降低。综合考虑各方面因素,可以在杂草稻发生较为严重的田块使用移栽措施,在杂草稻发生中等的田块使用水直播措施,并且适当提高栽培稻播种量。在杂草稻发生较少的田块使用旱直播措施,从而达到成本和收益的平衡。     

稻田杂草稻发生趋重水稻生产受到威胁

杂草稻,一般认为是栽培稻和野生稻的天然杂交种,但目前尚未肯定杂草稻的真正起源.杂草稻以易落粒、能休眠以及与栽培稻的竞争性等特征使其成为一种杂草.杂草稻在大部分种植水稻地区均能生长.在泰国、越南、马来西亚等水稻生产国发生危害较重.近年来,在我国的江苏、湖南、广东、辽宁、上海等省(直辖市)的一些稻区发生越来越重,严重影响水稻的产量和品质.     

广东雷州杂草稻的发生与危害及其防治对策

杂草稻是世界稻田最主要的草害之一,其发生、传播和危害给栽培稻的生产带来了不同程度的影响。广东省雷州市是我国南方重要的水稻生产地,一年可以种植两季水稻,素有"粤西粮仓"之称。20世纪90年代以后,杂草稻随着直播栽培技术的推广而迅速传播,逐渐成为雷州稻田的主要害草之一,给当地的水稻生产带来了严重的负面影响。由于杂草稻分蘖力强和落粒性强、在土壤种子库中存活时间长、能模仿栽培稻品种的形态特征,并具有极强的繁殖能力,对其进行防治非常困难。针对上述问题以及杂草稻对水稻生产的影响,对杂草稻在雷州市稻田生态系统中的来源、传播、分布范围、发生状况以及水稻耕种方式对杂草稻群体动态的影响进行了调查研究,并根据研究结果提出了相应的防治对策和管理措施,希望将杂草稻的发生和危害降低到最小水平。     

杂草稻生长性状观察

杂草稻又称杂草型稻,是一种恶性杂草.近几年来在如皋市发生蔓延迅速,尤其在直播稻田杂草稻已上升为优势草种,严重影响水稻的产量.2008年笔者等在水稻分蘖末期进行普查,直播稻田杂草稻发生田块达50%.每平方米有杂草稻0～18.8株.平均2.35株,杂草稻分蘖一般为30个左右.抛秧栽培稻田发生田块为23.7%.每平方米有杂草稻0～6.87株,平均0.76株,分蘖一般为20个左右,少于直播稻田.     

轻型栽培稻田杂草综合治理技术

水稻轻型栽培是省工、节本、高效率的水稻栽培方法。90年代以来，直播稻、抛栽水稻、肥床旱育秧等轻型栽培技术在江苏、上海、湖南、浙江、安徽乃至全国许多省市发展迅速，这是今后水稻栽培发展的方向。轻型栽培稻田杂草发生和发展各有其自身的特点，它们均有别于大苗人工移栽水稻田或湿润育秧田杂草的发生与发展。杂草控制是直播水稻、抛栽水稻管理的关键环节之一。杂草导致直播稻、抛秧稻减产是比较普遍的。为了有效地控制各类轻型栽培稻田的杂草危害，为我国水稻生产上新台阶，特开展了杂草发生特点、消长规律和综合治理技术研究。一、直…     

杂草稻与栽培稻叶片生长的竞争性研究

杂草稻造成栽培稻产量的损失主要表现为叶片间的相互竞争。争夺空间、争夺光照矛盾突出。杂草稻主茎叶片多于栽培稻,最大叶片长于栽培稻,最大叶片宽于栽培稻,叶片披散,形似杂交稻叶。如果在667 m2旱直播稻田接种2.5 kg粳性杂草稻籽,栽培稻上部全被杂草稻稻叶覆盖,栽培稻植株瘦黄、弱小,茎、蘖逐步退化消亡,造成基本绝产。     

不同环境因子对江苏省杂草稻与常规栽培稻发芽势影响的比较

为了搞清楚杂草稻与常规栽培稻萌发特性的差异,采用培养皿水培法,进行了温度、pH值、水势及NaCl胁迫对杂草稻与常规栽培稻发芽势影响的比较研究。结果为：15℃和20℃条件下,杂草稻均具有强于常规栽培稻的发芽势。在pH值为6和8条件下,杂草稻的发芽势也强于常规栽培稻。同样在水势为-0．3MPa和180mmol／LNaCl浓度条件下,杂草稻的发芽势也强于常规栽培稻。说明杂草稻萌发过程的抗逆性强于常规栽培稻,具有较强的环境适应能力,能更有效地竞争环境资源。     

Control of wild rice in rice

The four main wild rice species are: Oryza rufipogon Griff, embracing a wide range of “red rice” types closely related to O. sativa L.; O. longistaminata Chev. & Roehr, a rhizomatous perennial; O. barthii Chev. the annual wild rice of West Africa; and O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud, a small seeded annual. The distribution and importance of these species are discussed in relation to the different systems of rice growing. Annual wild rice problems are favoured by dry sowing followed by flooding. For cultural control, soil puddling and direct sowing into water are recommended. In a series of pot experiments with O. punctata and rice, 18 herbicides were shown to be at least partially selective, including: alachlor, butachlor, S-4-chlorobenzyl diethyldithiocarbamate (B-3015), 4-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)-4-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan (WL 29226), 3-(α α-dimethylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1-phenylurea (K 1441), isoproturon, metamitron, molinate and perfluidone. B-3015 was the most selective of these but the selectivity of alachlor and molinate could be greatly increased and became comparable to B-3015 when the crop seed was dressed with the protectant 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA). Other herbicides for which NA provided a protective effect were: butachlor, metolachlor (CGA 24705), epronaz, ethofumesate, perfluidone and 4,4,4-trichloro-2-phenylbut-1-ene (Dowco 221).     

水稻条纹叶枯病个体茎、蘖显症特点

2003～2004年定点调查表明,水稻条纹叶枯病在秧苗期主茎显症后,同株的分蘖全部显症,病株死亡。分蘖期主茎显症后,同株的分蘖全部显症;部分分蘖显症后,同株的主茎和其余分蘖全部显症,病株死亡或不成穗。拔节期主茎显症后,同株的大部分分蘖(68.9%～79.2%)显症,部分茎、蘖(32.9%～23.0%)成穗,产量损失较大(80.8%);部分分蘖显症后,同株的主茎不显症,其余分蘖部分显症(分蘖总显症率为53.0%～66.7%),全部主茎和部分分蘖成穗(总成穗率61.1%～48.1%),产量损失较小(34.5%)。病株不侵染同穴健株。由此提出治虫防病、改茬和病后处理方法。     

Transgenic rice plants that over-express the mannose-binding rice lectin have enhanced resistance to rice blast

Mannose-binding rice lectin (MRL), which is almost identical to the salt-induced protein SalT, binds to mannose and glucose residues. Expression of the MRL gene in response to infection with Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus, was stronger in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible. Transgenic rice plants that constitutively over-expressed MRL strongly suppressed the growth of invasive hyphae of the fungus on leaf sheaths and the development of typical susceptible-type lesions on leaf blades, but did not affect penetration by the fungus in comparison with the wild-type. On a polycarbonate plate, purified recombinant MRL inhibited conidial attachment and appressorium formation but not conidial germination. These results suggest that MRL may play an essential role in disease resistance by suppressing development of M. oryzae in situ.     

杂交稻对稻瘟病和稻白叶枯病的抗性鉴定

对广东省将推广的54份杂交稻组合对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性进行了鉴定。对稻瘟病的抗病性鉴定表明:抗病组合共49个,占90.7%;其中,高抗(抗性比≥91%)组合30个,占55.6%。对稻白叶枯病的抗病性鉴定表明:没有高抗(HR)和抗(R)的组合,仅有一个杂交稻组合(西胜2175)表现为中抗(mR),仅占1.9%,其余53个组合都表现感病,占98.1%。进一步分析表明:对稻瘟病表现高抗的30个杂交稻组合都不抗白叶枯病,而中抗白叶枯病的杂交稻组合西胜2175对稻瘟病表现为中抗,抗性比为74%。     

自生稻对栽培稻的危害及控制措施

自生稻在江苏许多市县都有发生,给水稻生产造成一定损失.通过对自生稻危害性的探讨,为控制自生稻的蔓延、危害创造了条件,并初步探讨了控制自生稻蔓延、危害的措施.     

丙草胺防治直播稻田杂草稻的技术研究

为了探寻对栽培稻安全的杂草稻防除技术,采用整株测定法研究了丙草胺对杂草稻的毒力及解草啶减轻丙草胺对栽培稻药害的应用技术,并通过田间试验检验了这一技术的安全性。结果表明:丙草胺在450g/hm2时,可显著抑制杂草稻和栽培稻的生长;采用30mg/L解草啶浸种48h,可显著减轻丙草胺对栽培稻的药害,随着丙草胺施药量的增加,解草啶的保护作用逐渐减弱。田间试验结果说明:用30mg/L解草啶浸种栽培稻48h,丙草胺的施药剂量在450~675g/hm2时对栽培稻安全;当丙草胺剂量为900g/hm2时,栽培稻产量显著下降。     

直播稻田自生稻的识别与防除

水稻直播具有省水、省田、省工、节本的优点,加之直播稻推迟了水稻播期,可以避开灰飞虱迁移高峰,减轻灰飞虱及其传播的条纹叶枯病的发生为害,深受广大稻农喜爱.     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

Suppression of rice blast by phylloplane fungi isolated from rice plants

Rice phylloplane fungi were evaluated for their potential as biocontrol agents for rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. A total of 1923 fungal isolates were obtained from rice plants in fields at Ishigaki and Iwama and from potted plants placed in a cedar woods in Iwama as bait. Although 82.9% of isolated fungi could not be identified, species of Epicoccum were the most prevalent among identified isolates. Of the 1923 isolates, 967 were randomly selected for screening against rice leaf blast. Nine isolates (MKP5111B, MKP5112, J2JMR3-2, K2J131-2, I5R3-1, NOP541, K1KM134-1, NOP5112, MKP33222) suppressed the disease when a conidial or hyphal suspension of both the phylloplane fungus and pathogen were simultaneously used to inoculate rice plants cultured in pots in a growth chamber. Five of the isolates originated from potted plants in the woods and four from Ishigaki, a subtropical island. Five (MKP5111B, MKP5112, NOP541, NOP5112, MKP33222) of the nine isolates strongly suppressed conidial germination of M. grisea (0.7%) and formed inhibition zones (3–5mm width) in dual cultures with the pathogen. Methanol extracts from the isolates also inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen. These results suggest that the five isolates produced antibiotic(s). These five isolates are likely identical or closely related fungal species because the sequence of their ITS regions were 100% similar. ITS sequence analysis also suggested that J2JMR3-2 was associated with a species of Fusarium. Under field conditions, J2JMR3-2 reduced both leaf and panicle blast severity, and three other isolates (MKP5111B, K1KM134-1, K2J131-2) suppressed leaf blast in one of the three experiments.